CHAPTER 13 • SECTION 3 Connecting History Meanwhile, Americans in northern California staged a revolt and raised a crude flag featuring a grizzly bear. The revolt, known as the Bear Flag Revolt, Not all war declarations was joined by explorer John C. Frémont. The rebels declared independence have been as contentious as the war against Mexico. from Mexico and formed the Republic of California. U.S. troops joined forces More About . . . Representative Jeanette with the rebels. Within weeks, American forces controlled all of California. Rankin of Montana, the The Fighting in Mexico The defeat of Mexico proved more difficult. Ameri- first woman in Congress Victory Outside Mexico City and an avowed pacifist, can forces invaded Mexico from two directions. Taylor battled his way south Outside of Mexico City, Winfield Scott’s was the only member of from Texas toward Monterrey in northern Mexico. On February 23, 1847, his the House to vote against 4,800 troops met Santa Anna’s 15,000 Mexican soldiers near a ranch called army fought Mexican troops in the Battle World War II. Buena Vista. After two bloody days of fighting, Santa Anna retreated. The war of Chapultepec. Scott’s troops stormed the in the north of Mexico was over. former palace of Chapultepec, a fortress on In southern Mexico, Winfield Scott‘s forces landed at Veracruz on the Gulf the western side of Mexico City, after more of Mexico and made for Mexico City. Outside the capital, the Americans met than a day of artillery shelling and great loss fierce resistance. But Mexico City fell to Scott in September 1847. America of life on both sides. had won the War with Mexico. Alongside Mexican General Nicolas Bravo, Answer: Polk placed SEQUENCE EVENTS Explain the events that led to the war with Mexico. American troops on the several teenage cadets fought against the north bank of the Rio Americans. Six cadets—now known as Los Grande; Mexico attacked; Impact of Victory Niños Heroes, or the boy heroes—refused Polk declared war on Mexico. KEY QUESTION What Mexican territory had the United States gained by 1853? to surrender. The “Six Boy Heroes” fell fighting for their country. Today, they are For Mexico, the war marked an ugly milestone in its relations with the United States. For the United States, the end of the war meant the fulfillment of honored with a monument in Chapultepec manifest destiny—expansion of the nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Park, Mexico, and the U.S. Marines wear a red stripe on their dress uniforms to 1783–1853 memorialize the fierce battle. Growth of the United States CANADA Ceded by Britain, Webster-Ashburton Treaty, Ceded by 1842 Great Britain, Ceded to 1818 OREGON COUNTRY Great Britain, From Great Britain, 1818 1846 S E Teach I N O 40°N L O Impact of Victory LOUISIANA PURCHASE C Bought from France, 1803 3 1

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MEXICAN CESSION A From Mexico by Treaty of N Talk About It I Guadalupe Hidalgo,1848 G N From Great Britain I R E • What happened to the Mexicans in the area by Treaty of Paris, O GADSDEN 1783 W known as the Mexican Cession? (Some saw PURCHASE S themselves as minorities in a strange nation; Bought from PACIFIC Mexico, 1853

