Instruments De Marine Galiléo .Pdf
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November 2010 © Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. Room I The Medici Collections Filippo Camerota Over the years the Medici Family, patrons of art and science, formed a superb collection of scientific instruments. Some elegant, refined pieces from this collection are displayed in this room. For nearly two centuries the instruments were kept in the Uffizi Gallery, alongside masterpieces of ancient and modern art. Begun by the founder of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Cosimo I de' Medici, the collection was further enriched by his sons and successors: Francesco I, interested mainly in natural-history collections and alchemy, and Ferdinando I, who bought numerous mathematical, nautical and cosmographical instruments. Cosimo II had the honour of adding Galileo's revolutionary instruments to the collection. Later, superbly original glass thermometers blown in the Palazzo Pitti glassworks were fabricated for the Accademia del Cimento, founded by Grand Duke Ferdinando II and Prince Leopoldo de' Medici. Memorable among the later Medici rulers is Cosimo III, patron of the mathematician Vincenzo Viviani, Galileo's last disciple. © Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza 1 Room I ‐ The Medici Collections Astrolabe [Inv. 3361] Setting: Room I Maker: Egnazio Danti or Giovanni Battista Giusti [attr.] Place: Florence Date: 16th cent. Materials: brass, wood Dimensions: diameter 840 mm, height 860 mm Inventory: 3361 Astrolabe with a single tympanum for latitude 43°40' (Florence). It is placed on an octagonal table, whose inclination is adjustable. There are a rete and an alidade. The planisphere is surrounded by: the calendar with the names of the months; a shadow square engraved on an arc in an eccentric position; a zodiac circle; a Tychonic scale for dividing the degrees into twelve parts; a windrose; and a degree scale. Originally attributed to Egnazio Danti, it is now regarded by G. L'E Turner—on account of the punch-marks and the engraving characteristics—to have been made in the Florentine workshop that produced the instruments signed by Giovanni Battista Giusti. The instrument was preserved in the Uffizi Gallery, and Galileo himself used it for astronomical calculations. For this reason it is known as "Galileo's astrolabe." Binocular telescope [Inv. 2563] Setting: Room I Maker: Chérubin d'Orléans Place: French Date: ca. 1675 Materials: wood, leather, grained leather Dimensions: length c. 1050 mm Inventory: 2563 The instrument consists of four rectangular tubes containing two small telescopes: the eyepieces are at the larger end, the objectives at the smaller. All the tubes are made of wood and painted black on the inside. The largest tube is covered with black grained leather. The others are covered with green leather with gold tooling, and bear the Medici coat of arms in the center. On the edges is the image of a cherub, the maker's symbolic signature. The two inner tubes, in parchment, are now missing some parts. The compound eyepiece comprises three lenses. The magnification is 15. This binocular telescope was first described in the work by the Capuchin friar Chérubin © Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza 2 Room I ‐ The Medici Collections d'Orléans, La dioptrique oculaire [Ocular dioptrics], (Paris, 1671). The presence of the Medici coat of arms indicates that Chérubin himself made the instrument for Cosimo III de' Medici, probably in the 1670s. Provenance: Medici collections. Ciphering device [Inv. 1312] Setting: Room I Maker: unknown Place: Italian Date: 17th cent. Materials: brass Dimensions: diameter 100 mm Inventory: 1312 Ciphering device comprising two superposed disks of different diameters. Each disk carries three concentric rings divided into twenty-four cells containing the letters of the alphabet. The larger, fixed disk carries a suspension ring; the smaller, revolving disk has a small index on its rim. At the center is hinged an index arm that can rotate on both disks. The instrument made it possible to develop coded languages through the coordinated substitution of the letters of the alphabet shown by the index arm and the index of the smaller disk. Provenance: Vincenzo Viviani bequest. Clinometer [Inv. 148] Setting: Room I Maker: unknown Place: Italian Date: 16th cent. Materials: gilt brass, iron Dimensions: length 760 mm, max. height 255 mm Inventory: 148 Clinometer consisting of a long iron bar, fitted with sights at both ends, maintained in a horizontal position by a large weight placed on the lower half of the instrument. On the upper half are two opposing triangles. One side of each triangle carried finely engraved dolphins; the other two sides carried horizontal and vertical graduated slits for lodging holders for movable sights (now missing). The brass parts are finely worked. Antonio Santucci, in his Trattato di diversi strumenti matematici [Treatise of various mathematical instruments] (a manuscript datable to 1593), illustrates the uses of the instrument, © Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza 