Exigency of Intellectuality and Pragmatic Reasoning Against Credulity
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Credibility and Credulity: How Beliefs About Beliefs Affect Entry Incentives Alan C
Vassar College Digital Window @ Vassar Faculty Research and Reports 11-13-2006 Credibility and credulity: how beliefs about beliefs affect entry incentives Alan C. Marco Vassar College Kieran J. Walsh Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/faculty_research_reports Citation Information Marco, Alan C. and Walsh, Kieran J., "Credibility and credulity: how beliefs about beliefs affect entry incentives" (2006). Faculty Research and Reports. 68. https://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/faculty_research_reports/68 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Window @ Vassar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Research and Reports by an authorized administrator of Digital Window @ Vassar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Credibility and Credulity: How Beliefs about Beliefs affect Entry Incentives Alan C. Marco1 Kieran J. Walsh2 November 13, 2006 1 Department of Economics, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0708, USA. [email protected], 845- 437-7669. 2 Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The views expressed here arethoseoftheauthors,anddonot necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Vassar College Economics Working Paper # 80 Abstract In this note we investigate the infringement (entry) decision for a firm facing an incumbent patent holder with uncertain patent rights. The entrant risks a dispute by entering, resulting in either a settlement (licensing) or litigation and trial. Using the litigation model described by Priest and Klein, we investigate the expected dispute resolution and its impacts on the entrant’s pre-dispute behavior. The primary contribution is to show that the entrant’s expectations about the patent holder’s beliefs about patent enforceability are a driving factor behind the entry decision. -
Fessler Et Al PONE-D-14-02721 Revised Ms
1 2 3 Negatively-Biased Credulity and the Cultural Evolution of Beliefs 4 5 6 7 8 Daniel M.T. Fessler,1* Anne C. Pisor,2 and Carlos David Navarrete3 9 10 1 Department of Anthropology and Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture 11 University of California, Los Angeles 12 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553 USA 13 14 2 Department of Anthropology 15 University of California, Santa Barbara 16 Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210 USA 17 18 3 Department of Psychology 19 Michigan State University 20 East Lansing, MI 48824-1116 USA 21 22 23 * To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: [email protected] 24 25 26 27 PAPER ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN PLOS ONE, MARCH 24, 2014 28 1 29 Abstract 30 The functions of cultural beliefs are often opaque to those who hold them. Accordingly, to 31 benefit from cultural evolution’s ability to solve complex adaptive problems, learners must be 32 credulous. However, credulity entails costs, including susceptibility to exploitation, and effort 33 wasted due to false beliefs. One determinant of the optimal level of credulity is the ratio between 34 the costs of two types of errors: erroneous incredulity (failing to believe information that is true) 35 and erroneous credulity (believing information that is false). This ratio can be expected to be 36 asymmetric when information concerns hazards, as the costs of erroneous incredulity will, on 37 average, exceed the costs of erroneous credulity; no equivalent asymmetry characterizes 38 information concerning benefits. Natural selection can therefore be expected to have crafted 39 learners’ minds so as to be more credulous toward information concerning hazards. -
As Above, So Below. Astrology and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century New Spain
Department of History and Civilization As Above, So Below. Astrology and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century New Spain Ana Avalos Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, February 2007 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Department of History and Civilization As Above, So Below. Astrology and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century New Spain Ana Avalos Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board: Prof. Peter Becker, Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz Institut für Neuere Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte (Supervisor) Prof. Víctor Navarro Brotons, Istituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentación “López Piñero” (External Supervisor) Prof. Antonella Romano, European University Institute Prof. Perla Chinchilla Pawling, Universidad Iberoamericana © 2007, Ana Avalos No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author A Bernardo y Lupita. ‘That which is above is like that which is below and that which is below is like that which is above, to achieve the wonders of the one thing…’ Hermes Trismegistus Contents Acknowledgements 4 Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 1. The place of astrology in the history of the Scientific Revolution 7 2. The place of astrology in the history of the Inquisition 13 3. Astrology and the Inquisition in seventeenth-century New Spain 17 Chapter 1. Early Modern Astrology: a Question of Discipline? 24 1.1. The astrological tradition 27 1.2. Astrological practice 32 1.3. Astrology and medicine in the New World 41 1.4. -
