Index

Aamodt, M. 132, 137 judicial corruption 405 advocacy for legal reforms 218, 222, local level prosecutions 405–6 230, 231, 328–30, 414, 415, 416 Party and marginalization of law Ageloff, H. 18 393–5 Ai Weiwei case 5–6, 8, 56, 61, 461 Party norms, prevalence over legal Akehurst, L. 131 norms 395–7, 449 Alford, W. 257 Party’s disciplinary inspection Alschuler, A. 67 mechanism 393–400 Amodio, E. 38 punishment leniency 406–8 Anderson, E. 327 soft laws 395–7 anti-corruption enforcement 390–410 whistle-blowers, treatment of 403 anti-corruption administration Armstrong, G. 27 (ACA) responsibilities 394–5 audio/video recording of interrogation bribery, prevalence of 401 102, 112, 113, 116, 272, 487 case numbers 390–91 Australian/Chinese comparison 193, centralization of power 403–4 196 collapsing thesis 391 Taiwan 216, 224 criminal detention 407 Australia detention for interrogation Department of Correctional Services mechanism (shuanggui) 398–9, 192 403, 404 ERISP programme (Electronic disciplinary inspection committee Recording of Interviews with (CDI), accountability of 393–4 Suspected Persons) 193, 196 disciplinary inspection committee Evidence Act (NSW) 196–7 (CDI), responsibilities 394–5 guilty plea see guilty plea, disciplinary matters as opposed to Australian/Chinese comparison criminal offences 396 Law Enforcement (Police disciplinary mechanism 397–400 Responsibilities) Act (LEPRA) disciplinary punishments imposed 190–91, 204 (2005–2006) 398 plea bargaining 39–40 economic decentralization effects R v Thomson and Houlton 201 400 authoritarianism 36, 64, 210, 211–12, extra-legal detention 398–9 222, 411–12 future of 409–10 gap thesis 391–2 bail 192, 194–6, 456, 466, 468, 469 high-profile cases 400–404 Bajer, R. 95 high-profile cases, and political Balbus, I. 14, 31, 37 structure of CCP 402–3 Baldwin, J. 40, 41 high-profile prosecutions 406 Balmer, N. 48 institutionalization of corruption Bandurski, D. 372 404–10 Barboza, D. 302

569

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Bartol, C. and A. 119 10, 56, 57, 59, 61 Baxi, U. 51 Chen Guangzhong 104, 107, 112, Beken, T. 50 153–71, 234, 343, 448, 458–9, 463, Belgium 28 488, 490, 491, 499 Belkin, Ira 91–117, 417 Chen Hehua 120 Benjamin, W. 345 Chen Hu 234 Bennett, R. 47 Chen Jiahua 185 Bennetto, J. 19 Chen Jianhua 328 Bi, X. 16, 21 Chen Jianli 54, 458 Biddulph, Sarah 16, 323–44, 413, 448 Chen Liangyu case 62, 400, 404 Bittner, E. 16 Chen, R. 263, 288, 325, 477, 485 Black, D. 17 Chen Shui-Bian case 223 black hood, and torture 432–3 Chen Sixi 329–30 black jails 9–10, 24, 57 Chen Weidong 172–86, 202, 205, 387, blogging see media, social 463, 486, 501 Blumberg, A. 16 Chen Weitseng 211, 222 Bond, C. 131, 132, 141, 142, 144 Chen Xi 53, 304–5 Booth, T. 192 Chen Xiao 402 Bornstein, B. 141, 142, 143, 144 Chen Xiaoming 202 Bowling, B. 37 Chen Xingliang 329 Boyle, K. 14, 31, 45 Chen Xingyou 326 Branigan, T. 57, 59, 61, 66, 93 Chen, Y. 312, 315 Bray, D. 335 Chen Yanhui 501 Briar, S. 17 Chen Yanwei 307 Bridges, A. 31, 32 Chen Yongsheng 17 Bristow, M. 57, 58, 63, 64 Chen Youxi 305, 428 Brodeur, J.-P. 16 Chen Yu-Jie 209–33, 440 Brogden, A. 23 Cheng, L. 265 Brogden, M. 16, 17, 23 Chile 51 Burgh, E. 346 Ching, F. 61 Burns, J. 401 Choongh, S. 23 Burrell, I. 19 Christian, L. 33 Burton, F. 40 Chu, F. 234 Chu, H. 337 Canada 95 Chu, Y.-H. 212 Canaves, S. 94 civil disobedience see legal erosion and Cape, E. 259 policing of petitions Carlen, P. 17, 31, 40 Clarke, C. 40 Carson, D. 121 Clarke, D. 413 censorship measures 371–2 Clay, R. 119 see also media Cobain, I. 46 Chabris, C. 124 coercive measures Chan, M. 64 Coercive Quarantine for Drug Chang, J. 95, 111, 112 Rehabilitation (CQDR) 336, Chang, P. 62 337, 338–9, 340, 341–2 Chen, A. 394 confessions and torture 94–8, 107–8 Chen Baifeng 350 Criminal Procedure Law (CPL) Chen Baocheng 459 457–9, 471, 499–500 Chen Deling 475–6 interrogation targets 17, 23 Chen Duancai 396 see also confession

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Cohen, Jerome A. 3–12, 20, 56, 60, natural and artificial persons, 116, 219, 231, 232, 283, 413, 418, differences between 376–7 439–44, 447, 449, 461 private prosecution aspects 376 Cole, G. 16 procedural measures, police 377–84 confession procedural measures, procuratorate confession-based system 35 384–8 guilty plea see guilty plea, Public Order Punishment Law 385 Australian/Chinese comparison residential surveillance orders lawyer as criminal see under lawyer 380–81 as criminal, criminal defence social stability concerns 376, 378, and Li Zhuang case 381, 382 role of 53 Wang Shuai case 372–3, 374, 375, voluntariness of, and torture in 377 criminal investigations, moves Wu Baoquan case 373–4 to end use of 107–8 criminal defence lawyers, role of see also coercive measures; torture 234–55, 449–50 headings attorney–client interviews, content corruption, anti-corruption see anti- of 245–6 corruption enforcement attorney–client interviews, frequency Costa, A. 324 and length of 244–5 criminal defamation and expression attorney–client interviews, limited rights 370–89, 450–51 effectiveness of 244–6 appeal cases 382–3 Criminal Procedure Law (CPL), censorship measures 371–2 impact on 490–503 constitutive criteria for the crime of cross-examination role 249–50 defamation 375–6 defence opinions, content of 251–2 criminal defamation cases, increase defence opinions, frequency of 251 in 372–5 defence opinions as major vehicle of criminal detention 375, 384 defence 250–52 Criminal Law Article 246 exception defence opinions, oral versus written clause 375–7, 380, 381, 386 form 252 defamation laws and human rights, defenders other than lawyers 262–3 conflict between 371–7, 388 evidence presentation role 246–9 Deng Yonggu case 374 evidence presentation role, adducing formal arrest approval, absence of evidence 248–9 385 evidence presentation role, bloggers case 383–4 prosecution advantage 246–7 government, citizens’ right to evidence presentation role, types of criticize 377, 388 evidence 247–8 Han Xingchang case 379–83 lawyer as criminal see lawyer as harmonious society and right to criminal, criminal defence and expression, conflict with 374–5 Li Zhuang case higher-level authorities, need to seek legal counsel defence versus self- approval of 387–8 defence 237–40, 242–3 institutional reform, call for 387–8 legal counsel defence versus self- Internet access, effects of 372–4 defence, general procedures legal accountability, need for 388 240 media control, changing 371–2 legal counsel defence versus self- National Human Rights Action Plan defence, not-guilty verdicts 375 237–9