3 Room I ‐ The Medici Collections which included the measurement of heights and distances as well as leveling. Provenance: Medici collections. Folding rule [Inv. 2511] Setting: Room I Maker: Antonio Bianchini Place: Italian Date: 1564 Materials: gilt brass Dimensions: length 375 mm Inventory: 2511 Folding rule consisting of two wide, flat legs engraved with: the degree scale, the shadow square, the windrose, a scale of equal parts, and a list of forty-two European cities with their respective latitudes. On the legs are four folding viewers. The leg joint holds a magnetic compass complete with glass cover and magnetic needle; the hours are inscribed on the rim. Around the compass mount is a motto recalling the brevity of life. The instrument is signed by its maker, Antonio Bianchini, and dedicated to Cosimo I de' Medici. It appears in the Trattato di diversi istrumenti matematici (a manuscript dated to 1593) by Antonio Santucci under the name of "Gran Regola di Tolomeo" [Great rule of Ptolemy]. The instrument was used to measure terrestrial and astronomical distances with the help of a ruler (now missing) hinged to one of the legs. The ruler served as the base of the many triangles formed by folding the instrument. The base represented a measure proportional to the distance to be calculated. Identical to item inv. 2514, apart from the material and the format of the maker's signature. Provenance: Medici collections. Instrument of the "Primum Mobile" [Inv. 2643] Setting: Room I Inventor: Peter Apianus Maker: Egnazio Danti Place: Florence Date: 1568 Materials: brass Dimensions: height 279 mm © Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza 4 Room I ‐ The Medici Collections Inventory: 2643 The Instrument of the Primum Mobile is also called the quadrant of Petrus Apianus, because he invented it and described it in the treatise Instrumentum primi mobilis (Nuremberg, 1524). The instrument is used to find sines and cosines. It bears the initials "F.E.D.P.F." [Frater Egnatius Dantis Predicatorum Fecit]. Egnazio Danti dedicated it to Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, as attested by the Medici coat of arms engraved on the front. The instrument was depicted on the ceiling of the Stanzino delle Matematiche in the Uffizi Gallery. Provenance: Medici collections. La perspectiue curieuse…, Jean François Niceron (facsimile) [Firenze, Museo Galileo, MED 2135] Setting: Room I Author: Jean François Niceron Place: Paris Date: original 1638 / facsimile 2008 Dimensions: facsimile 35x24 cm Inventory: Firenze, Museo Galileo, MED 2135 First book specifically dedicated to the perspective technique of "anamorphosis". A copy was donated by the author to Prince Leopoldo de' Medici in 1643. The plate on display illustrates the dioptric artifice allowing to see the hidden portrait of Ferdinando II. Map of the Danube [Inv. 3715] Setting: Room I Author: Carlo Giovanni Gibertoni Date: 1694 Materials: scagliola Dimensions: 1465x793 mm Inventory: 3715 The lower left corner of the scagliola table carries a dedication in French by the mapmaker, Carlo Giovanni Gibertoni, to Grand Prince Ferdinand de' Medici, son of Cosimo III. The course of the Danube is shown against a white background. There is a fairly detailed description of the areas © Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza 5 Room I ‐ The Medici Collections traversed by the river: towns, tributaries, physical features, etc. The Adriatic coast of Italy, the gulf of Venice, and a portion of the Dalmatian coast are outlined. Optical toy [Inv. 3196] Setting: Room I Inventor: Jean-François Niceron Maker: Jean-François Niceron Date: 1642 Materials: wood Dimensions: 700x430x530 mm Inventory: 3196 An optical toy designed and made by Jean-François Niceron. The apparatus consists of an oil painting on a wooden board, fixed vertically to a second horizontal board carrying a wooden support. The painting represents a series of turbaned heads with a flag display in their midst. The support originally carried a tube containing a polyhedral lens and a diaphragm (the tube was lost in the 1966 flood). If the painting was observed through the tube, the portrait of Ferdinand II de' Medici appeared. The portrait was actually composed of separate fragments assembled through the multiple refractions produced by the polyhedral lens. Thanks to the refractions of a prismatic lens, this toy generates an optical illusion similar to anamorphoses. On the horizontal table is a partially deleted inscription praising Ferdinand II. Optical toy [Inv. 3197] Setting: Room I Author: Ludovico Buti Place: Italian Date: 1593 Materials: wood, glass Dimensions: 815x500x1120 mm Inventory: 3197 The wooden frame carries a board holding wooden sticks of triangular section. If we view the board from the top toward the lower front, the row of visible sides of the painted sticks displays the portrait of Charles III, Duke of Lorraine; if, using the mirror placed in front, we observe the arrangement from the opposite side, we see the portrait of the Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine, daughter of Charles III and wife of Ferdinand I de' Medici.