SECULAR HUMANISM with a PULSE: the New Activism from Confrontation to Community Service, Finding Ways to Engage
FI AS C1_Layout 1 6/28/12 10:45 AM Page 1 RONALD A. LINDSAY: Humanism and Politics CELEBRATING REASON AND HUMANITY August/September 2012 Vol. 32 No.5 SECULAR HUMANISM WITH A PULSE: The New Activism From Confrontation to Community Service, Finding Ways to Engage CHRIS MOONEY | ARTHUR CAPLAN | KATRINA VOSS P Z MYERS | SIKIVU HUTCHINSON 09 TOM FLYNN: Are LGBTs Saving Marriage? Published by the Council for Secular Humanism 7725274 74957 FI Aug Sept CUT_FI 6/27/12 4:54 PM Page 3 August/September 2012 Vol. 32 No. 5 CELEBRATING REASON AND HUMANITY 20 Secular Humanism With A Pulse: 30 Grief Beyond Belief The New Activists Rebecca Hensler Introduction Lauren Becker 32 Humanists Care about Humans! Bob Stevenson 22 Sparking a Fire in the Humanist Heart James Croft 34 Not Enough Marthas Reba Boyd Wooden 24 Secular Service in Michigan Mindy Miner 35 The Making of an Angry Atheist Advocate EllenBeth Wachs 25 Campus Service Work Franklin Kramer and Derek Miller 37 Taking Care of Our Own Hemant Mehta 27 Diversity and Secular Activism Alix Jules 39 A Tale of Two Tomes Michael B. Paulkovich 29 Live Well and Help Others Live Well Bill Cooke EDITORIAL 15 Who Cares What Happens 56 The Atheist’s Guide to Reality: 4 Humanism and Politics to Dropouts? Enjoying Life without Illusions Ronald A. Lindsay Nat Hentoff by Alex Rosenberg Reviewed by Jean Kazez LEADING QUESTIONS 16 CFI Gives Women a Voice with 7 The Rise of Islamic Creationism, Part 1 ‘Women in Secularism’ Conference 58 What Jesus Didn’t Say A Conversation with Johan Braeckman Julia Lavarnway by Gerd Lüdemann Reviewed by Robert M. -
5. the Other Side of Freedom of Religion in India
2015 (2) Elen. L R 5. THE OTHER SIDE OF FREEDOM OF RELIGION IN INDIA Vipin Das R V1 Introduction Freedom of religion is considered as the precious possession of every individual from the inception of mankind (Harold E., 2002).2 Every modern nation in the world, in their Constitutions, clearly establishes the right to freedom of religion, belief, faith, thought, and expression of all these freedoms to all its citizens. Many a time, these expressions and practices attributed to religions, faith and beliefs become blind. Citizens or the people following such blind belief and faith on religion and practising so-called religious activities infringes forcefully the human right of others to live with dignity and status. The recent news and reports from print and television media reveals the truth that exploitations in the name of black magic are on the rise in Kerala as well as in India.3 Superstition- General meaning. The term „Superstition‟ is a complex term having no clear definition. In practical sense superstition is an elastic term which could be at once narrowly defined to exclude individual practice and also can be stretched to include a wide spectrum of beliefs, rites, 1 Research Scholar, NUALS. Email: [email protected] 2 See generally Lurier, Harold E. (2002), A History of the Religions of the World, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation Publishers. 3 See for examples, The search list generated in NDTV website for the key word “Black Magic”, a minimum of 40 recent reports could be identified. URL: http://www.ndtv.com/topic/black-magic (Last -
Is the Critical Trust Approach to Religious Experience Incompatible with Religious Particularism: a Reply to Michael Martin and John Hick
Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers Volume 20 Issue 2 Article 2 4-1-2003 Is the Critical Trust Approach to Religious Experience Incompatible With Religious Particularism: A Reply to Michael Martin and John Hick Kai-man Kwan Follow this and additional works at: https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy Recommended Citation Kwan, Kai-man (2003) "Is the Critical Trust Approach to Religious Experience Incompatible With Religious Particularism: A Reply to Michael Martin and John Hick," Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers: Vol. 20 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. DOI: 10.5840/faithphil200320229 Available at: https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol20/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at ePLACE: preserving, learning, and creative exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers by an authorized editor of ePLACE: preserving, learning, and creative exchange. IS THE CRITICAL TRUST APPROACH TO RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE INCOMPATIBLE WITH RELIGIOUS PARTICULARISM? A REPLY TO MICHAEL MARTIN AND JOHN HICK Kai-man Kwan In contemporary philosophy of religion, many philosophers, e.g., William Alston, argue that we should treat religious experiences as prima facie reli able unless we have reasons to doubt them. I call this a Critical Trust Approach to religious experience. John Hick and Michael Martin have argued that this approach is incompatible with a particularist solution to the problem of religious pluralism. I argue that this is a misunderstanding of the Critical Trust Approach. I further explore how a religious particular ist who accepts this approach can deal with conflicts between presumptive data, and argue that the particularist approach to religious experience is not necessarily inferior to atheistic and pluralist approaches. -
Volume 11 Number 4 October-December 2019