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legal counsel defence versus self- torture, complicit 21–3 defence, sentencing defence 239 torture, instruments of 18 legal counsel effectiveness, and criminal justice dynamics, legitimacy sentencing 240–43 techniques 49–66 legal counsel effectiveness, and authoritarianism 36, 64 sentencing, acceptance rate beatings and torture of lawyers 57–8 241–2 black jails 57 legal counsel effectiveness, and collective values, influence of 49–50 sentencing, discretionary confessions, role of 53 circumstances 240–41, 242 criminal justice system and the state legal counsel effectiveness, and 62–6 sentencing, procedural defence criminalization of lawyers and 241, 242 activists 58–9 legal defence forms 243–52 de-registration of lawyers 56–7 perjury cases, USA 312, 314, 315 disappearance of lawyers and research methods and data 235–6 activists 59–62 restrictions, mental examination hierarchical order in society 49–50 process 287–8 house arrest 56, 61 silencing of, Article 306 (Big Stick) independent sentencing procedures, 58, 232, 263, 272, 310–13, research on 174–81 315–16, 318–19, 430–31, institutionalized control system 52 500–502 Internet restrictions 54–5, 64 substantive role 236–43, 245–6 ‘invitations to tea’ warnings 54, 57 criminal justice dynamics and judicial and prosecution power comparative empirical limitations 52–3 co-ordinates 13–69 jury independence 40–41 activists, dealing with 24 lawyers and legitimacy limits 55–62 coercive interrogation targets 17, 23 limits, and criminal justice structure confession-based system 35 51–3 cordon sanitaire around criminal Ma Xiwu justice 64 justice system 24 mass public protests, reporting of criminal justice systems 31–6 55, 62, 66 judges role 30–31, 35–6 media restrictions and legitimacy labour disputes 65–6 limits 53–5, 61 legal rights of individuals 16 media and spin 61–2 media involvement 32–3, 34–5 mediation role 64, 448–9 official courtroom actors, limited mobile phone tracking 54 powers of 15 official discourse 40–49 Party political influence 15 official discourse, institutions of the police powers 15–17, 36 law 42–3 problem populations 16 official discourse, legal process 43–6 prosecutors 28–30 official discourse, politics of public scrutiny 22–3 discreditation 46–7 rationality 31–2 official discourse, values and rights rule by terror 23–4 47–9 state secrets, leaking 58 official discourse, venues of the law state transgressions, apologies for 40–42 32 Party-state control 51, 62, 64, 68–9 torture 17–28, 31, 36, 45–6, 60 plea bargaining 30–31, 39–40, 48–9 torture, aims of 23–4 police malpractice 44–6

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police powers 52, 63 lie detection 123, 131–2, 135, 137–8, population management 63–4 142, 144 protections for individuals 50 non-experimental methods 136 public security 50, 57, 60, 61 objectivity and fairness, problems of social media (microblogging) 53, 54, adhering to 133 55, 59 psychological beliefs and spatial dimensions of law 38–40 assumptions in evidentiary State Council document to procedures 121–4 strengthen law enforcement 63 purpose and effectiveness of 124–34 state and system, identity between 64 scientific psychology research, surveillance techniques 52 history of 118–20 suspects’ rights, lack of 52 subconscious influences on decision- Three Supremes doctrine 53, 63, 64 making 132–4 travel restriction impositions 56 target population and participants, university student surveillance and differences between 140–43 restrictions 54–5 truthfulness and deception clues 131 well-being (xingfu index) 64–5 Western research, limited availability yanda campaigns (swift and severe 145–6 punishment) 49–50 Criminal Law (CL) criminal justice reform and Article 18, mental health treatment experimental psychology 118–49, 292 450 Article 62, sentencing within legal American Criminal Process limits 203 flowchart 121–3 Articles 67 and 68, voluntary challenges to use of 144–7 surrender 201–2 Chinese participants, scarcity of Article 140, sentencing within legal 146–7 limits 203 Chinese scholars, capacity to Article 246 exception clause 375–7, conduct research 147 380, 381, 386 confirmation bias 138 Article 247, confessions by torture as confirmation of common sense 307 124–34 Article 306 and silencing of defence decision-making, implicit bias in lawyers (Big Stick) 58, 232, 263, 132–4, 140–41 272, 310–13, 315–16, 318–19, experimental approach 134–44 430–31, 500–502 external validity 139–44 Article 347, drug trafficking 281 eyewitness testimony, differing views Criminal Procedure Law (CPL) 5, 6, on 125–31, 136–7, 139, 141, 29, 30 142, 143–4 adversarial approach, move to 50–51 ‘fireside inductions’ 134–5, 137 arrest, detention and interrogation generalizability to criminal justice 191 settings 142–4 bail and residential surveillance 194, internal validity 136–9 195, 456, 466, 468, 469 internal validity, experimental black hood clause and forced control 138–9 disappearances 433 internal validity, measurement 136–8 burden of proof 262, 465–6 interrogation procedures and lack of case review period 192 feedback 138 coercive measures 457–9, 471, laboratory setting, emulating 499–500 consequentiality of activity 143 compulsory measures 262, 455–64

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corroborating evidence 194, 197 state security offences 457–9, 492, criminal defence lawyers, impact on 494 490–503 summary procedure 471 criminal detention 455–6, 457, Taiwan see Taiwan, lawyers’ activism 458–9, 464 and expansion of right to criminal reconciliation 473–82, 496, counsel 497 time limits for compulsory measures criminal suspect truthfulness 499 455–7 death penalty review procedures, witness examination 262, 492–3 changes in 470, 478, 482–90 Criminal Procedure Law (CPL), defence lawyer access 264, 266, 464 Articles detention of lawyers and activists Articles 5–7 and 10–11, illegally 59–60, 459 obtained evidence, elimination disappearance clause 457–63 of 89–90, 468 disclosure by the prosecution of all Article 12, judicial determination of material evidence 262 guilt after a trial 262 evidence categories 289, 311, 501 Article 32, defence choices 262–3 evidence presentation 249, 262, Article 33, pre-trial client access 191, 285–6, 472 262, 459 evidence regime reform 465–70 Article 34, legal aid eligibility 267 exclusionary rule 466, 470–72 Article 36, defence lawyer access forensic and mental examinations 264, 266, 464 284, 289 Article 37, lawyer–client meetings, illegally obtained evidence 87–90, 96, withdrawal of approval 459–60, 97, 99–101, 154, 157, 159, 192, 492, 494, 495, 496 197–8, 232, 466–9 Article 42, evidence categories 289, independent sentencing procedure 311, 501 model 178–9 Article 43, illegally obtained lawyer–client meetings, withdrawal evidence 87–8, 99–100, 154, of approval 459–60, 492, 494, 192, 197, 198, 499 495, 496 Article 45, disclosure by the legal aid 267 prosecution of all material non-prosecution rulings 161 evidence 262 oral evidence 466, 469–70, 487 Article 46, corroborating evidence out-of-court mediation 471–2 194, 197 police detention rulings 96, 106 Article 47, witness examination 262, post- and pre-arrest custody 191 492–3 pre-trial conference rules 191, 262, Article 49, burden of proof 465 265, 459, 468–9, 491–6 Article 50, self-incrimination 466, reinvestigation rules 101 499 residential surveillance 194, 456–7, Articles 51–58, bail and residential 459–64, 466, 468, 469, 494, surveillance 194, 456, 466, 468, 502 469 revision of 455–503 Article 64, arrest, detention and right to silence 193–4 interrogation 191 rules of evidence 464–72 Article 65, pre-arrest custody 191 self-incrimination 466, 499 Articles 66 and 70, defamation cases sentencing recommendations 170–71 385 shelter for investigation, abolition of Article 73, detention of lawyers and 189 activists 59–60, 459