others helped settlers develop the land.) OCEAN TEXAS ANNEXATION ATLANTIC 30°N Annexed independent republic, 1845 OCEAN • Sequence Events Have students use the MEXICO map to identify and date territories added to FLORIDA CESSION the U.S. from 1845 to 1853. (1845—Texas Connect Geography History 1810 1813 From Spain, 1819 1. Region Which states were gained by the Mexican cession? Ceded by Annexation; 1846—Oregon Territory; 1848— Spain, 1818 Dates annexed by United States 2. Critical Thinking Evaluate What were some of the 0200400 miles Mexican Cession; 1853—Gadsden Purchase) Gulf of Mexico geographic and economic benefits of the Mexican cession? 0 200 400 kilometers Unit 5 Resource Book Modern U.S. boundaries shown 436 Chapter 13 20°N • Connect to Today, p. 101 90°W 80°W DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES Growth of the United States 1783–1853 OBJECTIVE Use the “Growth of the United States 1783–1853 ” map to create charts, maps, Connect Geography History and time lines. SEQUENCE EVENTS Have students list in Basic On Level Challenge order how the United States grew. Have students create a three- Have students draw their Have students create a ANSWERS column chart. In the fi rst own version of the map color-coded time line from 1. Region California, Nevada, Utah; most column, have them list the “Growth of the United States 1776 to 1853 that reflects of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, territories on the map. In the 1783–1853 “ on a sheet of the map information. Time Colorado, and Wyoming second column, have them large paper or poster board. lines should include territory list the date the U.S. acquired Make sure they label all of names, dates acquired, the 2. Evaluate Possible Answer: more each one. In the third column, the territories and provide a states (and/or parts of states) coastline, mineral resources, fertile land have them color a rectangle map title and key. acquired with each territory, Unit 5 Resource Book that is the same color as the and brief background about • Skillbuilder Practice, p. 93 territory on the map. each territory. 436 • Chapter 13 From Sea to Shining Sea In February 1848, the war ended with the CHAPTER 13 • SECTION 3 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (gwah•duh•LOOP•ay hih•DAHL•go). The loss was a bitter defeat. Many Mexicans felt that the United States had provoked the war in the hope of gaining Mexican terri- tory. In this treaty Mexico CONNECT to the Essential Question • recognized that Texas was part of the United States • agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between the two How did westward expansion nations • gave up a vast region known as the Mexican cession— transform the nation? including Texas—amounting to almost one-half of Ask students what they have learned so far present-day Mexico that can help them answer this question. In return the United States promised to protect the 80,000 Mex- Students might mention: icans living in Texas and the Mexican Cession. Some Mexicans, however, saw themselves as minorities in a nation with a strange • Americans’ belief in manifest destiny language, culture, and legal system. Others taught new settlers how to fueled the growth of the nation in the develop the land for farming, ranching, and mining. Eventually, a rich new 1840s and 1850s. culture resulted from the blend of many cultures. Frederic Remington • The United States gained vast new In 1853, Mexico sold one last strip of land, called the Gadsden Purchase, painted this colorful portrait of a Mexican territories through an agreement with to the United States for $10 million. The U.S. wanted the land, now part of cowboy, A Vaquero, Britain for Oregon Country, and through southern New Mexico and Arizona, for a southern transcontinental railroad. in the late nineteenth The United States now stretched “from sea to shining sea.” century. conflict with Mexico that led to the Texas annexation, Mexican cession, and SUMMARIZE Describe the territory the United States gained from Mexico by 1853. Answer: United States gained a vast region known as the Mexican cession—including Texas and amounting Gadsden Purchase. to almost one-half of Mexico. Then, in 1853, under the Gadsden Purchase, Mexico gave up part of southern New Mexico and Arizona. ONLINE QUIZ 3 Section Assessment For test practice, go to Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com 4 Assess & Reteach TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS Assess Have students complete the Section 1. Explain the importance of 3. Why did Britain and Mexico oppose American Assessment. • James K. Polk • Bear Flag Revolt expansion? • manifest destiny •Treaty of Guadalupe 4. How did the acquisitions of Oregon and the Mexican Unit 5 Resource Book cession contribute to manifest destiny? Hidalgo • Section Quiz, p. 111 • Zachary Taylor • Mexican cession CRITICAL THINKING USING YOUR READING NOTES 5. Analyze Traveling along the Santa Fe Trail, General Interactive Review 2. Sequence Events Complete the diagram you Kearny and his army sang songs like this one: @ ClassZone.com started at the beginning of this section. Old Colonel Kearny, you can bet Power Presentations “ Will keep the boys in motion, manifest Oregon Till Yankee Land include the sand destiny Territory Test Generator On the Pacific Ocean. Reteach Have each student select an event How does this song support” the idea of manifest destiny? from the section. On a sheet of drawing paper, 6. Writing Political Cartoon It is 1853. The have students illustrate the event and include Gadsden Purchase has just been completed. Create a its name and date. With students’ help, tape political cartoon that comments on America’s belief in the sheets on the wall in chronological order to manifest destiny. create a time line.

Unit 5 Resource Book Manifest Destiny 437 • Reteaching Activity, p. 115 SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS

Terms & Names 4. By the acquisition of the Oregon Territory and 1. James K. Polk, p. 433; manifest destiny, p. 433; the end of the war with Mexico, the United Political Cartoon Rubric Zachary Taylor, p. 435; Bear Flag Revolt, p. 436; States stretched from coast to coast, thus Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, p. 437; Mexican fulfi lling the belief that it was destined to own Clarity/Quality Accuracy Cession, p. 437 this expanse of land. 4 excellent; very neat no errors Using Your Reading Notes Critical Thinking 3 good; neat few/minor errors 2. Polk elected president; U.S. and Mexico fi ght 5. The song suggested that America’s land should over borders; Americans take California in stretch to the Pacifi c. 2 fair; somewhat neat several errors Bear Flag Revolt; U.S. victory at Chapultepec 6. Political cartoons should illustrate Americans’ 1 poor; messy many errors wins the war; U.S. gains Mexican Cession and belief that it was their right to expand their Gadsden Purchase; manifest destiny fulfi lled territorial holdings from coast to coast. Use the Key Ideas rubric to score students’ political cartoons. 3. Possible Answer: They shared the land that the United States wanted for itself.

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