I Volume 11 Number 4 October-December 2019 International Journal of Nursing Education Editor-in-Chief Amarjeet Kaur Sandhu Principal & Professor, Ambika College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab E-mail: [email protected] INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD 1. Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado (Asst. Professor) 4. Fatima D’Silva (Principal) Psychology and Psychiatric Nursing, Center for Educational Nitte Usha Institute of nursing sciences, Karnataka Development and Research (CEDAR) member, Coordinator, 5. G.Malarvizhi Ravichandran RAKCON Student Affairs Committee,RAK Medical and PSG College of Nursing, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates 6. S. Baby (Professor) (PSG College of Nursing, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Ministry of Health, New Delhi 2. Elissa Ladd (Associate Professor) MGH Institute of Health Professions Boston, USA 7. Dr. Elsa Sanatombi Devi (Professor and Head) Meidcal Surgical Nursing, Manipal Collge of nursing, Manipal 3. Roymons H. Simamora (Vice Dean Academic) Jember University Nursing School, PSIK Universitas Jember, 8. Dr. Baljit Kaur (Prof. and Principal) Jalan Kalimantan No 37. Jember, Jawa Timur, Indonesia Kular College of Nursing, Ludhiana, Punjab 4. Saleema Allana (Assistant Professor) 9. Mrs. Josephine Jacquline Mary.N.I (Professor Cum AKUSONAM, The Aga Khan University, School of Nursing Principal) Si-Met College of Nursing, Udma, Kerala and Midwifery, Stadium Road, Karachi Pakistan 10. Dr. Sukhpal Kaur (Lecturer) National Institute of Nursing 5. Ms. Priyalatha (Senior lecturer) RAK Medical & Health Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah,UAE 11. Dr. L. Eilean Victoria (Professor) Dept. of Medical Surgical 6. Mrs. Olonisakin Bolatito Toyin (Senior Nurse Tutor) Nursing at Sri Ramachandra College School of Nursing, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo of Nursing, Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, Nigeria 12. -
British Humour Satirical Prints of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
British Humour Satirical Prints of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Comics and caricatures were born in eighteenth-century Europe. While the Enlightenment8 gave rise to a culture of criticism, the bolder art of ridicule can be credited to innovative artists responding to great social changes of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This exhibition focuses on three generations of British satirists pioneering this new form: William Hogarth, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson, and George Cruikshank. Hogarth, the “grandfather of the political cartoon,” lampooned the mores and behaviors of the ruling class, but no class, station, or profession was above his reproach. Following his example, Gillray and Rowlandson became thorns in the sides of aristocratic and public leaders by styling a new form of caricature with exaggerated features and proportions. Cruikshank, from a family of satirists, was able to imitate the style of Gillray so closely that Gillray’s publisher, Hannah Humphrey, hired him to complete projects the older artist left unfinished, and he was hailed in his lifetime as a “Modern Hogarth.” But comedy is serious business, because it speaks truth to power. These artists were at turns threatened, bullied, and bribed; they became part of the very debates they depicted and derided. Each succeeded because they created and then fulfilled the demands of a highly engaged citizenry, which is part of any democratic society valuing freedom of debate and expression. Modern counterparts, from editorial cartoons to The Daily Show, continue their tradition. William Hogarth (British, 1697–1764) The complete series Marriage à la Mode, 1745 Etching and engraving on paper Prints made by Gérard Jean-Baptiste Scotin II Gift of Museum Associates (2008.16.1-6) Hogarth’s Marriage à la Mode was his first series of satirical images that focused on elite British society. -
You Can't Not Believe Everything You Read
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology © 1993 by the American Psychological Association August 1993 Vol. 65, No. 2, 221-233 For personal use only--not for distribution. You Can't Not Believe Everything You Read Daniel T. Gilbert Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin Romin W. Tafarodi Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin Patrick S. Malone Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin ABSTRACT Can people comprehend assertions without believing them? Descartes (1644/1984) suggested that people can and should, whereas Spinoza (1677/1982) suggested that people should but cannot. Three experiments support the hypothesis that comprehension includes an initial belief in the information comprehended. Ss were exposed to false information about a criminal defendant (Experiments 1 and 2) or a college student (Experiment 3). Some Ss were exposed to this information while under load (Experiments 1 and 2) or time pressure (Experiment 3). Ss made judgments about the target (sentencing decisions or liking judgments). Both load and time pressure caused Ss to believe the false information and to use it in making consequential decisions about the target. In Spinozan terms, both manipulations prevented Ss from "unbelieving" the false information they automatically believed during comprehension. This article was written while Daniel T. Gilbert was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. The fellowship was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and by a Research Scientist Development Award (1—KO2—MH00939—01) from the National Institute of Mental Health. The research reported in this article was supported by grants to Daniel T. -