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Article 77, designated-location gongjianfa triangle (police, residential surveillance 462 procuratorate and court), Article 93, right to silence 193–4 management of 257, 258, 272 Article 96, pre-trial client access 262, injustice, reactions to 261 265 justice of compromise 269–74 Article 96(1), bail application 195 justice definitions 259–61 Article 118, criminal suspect justice and perceived state interests truthfulness 499 260 Article 119, forensic and mental legal aid 266–8, 271 examinations 284, 289 legal assistance and suspects’ rights Articles 124 and 126, post-arrest 259 custody 191 legislation details 275–8 Article 138, case review period 192 political implications 269–70 Article 142.2, discretionary non- pre-trial criminal justice 262–8 prosecution 161 procedural fairness 259–60 Article 157, evidence presentation safety considerations 269, 271–2 249, 262 social justice 261 Articles 158 and 159, evidence state obstacles to legal advice and verification 285–6 defence 263 Article 162, burden of proof by torture allegations, dealing with prosecution 262 272–4 Articles 199–202, death penalty weiquan (rights defence) movement review procedures, changes in 269–70 482–3 criminal reconciliation 473–82, 496, Articles 235–240, death penalty 497 review procedures, changes in Cui, C. 396, 403 482–90 Cui, M. 105, 109–10, 111, 112, 113, Article 265, reinvestigation rules 462 101 Cullen, R. 231, 270 Articles 277–279, criminal Custer, H. 132, 137 reconciliation 473, 479, 481, 496 Dangzi (Li Hui) 387 criminal proceedings and ethical Daum, J. 466, 470 quandaries of Chinese lawyers Davies, C. 27 256–78 Davis, J. 23 audio/video recording of client death penalty meetings 272, 487 independent sentencing procedures Basic Principles on the Role of 182, 183 Lawyers 271 public prosecution system reform client access problems 263–4 154–5 client access problems, and police reform recommendations, mental presence 265–6 examination process 295–6 confidentiality of lawyer, client with reprieve 101, 484, 485, 486 meetings 265, 266 Supreme People’s Court 283, 296, criminal detention centres 264 483–6, 487, 488–90 criminal process and legal justice suspended 182, 183 259–60 torture in criminal investigations defenders other than lawyers 262–3 101, 103 evolution of legal profession, recent defamation cases see criminal 257 defamation and expression rights

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defence lawyers see criminal defence disappearance clause, Criminal lawyers, role of Procedure Law (CPL) 457–63 DeLisle, J. 392 Dixon, D. 193, 196 Demuth, C. 17 Dobinson, Ian 187–205 Deng, G. 234 Dong, X. 19–20, 21 Deng, J. 385 drug dependency treatment 323–44 Deng, X. 401 Administrative Coercion Law 328 Deng Yonggu case 374 Administrative Litigation Law 342 DePaulo, B. 131, 132, 137, 138, 141, administrative measures 325–6, 328, 142, 144 342 Desmarais, S. 125 Administrative Punishments Law detention 328 criminal 375, 384, 407 Administrative Review Law 342 extra-legal 10–11, 365, 398–9 advocacy for legality, fairness and for interrogation mechanism rights-based regulation 328–30 (shuanggui) 398–9, 403, 404 appraisal mechanisms 338 legal erosion and policing of Coercive Quarantine for Drug petitions 307, 310 Rehabilitation (CQDR) 336, police detention rulings 96, 106 337, 338–9, 340, 341–2 private facilities, legal erosion and Community Rehabilitation orders policing of petitions 360 334, 335–6, 342 Public Security Bureau (PSB), arrest, compulsory rehabilitation 326 detention and interrogation custodial treatment orders 337–40 190–92, 194, 198, 204 demand side, strategies to attack detention, administrative 325–6 detention centres 264 detention centres, problems with detention centres, problems with, 339–40 drug dependency treatment detention for repatriation, abolition 339–40 of 328–9 Detention Law, Taiwan, lawyers’ drug dependency rates 326 activism and expansion of right Drug Prohibition Law 323, 324, 327, to counsel 215–16, 228 328, 331, 332–5, 337, 338–9, 342 for repatriation, abolition of, drug dynamic control 331–3 dependency treatment 328–9 Hard Strike policy 324, 326 RETL (re-education through harm reduction strategies 327 labour) 326, 328, 329, 332, 337, harm reduction and voluntary 338, 339, 340–41, 360, 361–2, rehabilitation 333–4 363 Harmonious Society policy 325, shelter and deportation, legal erosion 329–30 and policing of petitions 345–6, HIV/AIDS strategy 327, 333 349–53 human rights 327–31, 332, 334 Devine, D. 142 International Covenant on Civil and Diao, J. 349 Political Rights (ICCPR) Ding, X. 432 signing 99, 327, 329, 334, 340 Ding, Y. 105, 110 Legislation Law 328 disappearance medically assisted treatment (MAT) enforced, and retrieval, differences 331, 333–4, 339, 340 between 358–60 migrant workers 336 forced see human rights lawyers, National Narcotics Control disappearance of Commission (NNCC) 326, 331

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national register of drug users 331–3 oral 466, 469–70, 487 non-custodial treatment orders physical evidence, torture in criminal 334–7 investigations 107, 116 People’s War on Drugs 326 presentation see under criminal policy, 1980s to 2007 325–7 defence lawyers, role of procedural protections, lack of regime reform 465–70 341–2 regulations, Ministry of State random drug tests 332 Security 154–5 Recovering Health orders 334–6, verification, mental examination 340–41, 342 process 285–6 rehabilitation legal regime 331–42 wrongful convictions and tortured relapse rate 326 confessions 78–9, 82–4 RETL (re-education through labour) exclusionary rules 326, 328, 329, 332, 337–41 Taiwan 226 Scientific Concept of Development torture in criminal investigations 94, and people-oriented governance 98–9, 101, 102–5, 106, 107, 329, 330 108–9, 111 Security Administrative experimental psychology see criminal Punishments Law 328 justice reform and experimental social management 330–31, 336–7 psychology social order policies 324 expression rights see criminal voluntary rehabilitation 326–7 defamation and expression rights weiwen (stability protection) 330 eyewitness testimony 125–31, 136–7, zero-tolerance treatment in 139, 141, 142, 143–4 rehabilitation 334 Du Peiwu case 101 Fabri, M. 29, 40 Dui, H. 478 Falun Gong 57, 60, 416, 422–4, 429, 434, 440 Ekman, P. 137 Fan Chenggang 485 Ellis, L. 133 Fan Chengze 400 Ennis, B. 289 Fan Chongyi 102, 119, 193, 325, 458 Ericson, R. 52 Fan Qihang case 20, 307–8, 494 ethical quandaries see criminal Fan Yafeng case 56, 61, 428, 432 proceedings and ethical Fan Yanqiong 383, 384 quandaries of Chinese lawyers Fang, P. 92 European Court of Human Rights Fang, X. 65 189–90 Feeley, M. 16 Al-Khawaja and Tahery v. United Feinerman, J. 413 Kingdom 39 Feng, C. 309 Evans, J. 133 Feng, W. 478 evidence Fewsmith, J. 329 categories 289, 311, 501 Field, D. 203 corroborating 194, 197, 315–16 Finch, A. 17 expert opinion as legal evidence, Findley, K. 138 mental examination process 289 Flynn, A. 40 eyewitness testimony 125–31, 136–7, Foglesong, T. 51 139, 141, 142, 143–4 Foley, C. 19 illegally obtained 87–90, 95–7, Fong, C. 135 99–102, 105–6, 154–5, 157, 159, Foster, R. 143 192, 197–8, 232, 466–9 Foucault, M. 36

