History Knowledge Organiser: How did the world change after World War One? Gustav Stresemann – German chancellor in 1923 and a Foreign Minister until 1929. Helped German economy recover after the hyperinflation. Charles G. Dawes – a leader of international commission which proposed to plan for KPI 7: To know and understand how Germany changed following World War One. German economic recovery. • Erich Ludendorff – German military leader during WWI. He was one the people In 1921 Germany paid the first instalment of the reparation but in 1922 it failed to pay the taking part in Munich Putsch. second one. Adolf Hitler – one of the organisers of the Munich Putsch in 1923. • French government with support of Belgium occupied an area bordering with France to collect the value of the reparations in natural resources and goods produced in this area. The occupation of the Ruhr began. Key Terms Definitions • German government encouraged the workers in the Ruhr to go on general strike and refuse the cooperation with the French. It promised to pay every worker his full salary for as long as it Unemployment When perfectly capable person is unable to find and takes to get rid of French. hold a job. • German government started printing more money to pay the salaries. German economy When you put your money into a business expecting responded by very fast rise of prices; eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923 Investment had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923. The German's currency became to earn a profit. worthless. A government’s strategy in dealing with other • So much money was printed that people had to go with suitcases or wheelbarrows to pick up Foreign policy their salaries on pay day. countries, eg. between Germany and Great Britain. • In September 1923 new German Chancellor, Gustav Stresemann called of the general strike in Non – When two countries make a commitment not to go to in the Ruhr. A small group of right wing extremists organised a putsch against German war with each other and resolve their differences government in Munich on 8-9 November 1923. The putsch failed to gain any popular support. aggression pact It was known as the Munich Putsch or Beer Hall Putsch. peacefully. Locarno Pact an agreement between the governments of Germany, Causes: Consequences: 1925 Great Britain, France and Belgium not to go to war o o Huge expense of the WWI Poverty for many Germans with each other. o Social reforms of Weimar republic o Many people lost their savings Political A tendency to go to extremes in political opinions and o Poor economy after WWI and ToV o Most Germans did not trust banks extremism actions.
o Occupation of the Ruhr o Some people paid off loans early Was a crash on a stock market in October of 1929 in o General strike and printing money Wall Street Crash USA, which started a period of economic depression, for salaries. which lasted for several years, called the Great
Depression.
Economic is a massive slow down in economy affecting majority depression of people and businesses for at least two years.
History Knowledge Organiser: How did the world change after World War One? Key people: Gustav Stresemann – German chancellor in 1923 and a Foreign Minister until 1929. Helped German economy recover after the KPI 7: To know and understand how Germany changed following World War One. hyperinflation. How did Germany recover from hyperinflation: Paul von Hindenburg – German WWI hero who became a president in 1925 and • In 1924 Dawes Plan was introduced to help German economy: remained on this position until his death in 1934. He replaced • The reparations were reduced to smaller, more manageable payments. socialist Friedrich Ebert marking a turn of German public • United States was to lend Germany money to improve their economy. towards nationalism. • Occupation of the Ruhr was to end immediately. Adolf Hitler – one of the organisers of the Munich Putsch in 1923. • Stresemann introduced new currency called Rentenmark, which replaced old devalued currency. • Stresemann made a number of foreign policy changes to create more trust for Germany as a country: he signed a non – aggression pact with Britain, France and Belgium in Locarno, he decided to join the League of Nations in 1926 and in 1928 he signed a Kellogg-Briand Pact: an agreement between a total of 64 countries not to use war unless in self-defence.
Successes of Weimar Germany Problems of Weimar Germany
Germany started building more positive Germany became dependant of American
relations with other countries. loans – when after Wall Street Crash
German economy started improving and American banks called off the loans
by 1928 and the production finally rose German economy collapsed. above the before WWI levels. Germans were spending rather then
German cinema, theatre, art and saving.
literature experienced period of huge Unemployment was very large and after
development. 1929 grew to 14% of working population
from 5% in 1924. Social reforms introduced by the
government were expensive and that made taxes high. Germans were divided into extremely wealthy or really poor. History Knowledge Organiser: How did the world change after World War One? Key events to Hitler’s consolidation of power:
KPI 8 : To be able to evaluate to what extend the changes in Germany were caused by World War One. Key to Hitler’s success in 1933: • Wall Street Crash started a period of economic depression. • Many people lost their jobs: the number of the unemployed grew from 1.8mln in 1928 to 6mln in 1932. • Gustav Stresemann died in 1929 and no other politician had similar respect from all of the parties. • Germans did not feel that the government was doing enough for them. • Germans were afraid of communist revolution like in Russia because communism became more popular with working class. • Hitler was a great speaker and had charismatic personality. • Nazi Party had a rule were the decision of the party leader was final and all party members had to vote in that way. We call that party discipline. • No party had enough support to govern by itself so it had to create coalitions. This meant that all governments had to constantly compromise their ideas for reforms. • Industrialists were angry for constant rise of taxes which paid for governments program of social care.
Key people: Paul von Hindenburg – a WWI hero and German president between 1925 and 1934. Adolf Hitler – a leader of Munich Putsch in 1923, leader of Nazi party, appointed chancellor in January 1933. Marinus Van der Lubbe – a young communist accused of burning down the building of Reichstag. His actions started a process of political discrimination against communists and other left wing parties.