Pseudoscience and Antiscience in an Age of Science*
THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 58 SEPTEMBER, 1958 No. 5 PSEUDOSCIENCE AND ANTISCIENCE IN AN AGE OF SCIENCE* WALTER C. KRAATZ Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio This paper is about an unpleasant subject, pseudoscience and antiscience. In this age of enlightenment and of a far-reaching public press, it seems incredible that these are so widespread. Possibly it is as we might expect from the perversity of human prejudice and the lag of the mind of the multitude behind the conceptions of the scientists. Pseudoscience and antiscience are not so distinct as they might seem. The old pseudoscience astrology and the strong antiscientific, antievolution movement which culminated in the antievolution law of Tennessee in 1925 and two other states shortly thereafter, will be cited. Astrology is still rampant. Daily astrological horoscopes are found in our newspapers and in the large magazine stores there are many astrological magazines. They do not appear antiastronomical and may seem to be a harmless absurdity. But try to show this absuridity to a confirmed believer and you will recognize the antiscience which animates him. In the antievolution movement there developed a strong pseudoscience. I refer not to the view of a large number of people, who, unaware of the nature and evolution of man and the universe, more or less feel they do not care about evolution or feel that evolution is irreligious. Instead, I refer to a relatively small number who write plausible tracts and books to be read by the aforementioned large group. For the most part these writers understand only a few of the facts. -
Credulity”? Find 17 Synonyms and 30 Related Words for “Credulity” in This Overview
Need another word that means the same as “credulity”? Find 17 synonyms and 30 related words for “credulity” in this overview. Table Of Contents: Credulity as a Noun Definitions of "Credulity" as a noun Synonyms of "Credulity" as a noun (17 Words) Usage Examples of "Credulity" as a noun Associations of "Credulity" (30 Words) The synonyms of “Credulity” are: gullibility, credulousness, naivety, naiveness, blind faith, trustfulness, lack of suspicion, innocence, ingenuousness, lack of experience, lack of sophistication, greenness, callowness, childlikeness, simpleness, simplicity, ignorance Credulity as a Noun Definitions of "Credulity" as a noun According to the Oxford Dictionary of English, “credulity” as a noun can have the following definitions: A tendency to be too ready to believe that something is real or true. Tendency to believe readily. Synonyms of "Credulity" as a noun (17 Words) blind faith A protective covering that keeps things out or hinders sight. callowness Wind moving at less than 1 knot; 0 on the Beaufort scale. childlikeness The quality of being childlike. GrammarTOP.com The written body of teachings of a religious group that are credulousness generally accepted by that group. greenness An environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party. Tendency to believe too readily and therefore to be easily gullibility deceived. You can never underestimate the gullibility of people. The lack of knowledge or education. ignorance He acted in ignorance of basic procedures. ingenuousness Openly straightforward or frank. A state or condition of being innocent of a specific crime or offense. innocence The healthy bloom in her cheeks gave her an aura of innocence. lack of experience The state of needing something that is absent or unavailable. -
Political Orientation Predicts Credulity Regarding Putative Hazards
1 2 Political Orientation Predicts Credulity Regarding Putative Hazards 3 4 Daniel M.T. Fesslera,1, Anne C. Pisor,b,c and Colin Holbrooka 5 a Department of Anthropology and Center for Behavior, Evolution, & Culture 6 University of California, Los Angeles 7 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553 USA 8 b Department of Anthropology 9 University of California, Santa Barbara 10 Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210 USA 11 c Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture 12 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 13 04103 Leipzig, Germany 14 15 16 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: 17 Department of Anthropology 18 341 Haines Hall 19 University of California, Los Angeles 20 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553 USA 21 Tel.: 310 794-9252 22 Fax: 310 206-7833 23 E-mail: [email protected] 24 25 26 27 The instruments described in this paper are included in the Supplementary Online Materials, and 28 are also archived at osf.io/qqq82. The complete datasets, lists of variables, and analytic code are 29 archived at osf.io/qqq82 and http://escholarship.org/uc/item/82j5p9r3 30 Abstract 31 To benefit from information provided by others, people must be somewhat credulous. However, 32 credulity entails risks. The optimal level of credulity depends on the relative costs of believing 33 misinformation versus failing to attend to accurate information. When information concerns 34 hazards, erroneous incredulity is often more costly than erroneous credulity, as disregarding 35 accurate warnings is more harmful than adopting unnecessary precautions. Because no 36 equivalent asymmetry characterizes information concerning benefits, people should generally be 37 more credulous of hazard information than of benefit information.