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France 28, 29, 31, 35, 38–9, 51 guilty plea, Australian/Chinese Medvedyev v. France 38 comparison 187–205 Outreau 29 admissions and confessions 192–4, Selmouni v France 19 196–7 Franey, R. 18, 21, 26, 33, 34 arrest, detention and interrogation Franklin, C. 18 190–92 Freiberg, A. 40 audio/visual recording 193, 196 Fu Hualing 50, 188, 231, 232, 263, 266, bail 192, 194–6 270, 390–410, 431 client access in police custody Fuller, L. 347 191–2 Fung, F. 54 confession challenges 199 Furnham, A. 124 confession pressure 193 confession reliability 197–8 Gage, N. 124 confessional evidence, reliance on Galanter, M. 346 196 Gao, Q. 332 corroborating evidence 194 4, 20, 60, 416, 420, 430, fair trial right 189–90 431, 432, 433, 434–5, 439, 440, faithful confession 193–4 441, 460 guilty plea or admission of charges Gao Zicheng 308 196–200 Ge, L. 475, 476 guilty plea and trial costs 203 Germany 28, 30, 160, 167 harassment of lawyers 188, 189 Gibson, J. 192 legal representation prior to the trial Gilley, B. 233 199, 203–4 Ginsburg, T. 212 mitigation submissions 201 Gong Gangmo case 57, 305–6 right to silence 193–4, 197 Gong, T. 390, 400, 402, 403 sentencing 201–3 Gong, X. 267 sentencing impact of pleading not gong’anbu see Ministry of Public guilty 202–3 Security torture and confession 192–3, 198, gongjianfa triangle (police, 200, 204 procuratorate and court), voluntary surrender 201–2 management of 257, 258, 272 Guo, C. 402 Goodman, J. 54 Guo, D. 329 Goodwin, C. 136 Guo Feixiong case 431 Goold, B. 27 Guo Guangdong 482 Gottfredson, M. and D. 121 Guo Guoting 420 Gould, J. 113, 115 Guo, J. 337 Grammaticas, D. 59 Guo Zhiyuan 279–303 Granhag, P. 131 Greene, E. 133 Hall, J. 312, 314, 320 Greenwald, A. 133 Halliday, T. 16, 209, 263 Gregory, J. 42 Hammergren, L. 51 Grossman, H. 400 Han, J. 478 Gu, Y. 102, 119 Han Xingchang case 379–83 Guan, Y. 263 Han Xu 305 Gudjonsson, G. 145 Han, Y. 232 guilt-determination and sentencing Hand, K. 94, 415 stages, interval between 176–9, Haney, C. 67, 124 180–81 Hao, J. 489

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Hard Strike policy 324, 326 formal criminal process, limited use Hartwig, M. 144 of 430–31 He Jiahong 73–90, 93, 307 GPS-based surveillance 424 He Ran 73–90, 93, 307 justice bureaux control over lawyers He, W. 92, 280, 424 418–21 He, X. 308 law firms’ control over lawyers 419, He, Y. 423, 429, 434, 494, 498 425 Hecht, J. 231 lawfulness of government behaviour Hedderman, C. 42 and judicial processes, Henderson, K. 401, 405 importance of 415 Henderson, P. 47 Lawyers’ Law, effects of introduction Herrmann, J. 30 416, 417 high-profile cases see under anti- lawyers as targets of criticism corruption enforcement 416–17, 430–31 Hillyard, P. 37, 47 lawyers’ associations, control over Hiu, S. 503 lawyers 419–21 HIV/AIDS strategy, drug dependency licences to practise revoked 420 treatment 327, 333 marginalization of human rights Hodgson, J. 29, 31, 35, 38, 51 lawyers 414–17 Hogg, C. 57 police surveillance, guobao (domestic Hong Kong 32, 55 security squad) 424–6 Hopkins, E. 18 police, verbal interaction with Hou, X. 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 202 (‘being asked to tea’) 426–8, 432 Hu Jia case 20, 59, 61, 415–16 politics and criminal justice 440–41 63–4, 329–30, 374–5 reforms of unconstitutional Huang, C. 62, 63, 65 litigation 415–16, 417–18, 441 Huang, S. 383 ‘state of norms’ and ‘state of Huang, T. 337 measures’, differences between Huang, W. 334, 341 412–14, 424, 437, 449 Huang, Y. 179 state obstruction and repression of human rights lawyers 417–36 advocacy for legality, drug torture and black hood 432–3 dependency treatment 328–30 torture of criminal defendants 428–9 calls for reform, torture in criminal torture, lawyers broken by 435–6 investigations 97, 112 trial interference and obstruction and defamation laws, conflict 421–4 between 371–7, 388 violence, casual and planned drug dependency treatment 327–31, violence against lawyers 428–30 332, 334 zuo ban (motionless torture) used on mental examination process 287, lawyers 431 292, 301–2 Huo, Y. 119 residential surveillance 463–4 Hutchins, R. 121 Taiwan 213, 221, 222, 224 human rights lawyers, disappearance Ibusuki, M. 17 of 10, 411–38 Igarashi, F. 17 advocacy for legal reforms 414, 415, illegally obtained evidence, exclusion 416 of see public prosecution system authoritarianism 411–12 reform, exclusion of illegally enforced disappearances and torture obtained evidence 431–6 Inbau, F. 135

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independent sentencing procedures, institutionalization of corruption research on 172–86 404–10 criticism of legality of model Internet access, effects of 54–5, 64, 178–9 372–4 death penalty cases 182, 183 see also media discretionary scope over terms and Italy 28, 29, 38, 40, 51 forms of punishment 183 doubling of procedures, criticism of, Jacoby, J. 167 and litigation costs 179–80 Janda, L. 124 evasion possibility of relatively Japan 17, 51, 160, 167 independent procedure 175 Jasmine Crackdown 461–3, 502 fixed sentencing recommendations Ji, B. 92 183 Jiang, A. 176 guilt-determination and sentencing Jiang, D. 381 stages, interval between 176–9, Jiang Jiehua 120 180–81 Jiang Jue 455–503 jury trials 180–81 Jiang, P. 413–14 official and civil society reforms, case 11, 61, 432–3, differences between 173–4 440–41 practical difficulties of Jiangnan, Z. 405 implementation 176 Jiao, P. 54, 59, 326 presumption of innocence principle Jin, D. 396 175, 181 Jing, Q. 119 procedural appropriateness, criticism Johnston, M. 391 of 179 Jones, C. 189 procurator’s power to make Jones, G. 346 sentencing recommendations Jones, R. 32 182–4 judges role 30–31, 35–6, 156 procurator’s power to make jury trials 40–41, 180–81 sentencing recommendations, justice writing or oral, choice between bureaux control over lawyers 418–21 182 of compromise 269–74 proof process 185–6 definitions 259–61 rationality and legitimacy dynamics see criminal justice considerations 174–81 dynamics and comparative rights protection 175 empirical co-ordinates sentencing procedure in not guilty Ministry see Ministry of Justice pleas 176, 179–80 perceived state interests 260 sentencing procedure in not guilty violation, effects of, wrongful pleas, refusal to participate in convictions and tortured sentencing procedure 178 confessions 75–6 sentencing procedures 177 social investigation reports, Kahn, J. 21, 443 formulation and application of Kahneman, D. 133 184–5 Kang, Z. 382 suspended death sentence 182, 183 Kassin, S. 125, 135, 138 Wuhu pilot project 173, 174, 176, Kee, R. 25 178, 179, 182, 205 Kelley, H. 124 innocence, presumption of 175, 181 Kemp, V. 48 institutional reform, call for 387–8 Kennedy, L. 25, 26

