Advances In Natural And Applied Sciences

2020 May-August 14(2): pages 173-179 DOI: 10.22587/anas.2020.14.2.23 Research Article AENSI Publications

Economy of Central Coastal Communities: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti1, Oktaviani Adhi Suciptaningsih2, Dewi Liesnoor Setyowati3, Agustinus Sugeng Priyanto4

1Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Negeri 2Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Semarang 3Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Semarang 4Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Correspondence Author: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Negeri Semarang E-mail: [email protected]

Received date: 22 May 2020, Accepted date: 22 July 2020, Online date: 22 August 2020

Copyright: © 2020 Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Economic development in coastal communities has its own characteristics which are influenced by the social and cultural conditions of the people. This article uses the SWOT framework (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) in analyzing the social and cultural conditions that affect the economy of coastal communities. Society and culture are a mutually influential unity and interdependence. Both will create their own uniqueness in activities in the community, including in their economic activities. In this millennium, there has been a shift in social and cultural values in coastal communities. The results of this analysis contribute to the economic development of coastal communities, especially in .

Keywords: Economy, Coastal Communities

INTRODUCTION

Society is a group of individuals who live together somewhere [1], have the same goal, are bound by the same values and norms [2] as shared identities [3]. In this case it can be concluded that society has similarities geographically, sociologically and anthropologically. Every community has its own characteristics, including coastal communities. Coastal communities are a group of individuals (fishermen, fish farmers, fish traders, and others) who live together, inhabit coastal areas, have distinctive cultures associated with their dependence on coastal resource use [4-5]. According to Law Number 27 of 2007, coastal areas are transitional areas between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that are affected by changes in land and sea. Dahuri, et al. [6] stated that the coastal area is a meeting area between land and sea, the coastal direction of the coastal area includes parts of the land, both dry and also submerged in water, which are still influenced by sea characteristics such as tides, sea breeze and water permeation salty, while the direction of the ocean of the coastal area includes the part of the sea which is still influenced by natural processes that occur on land, for example sedimentation and freshwater flows, as well as those caused by human activities on land such as deforestation and pollution. Coastal areas have special characteristics, including: (a) A dynamic area due to frequent changes in biological, chemical and geological properties; (b) Includes ecosystems and biodiversity with high productivity and is an important place of life for several types of marine biota; (c) The existence of coral reefs, mangrove forests, beaches

Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences ISSN-1995-0772 EISSN-1998-1090 Homepage: http://www.aensiweb.com/ANAS/ 174 Citation: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti et al, 2020. Economy of Central Java Coastal Communities: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences., 14(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.22587/anas.2020.14.2.23 and dunes as a system that is very beneficial naturally to resist or ward off storms, floods and erosion; (d) Can prevent pollution, especially from land. The location of the coastal area which is a meeting between land and sea causes coastal areas to produce marine resources and land resources. Coastal resources include potential originating from the oceans and land which are able to be used, consumed, and enjoyed by the general public. Various groups began to realize the promising potential of coastal resources, especially for fishing communities. Logically, coastal resources originating from the oceans become shared (public) resources and coastal resources originating from the land become their supporting resources. The Central Java coastal area extends from the end of Brebes to the end of and from the tip of Cilacap to Wonogiri. Central Java's coastal areas have potential natural resources, including fish resources (fish, shrimp, molluscs, lobsters, crabs, crabs), mangrove forests, coral reefs, seagrass beds, minerals and minerals, tourism, and other environmental services. This resource potential has important and strategic economic value in supporting the economy in Central Java Province. The abundant natural resource potential and if managed properly it will potentially become an export commodity and can provide income for the region [7]. Along with the development of population growth and development in the coastal areas of Central Java Province, the pressure on natural resources in coastal areas and small islands is also increasing. The problems and constraints faced, especially the marine and fisheries sector, are quite large. Various efforts have been made by the Regional Government through various program activities and policies to overcome this problem. Environmental management of coastal resources is able to improve the economic level of coastal communities [8-10]. This means that efforts to utilize, manage and develop coastal resources must be accompanied by efforts to preserve coastal areas. Therefore, it is necessary to map the potential of the coastal areas of Central Java. The purpose of this research is to analyze the economy of coastal communities through their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. 2. METHODS