Key Terms Definitions
Coalition an agreement between two or more different political parties with the purpose of creating a government.
Social care support and care offered to children or people affected by illness, physical or mental disability, old age or poverty. the owners and managers of factory or large business. Industrialists
History Knowledge Organiser: How did the world change after World War One? Successes of Nazi Germany Problems of Nazi Germany Women KPI 8: To be able to evaluate to what extend the changes in Germany were caused by World War • Many women felt that order • Job-discrimination against One. What was the impact of Nazi Government on German people: will restore morality among women was encouraged. The key here is to understand that the Nazi state affected different people in different ways. For people ensuring that women Women doctors, teachers and the majority of people, in fact, life was good - that is why they turned a blind eye to the fact that - will be treated with respect civil servants were forced to give for groups which were not accepted by the Nazi state - life was horrific. they deserve up their careers.
Successes of Nazi Germany Problems of Nazi Germany • • The Law for the Women were never allowed to Ordinary Germans Encouragement of Marriage serve in the armed forces - even
• Nazi economic policies gave full • Wages fell, and strikers could be shot - gave newly-wed couples a loan during the war.
employment (work programmes/ the Nazis worked closely with the of 1000 marks, and allowed • Women were expected to stay at Strength through Joy), prosperity and businessmen to make sure that the them to keep 250 marks for home following the rule: Kinder,
financial security - many observers workforce were as controlled as each child they had. Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, stated that there seemed to be no possible. • Mothers who had more than 8 church) that did not suit many
poverty in Germany, • Loss of personal freedoms (eg children were given a gold professional women • the Strength through Joy programme freedom of speech). medal.
(KdF) gave some people fun and • All culture had to be German - eg Youth holidays. music had to be Beethoven or Wagner • Nazi culture was very youth- • SOME girls were unhappy with • the 'Beauty of Work' movement (SdA) or German folk songs - or Nazi - eg all oriented. the emphasis on the three Cs gave people pride in what they were actors had to be members of the Nazi • The HJ provided exciting (Church, children, cooker). • Girls who were regarded as true doing. party/ only books by approved activities for young boys. • law and order (few people locked authors could be read. Aryan girls were sent off to • The HJ and the BDM treated special camps where they were their doors), young men and women as bred (like farm animals) with • autobahns improved transport, though they were special, and selected 'Aryan' boys. • frequent ceremonies, rallies, colour told then they had knew more • Towards the end of the war, and excitement, then their parents. youth gangs such as the Eidelweiss Pirates grew up, • Nazi propaganda gave people hope, • Many parents were frightened rejecting the HJ and Nazi youth • Nazi racial philosophy gave people that their children would culture, drinking and dancing to self-belief report them to the Gestapo, American jazz and 'swing' music. • Trust in Adolf Hitler gave a sense of which gave young people a • In Cologne in 1944 they security (one German woman told the power that they enjoyed. sheltered army deserters and American reporter Nora Wall: 'He is even attacked the Gestapo. my mother and my father. He keeps • If they were caught, they were me safe from all harm.') hanged. History Knowledge Organiser: How did the world change after World War One? Successes of Nazi Germany Problems of Nazi Germany Undesireables cont. KPI 7: To be able to evaluate to what extend the changes in Germany were caused by World War • 72,000 mentally ill patients were One. killed 1939-41. Successes of Nazi Germany Problems of Nazi Germany • Physically disabled people and Opposition families with hereditary illness • Many Germans welcomed this • Hitler banned all Trade Unions on 2 were sometimes sterilized. because it brought political stability May 1933. Their offices were closed, 300,000 men and women were after the Weimar years. their money confiscated, and their sterilized 1934-45. leaders put in prison. • Some deaf people were sterilised • Communists were put into and put to death. concentration camps or killed. • Beggars, homosexuals, • Many Protestant pastors such as prostitutes, alcoholics, pacifists, Dietrich Bonhoffer were persecuted hooligans and criminals were and executed. also regarded as anti-social, and • Each block of flats had a 'staircase they were put in concentration ruler' who reported grumblers to the camps. police - they were arrested and either
murdered, or sent to concentration camps. • Children were encouraged to report Key Terms Definitions their parents to the Gestapo if they confiscated Taking or seizing of someone's property by an authority criticized Hitler or the Nazi party. (government) Undesireables Trade unions an organized association of workers in a trade • • Many Germans approved of this or Jews, such as Anne Frank, whom the representing their interests in disputes with the were too concerned for their own Germans systematically persecuted, government or their employers safety to say anything about it. were forced into walled ghettos, put Pastor A protestant priest into concentration camps, and used for medical experiments. In the end Final Solution A systematic killing of 6mln Jews seen by Nazi regime the Nazis devised the Final Solution of as a solution to so called Jewish problem between genocide - it was the Holocaust. 1942 to 1945. • Gypsies were treated almost as badly Gypsies Roma (Gypsies) originated in the Punjab region of as the Jews - 85% of Germany's northern India as a nomadic people 9travelling people) gypsies were killed. and entered Europe between the eighth and tenth • Black people were sterilized and killed. centuries C.E. They were called "Gypsies" because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. • 5000 mentally disabled babies were This minority is made up of distinct groups called killed 1939-45. "tribes" or "nations."