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Kitsuse, J. 38 lessons to be learned from taking Koenig, K. 18, 20, 21–2, 23, 24–5 criminal cases 310–16 Kong, Y. 307 perjury allegations, evidence for Krash, A. 299 308–9 Krieger, L. 133 pretrial confession, accusations of forced retractment 305–6, 314 labour disputes 65–6 uncooperative lawyers, perception of Lacey, N. 37, 44 304–5 LaFave, W. 160 lawyers LaFraniere, S. 459 activism, Taiwan see Taiwan, Lam, W. 330, 335, 413 lawyers’ activism and expansion Lan Rongjie 304–20, 431 of right to counsel Landers, P. 17 criminalization of 58–9 Landry, P. 400 de-registration of 56–7 Langbein, J. 30 defence see criminal defence lawyers Lau, E. 57 disappearance of, legitimacy Lau, M. 66 techniques 59–62 Lavine, E. 18 ethical quandaries see criminal lawyer as criminal, criminal defence proceedings and ethical and Li Zhuang case 304–20 quandaries of Chinese lawyers Article 306 of Criminal Code harassment of, Australian/Chinese 310–12, 313, 315, 316, 318, 319 comparison 188, 189 case details 305–9 human rights see human rights clients and co-counsel as potential lawyers, disappearance of government informants 315–16 legitimacy limits 55–62 client’s confession retraction, Lawyers’ Law 6, 97, 262, 263, 264, 265, dangers inherent in 317–18 267, 315, 416, 417, 422, 492, 493 client’s confession retraction, and legal aid 266–8, 271 potential informant 318–19 legal counsel defence versus self- client’s confession retraction, defence see under criminal defence witness/recording lawyers considerations 317–18 legal erosion and policing of petitions client’s possible reasons for perjury 345–69, 475 claims 309 abnormal petitioning 352–3 client’s torture allegations, confusion adjudication changes 361–4 over 305–8, 317 Central Joint Conference on corroborative evidence, obtaining Handling Major Problems 353 315–16 change and legal erosion 346–8 criminal cases, dangers inherent in change, reasons for 347–8 319–20 civil disobedience, governance defence lawyers’ lack of immunity problems 352 from prosecution if clients lie civil disobedience as minor offence 310–12 354, 355 defence lawyers’ response and self- court verdicts 367–9 censorship 316–20 criminal detention 307, 310 lawyers are punished for shaping a extra-legal detention 365 client’s mind 312–13 extra-legal measures 346, 365 lawyer’s behaviour construed as governance technique and instigation, possibility of administrative regulation 313–15 348–51

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internal migrants 365 Li Hongjiang 476 joint conference network, courts’ Li, J. 429, 498 membership of 361–2 Li, L. 405 legalizing retrieval 354–60, 362 Li Lan 334, 341 legalizing retrieval, future Li Ling 401, 405 possibilities 365 Li, M. 385, 387 mediation role 354, 448–9 Li, N. 104 monitoring of prospective Li, Q. 349 petitioners 356–7 Li Rong-Geng 227, 229 Party-state control 365–6 Li Rongwen 337 petition management 348, 351–2, Li Sanbao 376 353–4, 360 Li Shuyin 326 pre-emptive arrests 356 Li Song 386 principle of responsibility by local Li, X. 387 organs 357–60, 362–3 Li Yanan 62, 99, 115 private detention facilities 360 Li Yongxin 119 protest policing, negotiated Li Yuwen 257, 265 management style 357 Li Zhuang case 10–11, 57, 272, 273, re-education through labour (RETL) 304–20, 431, 440, 501 360, 361–2, 363 see also lawyer as criminal, criminal retrieval and enforced disappearance, defence and Li Zhuang case differences between 358–60 lie detection 123, 131–2, 135, 137–8, Security Administration Punishment 142, 144 Law (SAPL) 354, 356, 360, 363 Liebman, B. 53, 375 shelter and deportation 345–6, Lilienfeld, S. 124 349–53 Lin, H. 338 shelter and deportation, withdrawal Lin, L. 234, 307 of legislation 351–3 Lin, Y.-S. 221 skip-level petitions 352, 363 Lissaman, C. 19 social dangerousness of petitioners Litwack, T. 289 364 Liu, C. 316 social management 348–51, 353–60 Liu, H. 388 study classes and deprivation of Liu Jian 97 personal freedom 360 Liu Jihua 486 Xinfang (Letters and Visits) office Liu Jinlin 377 475 Liu Jinpeng 326 Léger, P. 38 Liu, M. 112 legitimacy techniques see criminal Liu, N. 119 justice dynamics, legitimacy Liu, P. 77 techniques Liu, R. 265 Leo, R. 18, 20, 21–2, 23, 24–5, 113, Liu, S. 16 115 Liu Shihui case 61, 429–30, 432, 433 Leubsdorf, J. 132 Liu Sida 16, 118–19, 209, 257, 263, Levinson, J. 133–4 360, 431 Lewis, M. 109, 466 Liu Wei case 420, 423, 498 Lewis, P. 19 Liu Xiaobo case 56, 59, 461 Li, B. 20 Liu Xiaoyuan 384, 432 Li Fangping case 56, 61 Liu Xuanlue 326 Li, G. 377 Liu Yong case 35–6 Li Heping 416, 423, 432, 434 Loftus, E. 119

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Long, P. 387 Internet access, effects of 54–5, 64, Long, Z. 305, 309 372–4 Lorentzen, P. 348 involvement, UK (England and Lowy, M. 67 Wales) 32–3, 34–5 Lu, J. 17 restrictions and legitimacy limits Lubman, Stanley B. 447–51, 477 53–5, 61 Luo, D. 119 and spin 61–2 Luo, H. 488 media, social media Luo, S. 237 Fujian bloggers case 383–4 Lynch, E. 20, 282, 287, 466 Twitter 61 weibo (microblogging) 53, 54, 55, 59 Ma, H. 20, 21 mediation role 64, 354, 448–9 Ma Jinghua 21, 28, 234–55 Meehl, P. 134–5 Ma, W. 105, 110 Memon, A. 135 Ma, X. 28 Meng, C. 265 Ma Xiwu justice 64 Meng, J. 265, 266, 269, 273 McBarnet, D. 14, 16 mental examination process, Macbean, N. 272, 273 entitlement to initiate 279–303 McCabe, S. 143 current legislation 283–7 McConville, Mike 13–69, 97, 187, death penalty cases, reform 189–200 passim, 204, 209, 417, recommendations 295–6 421, 447, 456, 467, 470, 484, 488, defence lawyer restrictions 287–8 496–7 evidence verification 285–6 McEwan, J. 51 expert opinion as legal evidence 289 Mack, K. 39–40 high-profile cases as exception McKee, G. 18, 21, 26 290–91 MacKenzie, G. 202, 203 human rights issues 287, 292, 301–2 McMorrow, J. 269 insanity defences 279 McPhail, C. 357 official-dominated model, proposed Maffei, S. 51 287, 297–9 Magnussen, S. 125 official-dominated model, Maguire, M. 44 satisfaction with 291, 294–5 Man, M. 29 Qiu Xinghua case 279–80, 283, 302 Manion, M. 390, 392, 394, 402 reform models, proposed 287–95 Mann, S. 135, 144 Shaikh, Akmal case 281–2, 283, 302 Mao, L. 500 Yang Jia case 281, 297, 299, 302 Marangunic, A. 51 Yang Yiyong case 294 Marcin, R. 261 mental examination process, Marsh, K. 51 entitlement to initiate, adversarial Mathias, E. 28 model measures equal arms theory 288 administrative, drug dependency justifications for 288–90 treatment 325–6, 328, 342 personal safety concerns 294–5 compulsory, Criminal Procedure practical obstacles 290–95 Law (CPL) 262, 455–64 principle of participation 288 extra-legal 346, 365 and principle of presumption of procedural 377–88 mental illness 294 media proposed 287–8 censorship measures 371–2 psychiatric evaluation problems control, changing 371–2 289–90, 293–4, 300