This work was carried out in a large research synthesis project which aimed to find a model for empowering coastal communities in Central Java. The first step is to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the economic coastal region of Central Java. This stage was carried out through observing the potential of coastal areas, gathering various supporting information through interviews with economic actors in coastal areas, both producers, distributors, consumers and also the government and collecting supporting documents. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to 384 respondents to obtain qualitative data. This study uses SWOT analysis techniques (Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. Things that need to be done in SWOT are identifying internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats), making policy strategies based on a combination of four factors that influence SO strategy, namely maximizing strength and opportunity, WO strategy, namely minimizing weaknesses and maximizing opportunities, ST strategies, namely maximizing strengths and minimizing threats, WT strategies, namely minimizing weaknesses and threats The four strategies if simplified will be two, namely maximizing driving factors (SO) and minimizing inhibiting factors (WT). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Central Java Coastal Area is the largest archipelagic country in the world, both based on the area and the number of its islands, which are 17,480 islands, with the longest coastline being four, which is 95,150 km after the USA, Russian federation and Canada. Central Java is one of 34 provinces in Indonesia, with its capital in Semarang. Administratively, Central Java Province consists of 29 regencies and 6 cities. But only 17 regions have coastlines. Of the 17 regions there are 32 tourist beaches. The following is a map of the coastal areas of Central Java: 175 Citation: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti et al, 2020. Economy of Central Java Coastal Communities: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences., 14(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.22587/anas.2020.14.2.23

Fig. 1: Central Java Coastal Area

Based on the picture above, it appears that the coastal areas of Central Java along the northern coast are , Regency, Tegal City, , Regency, Pekalongan City, , , Semarang City, , , Jepara Regency, , Rembang Regency, while along the southern coast are , Regency, , and . The total length of the coastline of Central Java Province is 828.82 km, which consists of 540.27 km is the length of the northern coastline and 288.55 km is the length of the southern coastline, with a coastal area of 122,739.79 ha [11].

3.2 Potential Central Java Coastal Areas The coastal region of Central Java has a lot of potential that can be developed and strengthened the economy of its people. Of the various potentials possessed, the potential that can be developed is fisheries and marine especially marine and fisheries fishing in public waters. The potential of marine capture fisheries in Central Java waters spread around 1,873,530 tons / year covering the which is around 796,640 tons / year and the Indonesian Ocean around 1,076,890 tons / year. The following is a picture of the development of production and the value of marine fisheries production in Central Java Province.

Source: Center for Data, Statistics and Information [11] Fig. 2: Central Java Province Sea Fishing Production 2006-2010

176 Citation: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti et al, 2020. Economy of Central Java Coastal Communities: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences., 14(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.22587/anas.2020.14.2.23

Source: Center for Data, Statistics and Information [11] Fig. 2: Central Java Province Sea Fishing Production 2006-2010 The picture above shows that in 2005-2009, the proportion of marine fisheries production in Central Java Province was dominated by Pekalongan City, Rembang Regency, Pati Regency, Tegal City and Batang Regency. Whereas in 2010, the contribution of marine fisheries production in Jepara Regency was included in the top 4 in Central Java. To market the catches of marine fish production, a fish auction facility (TPI) is provided. The fishermen's business activities are supported by the presence of the Mina KUD as a fishermen's economic institution. There are 22 KUD Mina in Central Java that have all reached the title of KUD Mandiri, even the KUD Makaryo Mino Pekalongan has achieved the Predicate of KUD Mandiri Inti. The number of TPI in Central Java is around 81 TPI where 65 TPI are in the North Coast and the remaining 16 TPI are in the South Coast. Of the 81 TPIs, 3 TPIs are included in the Central Technical Implementation Unit, namely PPNP (Pekalongan), PPNC (Cilacap) and Karimunjawa Fisheries Base Port. There are 2 TPIs that are the main producers of marine fisheries production, namely PPNP (Pekalongan) and PPI Bajo Mulyo, Pati Regency. In addition to TPI, there are also 5 Technical Implementing Units (UPT) that function as implementers of cross-district / city technical guidance, provision of guidance, standardization, supervision in the fields of seed production, quality, fishing and organizing fish auctions. Capture fisheries production from marine waters landed in Central Java Province generally consists of pelagic fish groups, demersal fish groups, and non-fish groups (shrimp, crustaceans and molluscs). Economically important fish production in the pelagic fish group is dominated by 7 species of fish, namely: selar fish, kite, tembang, lemuru, peperek, cob cob, bloated. While demersal fish is dominated by demersal fish, such as: cotton-cotton fish, turmeric and swanggi. Furthermore, for non-fish groups that have important economic value, their production is dominated by species: krosok shrimp, crab (crustacea), and squid (mollusca). Pelagic fishery production in Central Java Province in 2010 was dominated by flying fish species with production of 49,155.5 tons (23.12% of the total capture fisheries production in Central Java Province), followed by tembang fish which reached 20,858.8 tons (9, 81%), lemuru fish which reached 11,650.7 tons (5.48%), selar fish which reached 10,473.6 tons (4.93%), mackerel which reached 9,928.8 tons (4.67%), fish roasted cob which reached 8.008.0 tons (3.77%) and peperek fish which reached 7,118.9 tons (3.35%). Then, for the non-fish group fishery production in 2010 it was dominated by krosok shrimp which reached 1,249.7 tons (0.59% of the total capture fisheries production in Central Java Province), then followed by the crab which reached 167.9 tons (0, 08%) and squid which reached 3,431.2 tons (1.61%). Supporting components in fishing operations are the basis of successful fishing. The number of vessels owned is 23,472 fleets. In addition, capture fisheries activities require fishing ports to support capture fisheries. Fisheries ports in Central Java Province are spread in all coastal districts / cities. The largest type of fishing port in Central Java is the Ocean Fisheries Port (PPS), namely: Cilacap PPS. In addition, Central Java Province also has 1 unit of Nusantara Fisheries Port (PPN), namely Pekalongan PPN, 9 units of Coastal Fisheries Port (PPP), namely: PPP Asem Doyong, PPP 177 Citation: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti et al, 2020. Economy of Central Java Coastal Communities: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences., 14(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.22587/anas.2020.14.2.23