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and psychiatric hospital conditions Ministry of State Security 292 evidence regulations 154–5 public trust and corruption concerns exclusionary rule 103, 106 295 sentencing recommendations 166 rights to defence 289 Minzner, C. 346, 348, 413, 437, 475 suspects pretending to be ill 292–3 Mirsky, C. 23, 38, 40 mental examination process, mobile phone tracking 54 entitlement to initiate, reform Mooney, P. 57, 61, 231, 434 models, alternative proposals moral issues see criminal proceedings 295–303 and ethical quandaries of Chinese burden of proof 302–3 lawyers criteria for initiating mental Morton, J. 27 examinations, establishing Mosher, Stacy Ann xiii 300–302 Moxon, D. 42 defence procedural safeguards, Mullin, C. 18, 19, 21, 26 strengthening 299–300 Murphy, Z. 55, 61–2 discretionary power of official agencies, restricting 297–9 Naughton, M. 25, 43 expert consulting system 297–9, 300 Nesossi, Elisa 256–78, 447 justification for rejection 299 Ng, Teddy 60 quasi-mandatory examination in Ng Tze-wei 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, capital cases 295–6 62, 432, 433, 434, 498, 500 reconsideration and appeal case 440 opportunities 300 Nie Shubin case 20 social effect considerations 301–2 Nie, Z. 92, 95, 111, 112 Merryman, J. 346 Niquet, V. 472 Mertz, E. 119 Nisbett, R. 133, 147 Michelson, E. 415, 450 Nobles, R. 43 migrants non-prosecution, conditional see public drug dependency treatment 336 prosecution system reform, internal, legal erosion and policing conditional non-prosecution of petitions 365 Nonet, P. 345 Milgram, S. 124 Norris, C. 27, 44 Miller, J. 40 Northam, G. 32 Ming, F. 352 Ministry of Justice O’Brian, W. 39 Drug Prohibition Bureau 337–8, O’Brien, K. 348 340–41 Ogloff, J. 119 legal aid 266–7, 268, 271 Ong, Y. 64 sentencing recommendations 166 Ormrod, M. 348 Ministry of Public Security O’Sullivan, M. 137, 144 client access problems 264 Otto, J. 265 defamation cases 377–9 Ou, W. 234 exclusionary rule 102–5 freedom of movement restrictions Palmer, J. 119 456 Party-state control mental examinations 284 adjudication committees 360, 361, Narcotics Control Bureau 332, 337, 363, 422, 484 338, 341 authoritarianism 36, 64, 210, sentencing recommendations 166 211–12, 222, 411–12

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criminal justice dynamics, legitimacy decisions to use formal/informal techniques 51, 62, 64, 68–9 criminal process 439 disciplinary inspection mechanism detention rulings 96, 106 393–400 gongjianfa triangle (police, dual 412, 413 procuratorate and court), legal erosion and policing of management of 257, 258, 272 petitions 365–6 injustice and torture, Taiwan 218–19, and marginalization of law 393–5 220, 221, 222, 226, 227 norms, prevalence over legal norms interrogation procedures, and 395–7, 449 torture in criminal Party Discipline and Inspection investigations 96–7, 104, 106–7 Commission 10 malpractice 44–6 political influence 15 policing of petitions see legal erosion totalitarian state 411–13 and policing of petitions see also politics and criminal justice; powers 15–17, 36, 52, 63 state presence, client access problems Peerenboom, R. 50, 64, 188, 211, 222 265–6 Pei, M. 62, 65, 391, 400, 409 surveillance, guobao (domestic Peirce, G. 19, 27 security squad), human rights Peng, M. 21, 28 lawyers, disappearance of Peng Xinlin 377 424–8, 432 Peng, Xizhe 336 politics and criminal justice 439–44 People’s Court 74 Criminal Procedure Law reform 441, Basic Court 192, 199–200, 204 442 criminal reconciliation 473, 474 criminal process and government Higher People’s Court 74, 361 repression 441–2 Intermediate Court 73–4, 192, 199, human rights lawyers, protection of 200, 204, 485 440–41 Supreme see Supreme People’s Court police decisions to use formal/ People’s Procuratorate 74 informal criminal process 439 conditional non-prosecution 163–4 state secret and sensitive criminal reconciliation 473, 474 prosecutions 443 and illegally obtained evidence 88, see also Party-state control; state 95, 100, 155 poverty reduction 65–6 sentencing recommendations 182, presumption of innocence principle 183, 184 175, 181 Supreme see Supreme People’s protests see legal erosion and policing Procuratorate of petitions petitioning see legal erosion and psychiatric evaluation see mental policing of petitions examination process, entitlement Pfeifer, R. 137, 138 to initiate Phillips, E. 51 psychology, experimental see criminal Piliavin, I. 17 justice reform and experimental Pils, Eva 20, 59, 116, 231, 270, 350, psychology 411–38, 448, 455–503 public prosecution system reform plea bargaining 30–31, 39–40, 48–9 153–71 Poland 51 death penalty cases 154–5 police public prosecution system reform, custody, client access, Australian/ conditional non-prosecution Chinese comparison 191–2 159–65

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basis for establishing 161–3 Public Security Bureau (PSB) 191, economical litigation principle 162 192, 194, 198, 204 evidence reliability 164 see also social stability concerns issues, important 164–5 public trust judicial harmonization and corruption concerns, mental implementation 162 examination process 295 legislative plan and operation and torture in criminal investigations recommendations 163–5 94 modesty and restraint concept 161 Pugh, D. 289 order violation 163–4 probation period 163 Qi, D. 325, 332 prosecutorial and judicial authority Qian, G. 372 rebalancing 162–3 Qiang, F. 348 reconciliation of concerned parties Qin, X. 320 164 Qiu, G. 120 social investigation system Qiu Xinghua case 279–80, 283, 302 integration 164–5 supervisory mechanism, need for 165 Rachlinski, J. 134 systems comparison 159–61 Ran, J. 306, 308 tempering justice with mercy 161–2 Ran, Y. 54, 58, 59, 374, 500–501 public prosecution system reform, Rauxloh, R. 30 exclusion of illegally obtained Read, J. 125 evidence 154–9 Ren, X. 49 criminal suspects’ rights 157–8 residential surveillance 194, 456, criminal suspects’ rights, application 459–62, 466, 468, 469, 494, 502 investigation 158 criminal defamation and expression criminal suspects’ rights, decision rights 380–81 process suggestions 158–9 designated-abode 460–61, 462 criminal suspects’ rights, evidence and human rights 463–4 legality investigation 158 time limits 456–7 establishment of rules 154–5 RETL (re-education through labour) functions of procuratorial organs 6–7, 9 157–9 drug dependency treatment 326, 328, judicial responsibility 156 329, 332, 337, 338, 339, 340–41 procuratorial organs, need for 155–6 Rigger, S. 222 supervisory responsibilities 156 right to silence 193–4, 197, 222–5, 226 public prosecution system reform, Roach Anleu, S. 39–40 sentencing recommendations Rock, P. 16 165–71 Rosenzweig, Joshua D. 370–89, 437, competence and proficiency 450, 455–503 improvements 169 Roskill, Lord 41 comprehensive pilot project 165–6 Rubinstein, M. 212 and effective defence 168 Ruhl, J. 346 operational mechanisms 169–71 Russia 19, 51 overseas perspective 166–8 and procedural efficiency 168–9 Safer, M. 125, 137, 142 value implications 168–9 safety considerations 269, 271–2 public security 50, 57, 60, 61 Sanders, A. 38, 48 Ministry see Ministry of Public Sapio, Flora 273, 345–69, 399, 428, Security 434, 448, 455–503

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Scarry, E. 433, 435 Shi, J. 55 Schiff, D. 43 Shieh, S. 401 Schopenhauer, A. 261 shuanggui (detention for interrogation Schünemann, B. 30 mechanism) 398–9, 403, 404 Schwandt, B. 131 see also detention, administrative Scott, M. 138 Shyu, B. 61 Scraton, P. 16, 33, 37 Si, A. 374 security silence, right to 193–4, 197, 222–5, 226 domestic, police surveillance, guobao Simon, D. 123 (domestic security squad) Simons, D. 124 424–6 Skinns, L. 48 Public Security Bureau (PSB) 191, Skogan, W. 356 192, 194, 198, 204 Skolnick, J. 16 Security Administration Punishment Slesinger, D. 121 Law (SAPL) 354, 356, 360, Smith, N. 348 363 social management see also Ministry of Public Security; drug dependency treatment 330–31, Ministry of State Security 336–7 Seifman, R. 40 legal erosion and policing of self-censorship, lawyer as criminal petitions 348–51, 353–60 316–20 social stability concerns 376, 378, 381, self-defence versus legal counsel 382 defence see under criminal defence see also public security lawyers Sondrol, P. 412 Selvaggi, E. 38 Song, T. 395 Selznick, P. 345 Song, Y. 119 Semin, G. 137 Song, Z. 326 Sen, A. 261 South Africa 40 sentencing Spain 51 guilty plea, Australian/Chinese Spector, M. 38 comparison 201–3 Sporer, S. 131 independent see independent stability sentencing procedures, research social see social stability concerns on weiwen (stability protection), drug and legal counsel effectiveness see dependency treatment 330 under criminal defence lawyers, Stainton-Rogers, W. 136 role of state recommendations see public interests, perceived, and justice 260 prosecution system reform, obstacles to legal advice and defence sentencing recommendations 263 Shaikh, Akmal case 281–2, 283, 302 obstruction and repression of Shan, S. 476 lawyers 417–36 She Xianglin case 20, 73–4, 92, 93, prerogative 412, 413, 418, 420, 108 428–30, 436–8 Shearing, C. 16 secrets 58, 220, 225–6, 443 Shen, H. 105 security see Ministry of State Shen, X. 105, 316 Security Sheng, D. 385, 387, 388 security offences 457–9, 492, 494 Sheng, Z. 477 see also Party-state control; politics Sheskin, A. 14, 67 and criminal justice

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‘state of norms’ and ‘state of authoritarian martial law, lifting of measures’, differences between 210, 211–12, 222 412–14, 424, 437, 449 business incentives for change 218 Steblay, N. 144 Chinese Society for Comparative Storch, R. 16 Law 226 Streeck, W. 364 comparative study and future Strömwall, L. 131 research 230–33 Stutsman, Thomas 102, 118–49, 450 Council of Grand Justices 225, 228 Su, L. 326 counsel’s right to state opinions Suchman, M. 119 during interrogations (2000) 225 Sun, C. 234 custody time limits 224 Sun, D. 294 defence lawyer presence, restrictions Sun Jian 425 on 219–20 Sun Jibin 97 Detention Law 215–16, 228 Sun, R. 458 exclusionary rules regarding right to Sun, Y. 390, 400 counsel (2003) 226 Sun, Z. 487 government-sponsored lawyers, Supreme People’s Court access to 224 corruption cases, increase in 402 human rights concerns 213, 221, criminal reconciliation 474–5 222, 224 death penalty decisions 283, 296, interrogation after arrest 215–16 483–6, 487, 488–90 Judicial Reform Foundation 213, illegally obtained evidence ruling 223, 226, 227, 229 87–8, 100, 105, 106, 154, 198 law graduates, increase in 212–13, mental examinations 285 223 residential surveillance 462 Lawyers Disciplinary Committee sentencing recommendations 166, 213 170–71, 172, 173, 174, 202 Lawyers Law 211, 213 Supreme People’s Procuratorate legal circumvention ploys 221 corruption cases, increase in 402 Legislative Yuan 211, 216–17, 218, criminal defamation cases 384–8 220 criminal reconciliation 474–5 liberal and conservative division and illegally obtained evidence 100, 219–21 101, 102, 105, 106, 154 Miranda-type warning as reform mental examinations 284–5, model 216, 222–5, 226, 228–9 286–7 monitoring of lawyer–client sentencing recommendations 165–6, meetings 227 170–71 National Judicial Reform Working Report (2011) 262 Conference 214, 226 National Lawyers’ Association 217, Tague, P. 203–4 226, 227 Tai, J. 379, 380, 382 one-hour counsel–arrestee meeting Taiwan 8, 9, 160 (2010) 227–30 Taiwan, lawyers’ activism and political transformation, history of expansion of right to counsel 211–14 209–33 right to counsel for arrested persons advocacy for legal reforms 218, 222, 214–30 230, 231 right to counsel at investigation stage audio/video recording of 216–21 interrogation 216, 224 right to silence 222–5, 226

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‘secrecy of investigation’ principle of lawyers, criminal justice dynamics, 219 legitimacy techniques 57–8 state secrets risk 220, 225–6 police injustice, Taiwan 218–19, 220, Taichung Lawyers’ Association 217 221, 222, 226, 227 Taipei Lawyers’ Association 212, zuo ban (motionless torture) used on 213, 217–18, 221, 223, 226, 227 lawyers, human rights lawyers, Taiwan Law Society 212, 213 disappearance of 431 torture and police injustice 218–19, torture in criminal investigations, 220, 221, 222, 226, 227 moves to end use of 91–117 Wang Ying-Xian case 218, 220 audio/video equipment use 102, 112, Tam, F. 24 113, 116 Tan Zuoren case 58–9 coerced confessions, problems with Tang, J. 280 94–8, 107–8 Tang Jitian case 420, 423, 432, 498 compensation costs 93 Tang, W. 478 confessions, legal reliance on 95–6 11, 376, 414–15, 416, 420, death penalty cases 101, 103 423, 428, 432, 455–503 defendants’ legal representation 97–8 Teubner, G. 346 exclusionary rule 94, 98–9, 101, Thaman, S. 19, 51 102–5, 106, 107, 108–9, 111 Thelen, K. 364 government’s attempts to address Thelle, H. 428 problem 98–105 Thibaut, J. 260 human rights and calls for reform Three Supremes doctrine 53, 63, 64 97, 112 Tian, W. 495, 496, 503 innocence presumption, need for Tian, X. 430 111–12, 113 Ting, G. 393, 394, 396–7 international conventions, signing of Tobin, D. 65 98, 99, 107 torture 17–28, 31, 36, 45–6, 60 law enforcement officials, ideology aims of 23–4 reform need 111 allegations, confusion over, lawyer as legal representation during criminal 305–8, 317 interrogations, need for 112 allegations, dealing with 272–4 modern evidence gathering and black hood 432–3 techniques, need for 112 complicit 21–3 physical evidence, obtaining 107, 116 and confession, guilty plea, police interrogation procedures Australian/Chinese comparison 96–7, 104, 106–7 192–3, 198, 200, 204 political-legal hierarchy restrictions confessions by, history of, USA 105–6 113–15 public trust effects 94 confessions and wrongful reform prescriptions 111–16 convictions see wrongful reforms, perceived failure of 105–11 convictions and tortured reforms prior to 2010 99–102, 106 confessions right to silence, lack of 108, 112, of criminal defendants, human 113 rights lawyers 428–9 self-incrimination, need for privilege and enforced disappearances, human against 112 rights lawyers, disappearance of torture, defence of 109–11 431–6 voluntariness of confession, instruments of 18 assessing 107–8 lawyers broken by 435–6 wrongful convictions 91–4