Bajomulyo, PPP Karimunjawa, PPP Klidang Lor, PPP Morodemak, PPP Tasikagung , PPP Tawang, PPP Tegalsari, and PPP Wonokerto, and the rest are 104 units of Fish Landing Base (PPI) spread across the coastal districts / cities of Central Java Province. Each port usually has an ice factory as a means of preserving fish. Human resources in fishing activities that play an important role are fishermen. In 2010, the number of fishermen in Central Java Province amounted to 152,788 people. The highest number of fishermen in this province is in the Rembang Regency and Jepara Regency, which amount to 18,912 people and 18,795 people respectively. The lowest number of fishermen is in Wonogiri Regency, amounting to 6 people.

3.3 Economy of Central Java Coastal Communities (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) The economic activities of the community are influenced by geographical conditions [12-13], sociology [14-15 and culture [16]. Where each has its own characteristics. As previously explained, the economic activities of the coastal communities of Central Java are geographically dominated by capture fisheries from the sea. Sociologically because the people of Central Java are Javanese cultured, the Javanese patrons are still used in the economic activities of their communities. Although with the rapid development of the times the patrons have experienced a shift and even change. Based on their livelihoods, there are coastal communities in Central Java who work as owner fishermen, fishing workers, fish farmers and other marine organisms, fish traders, fish processors and suppliers of fisheries production facilities. There are also those who work outside the fisheries sector such as sellers of tourism services, sellers of transportation services, and other community groups that use marine and coastal non-living resources to fulfill their daily needs. The following will be further examined the economy of the coastal communities of Central Java using a SWOT analysis. SWOT is Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats which means Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Table 1: Matriks SWOT Weakness (weakness) Strength - Technology in the management of the fisheries sector - Abundant ecological potential of coastal that is still lacking and inadequate fishing equipment ecosystems - Lack of guidance to the community to carry out - Availability of supporting facilities and business development for coastal communities infrastructure such as ports, ice factories, and fleets - The catch has not been processed, sold raw so that if the number of catches is large then the price is low - The high motivation of coastal communities to utilize resources in coastal - low income level areas to improve their economy - low HR quality Threat (threat) - degradation of natural resources and the existence of Opportunity environmental pollution due to coastal community - cooperation between regions to develop activities that are not environmentally friendly fisheries potential - high theft of fish - high demand for fish from inside and - areas prone to natural disasters outside the region - climate and weather conditions that do not support offshore fishing

The following are strategies that can be developed: 178 Citation: Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti et al, 2020. Economy of Central Java Coastal Communities: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences., 14(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.22587/anas.2020.14.2.23

Table 2: SWOT Strategy WO Strategy - Use of environmentally friendly technology in the SO strategy management of coastal areas - Increased business networking - Increasing the role of stakeholders in the - Maximizing the use of supporting facilities and development of business in coastal communities infrastructure - Doing diversification of processed products - Improving community welfare - Improving the quality of human resources through various training and business socialization ST strategy - Utilization of environmentally friendly coastal WT Strategy area resources - Efforts to conserve and protect marine and - Increased awareness of coastal communities fisheries resources about the preservation of coastal areas - Economic empowerment of coastal communities - Development of processed fishery products home industries Various potential coastal areas both biological and non-biological potential if maximized will contribute to the improvement of the economy of coastal communities in Central Java.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The final conclusions from this study are: (a) strength factor: abundant potential of the coastal areas of Central Java, the availability of facilities and infrastructure can be used as capital in an effort to improve the economy of coastal communities in Central Java; (b) weakness factor: the low level of human resources influences the diversification of employment in coastal communities, where most work as fishermen with low income levels; (c) opportunity factors: good cooperation between regions and high demand for fish will have a positive effect on the economic conditions of coastal communities in Central Java, and (d) threat factors: management of marine resources and fisheries that are not environmentally friendly will have a negative impact on regional sustainability the coast. For this reason efforts are needed to develop superior potential and efforts to empower coastal communities in Central Java to improve their economy.

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