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wrongful convictions, costs, legitimacy and criminal justice economic and personal 93–4 system 37–49, 51 totalitarian state 411–13 Maguire Seven 44, 47 Townsley, L. 192 media involvement 32–3, 34–5 Travis, G. 196 miners’ strike 32–3 Trevaskes, S. 324, 326 miscarriages of justice 18, 19, 22, 25, Trubek, D. 346 26–7, 43–5, 47 Tsai, T.-M. 218 Northern Ireland, police interview Tu, M. 383 techniques 45–6 Twitter 61 Operation Major 33–5 see also media, social Parker Committee 45–6 plea bargaining 39–40, 48–9 UK (England and Wales) Police and Criminal Evidence Act Al-Khawaja and Tahery v. United 27, 38, 48 Kingdom 39 police interrogation 39, 45–6 Association of Chief Police Officers police malpractice 44–6, 47 of England and Wales (ACPO) police powers of detention 38 42 politics of discreditation 46–7 audio/visual recording 196 presumption of innocence 37, 47–8 Bail Act 34 riot police 32 Birmingham Six 18, 19, 22, 26, 44, 47 Royal Commission on Criminal burden of proof 37, 47–8 Justice 43–5, 46–7, 48 case distribution between higher and Seabrook Committee 46 lower courts 41–2 sentencing recommendations 166–7 Compton Report 45–6 television exposé of torture 25–6 Confait 26 Timothy Evans 25, 26 cracked trials 46–7 UN Criminal Cases Review Commission Commission on Crime Prevention (CCRC) 42–3 and Criminal Justice 164 Criminal Justice Act 40–41, 48 Commission on Narcotic Drugs Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) 323–4 42 Committee against Torture 98, 107 Diplock Committee 46 Convention Against Torture (CAT) flying magistrates 33 99, 107 free legal advice prior to International Covenant on Civil and interrogation 27 Political Rights (ICCPR) Guildford Four 18, 25, 47 signing 99, 327, 329, 334, 340 homeless claimants, mass arrest of USA 33–5 Ake v. Oklahoma 296 human rights issues 37 Blunt v. United States 293 Independent Custody Visitor Calloway v. United States 299 Scheme 27 conditional non-prosecution system Independent Police Complaints 160 Commission 27, 42 confessions by torture, history of institutional independence 42–3 113–15 institutional torture, history of 17, Criminal Process flowchart 121–3 18–19, 20–21, 22, 23, 24, 25–6 defence lawyer perjury cases 312, James Committee 41–2 314, 315 jury effectiveness 40–41 defendant’s right to testify in own justice values and rights 47–9 defence 311–12

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Innocence Project 75, 76, 95 Wang Xuejun 350, 360 institutional torture, history of 18, Wang Ying-Xian case 218, 220 20, 21–2, 23, 24–5 Wang, Z. 28 interrogation recording 113 Warden, R. 115 legitimacy of criminal justice system wealth distribution 65–6 38 Wedeman, A. 390, 392, 397, 400, 405, libel against a public official 377 409 Miranda v. Arizona 114–15, 216, Wei, D. 305 222–5, 226, 228–9 Wei, O. 218 New York Times v. Sullivan 377 Wei Wenhao 501 plea bargaining 40 Wei Wu 50, 64 sentencing recommendations 166–7 Wei Xiaoning 382 third degree, use of 24–5 weiquan (rights lawyers) see human Wickersham Commission 25, 114 rights lawyers, disappearance of wrongful convictions, causes of weiwen (stability protection), drug 75–6, 95 dependency treatment 330 Wen, Y. 92 Van der Sprenkel, Sybille 11–12 Wen, Z. 401 Vander Beken, T. 64 Weng, Y.-S. 226 Vennard, J. 42 Wenzhou train disaster 55, 61–2 video recording see audio/video Western democracies recording of interrogation illicit behavior 14 Vidmar, N. 136 institutional torture, history of 17, Vrij, A. 135, 137, 144, 145 18–19, 20–22, 23 plea bargaining 30 Wald, E. 269 police powers 15–16 Walker, C. 14 prosecutor role 28–9 Walker, L. 260 ‘scum’ populations, dealing with Wang, D. 104 16–17, 23 Wang, F. 332 third degree, use of 24–5 Wang, G. 386 see also individual countries Wang Haijun 336, 339 whistle-blowers, treatment of 403 Wang Haiyan 234 Willig, C. 136 Wang Hanbin 50 Wilson, T. 133 Wang Heyan 24, 308, 458 Wise, R. 125, 137, 142 Wang Hui 280 Wistrich, A. 142 Wang, Jaw-Peng 227 Woffinden, B. 14 Wang Jinli 477–8 Wood, W. 124 Wang Junxiu 372–3 Wrightsman, L. 145 Wang, K. 403 wrongful convictions and tortured Wang Lili 265 confessions 73–90 Wang Lin 386 case solving and confession ‘route’ Wang Liquan 338, 340 82–5 Wang, P. 28, 345 compensation payouts 74 Wang, Sally 66 empirical analysis 79–81 236 empirical research 76–81 Wang Shengyang 234 error, causes of 80 Wang Shuai case 372–3, 374, 375, evidential weight of confessions 377 84–5 Wang Xiangwei 62, 63 false statements 79, 80

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history of 74–5 Xinfang (Letters and Visits) office, legal illegally obtained evidence, types of erosion and policing of petitions 87 475 improper behaviour by official Xing, H. 315 parties 79–80 Xiong, Q. 234 investigative resources, limitations Xu, C. 482 on 81–2 Xu, H. 234 investigative resources, sunk-cost Xu, J. 463 fallacy 82 Xu, K. 402, 501 justice violation, effects of 75–6 Xu Lindong case 57–8 moves to end use of 91–4 Xu, R. 385 non-confession route 83, 84 Xu, W. 496 She Xianglin case 20, 73–4, 92, 93, Xu, Z. 350, 415 108 survey on causes 77–8 Yan Fufeng case 485 survey of relationship between seven Yang, D. 392 types of evidence 78–9, 82–4 Yang, H. 487 suspended death sentence 88 Yang Jia case 281, 297, 299, 302 tortured confessions, economic Yang, W. 461 analysis of 81–6 Yang Yuguan 95, 111, 112 tortured confessions, investigative Yang Yuzhang 467 problems 86–7 Yang Zaixin case 502 tortured confessions, net gains from Yang Zonghui 19, 337 85 Yardley, J. 443 tortured confessions, problems with Yo, G. 227 80–81 Young, M. 23 tortured confessions, regulation Yu Jiang 415 improvement for elimination of Yu Jianrong 360 86–90 Yu Jie case 58 Wu, B. 329 Yu, K. 62 Wu Baoquan case 373–4 Yu, L. 65 Wu, C. 352, 353 Yu, V. 56, 58, 60, 61, 65 Wu, D. 17 Yu, Z. 326, 337 Wu, G. 420 Yuan, C. 326 Wu, R. 28 Yuan, D. 97 Wu Shuanquan 20 Yuan, X. 280 Wu Siiang 16 Wu, T. 382 Zander, M. 47 Wu, W. 428 Zeng, X. 343 Wu, Z. 336 Zhai, Y. 396, 403 Wuhu pilot project 173, 174, 176, 178, Zhan, J. 385 179, 182, 205 Zhang, D. 374 Zhang, E. 53, 65 Xia, Y. 95, 101 Zhang, F. 297 Xiang, L. 65 , 399 Zhang, G. 267 Xiang, X. 393 Zhang Liang 102, 116 Xiao Yang 395, 406 Zhang Lin 280 Xiao Yu 280 Zhang Liyun 78 Xie, C. 334, 338 Zhang, M. 432, 433 Xie, Y. 415 Zhang, T. 280

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MMCCONVILLECCONVILLE 97817819558559781781955855 PRINT.inddPRINT.indd 592592 225/01/20135/01/2013 15:0015:00 Index 593

Zhang, W. 65 Zhou Bin 483, 486, 487, 490 Zhang Xiaojian 19, 337 Zhou, D. 237 Zhang Xingrong 307 Zhou, F. 19 Zhang Yongran 120 Zhou, Z. 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 388 Zhang Yuan 484, 488 Zhu, L. 21 Zhao, B. 326, 337, 377, 381 Zhu Mingyong case 20, 116, 307, 434, Zhao Lei 306, 308 494 Zhao Lianhai case 55–6, 59 Zhu, S. 257 Zhao, S. 95, 111, 112 Zhuang, P. 56 Zhao, X. 310 Zhuang, Q. 304, 309 Zhao Zuohai case 20, 88, 91–2, 93, 94, Zou, S. 352 98–9, 101–3, 106, 115 Zu, T. 376 case 10, 61, 430, 440 Zuo, H. 269 Zheng Liang 384 Zuo Weimin 118, 119, 148, 234–55, Zheng Lin 304, 309 447, 450 Zhong, O. 181 Zuo, Z. 374

Mike McConville and Eva Pils - 9781781955864 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/26/2021 01:52:07AM via free access

MMCCONVILLECCONVILLE 97817819558559781781955855 PRINT.inddPRINT.indd 593593 225/01/20135/01/2013 15:0015:00