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Theodor Herzl: Founder of Modern Zionism College Campuses THE STUDENT DAVID EDITION PROJECT EDUCATING VOICES st FOR ISRAEL 1 EDITION modern Zionism table of About the David Project he David Project is dedicated to educating Contents T and inspiring strong voices for Israel through dynamic educational seminars, workshops, and curricula. Our Zionism Defined groundbreaking Israel education curricula impact thousands of Impact of Anti-Semitism students across North America and Israel. Each year, The David Nationalism Project educates and prepares hundreds of college students to The Dreyfus Affair assume leadership roles and bring Israel programs and events to their Theodor Herzl: Founder of Modern Zionism college campuses. We are guided by a commitment to provide The First Zionist Congress students and adults with the knowledge, strategies and skills Political Zionism to ensure that effective support What is Political Zionism for Israel thrives on campuses Who are the prominent thinkers? and in our communities. For How does Political Zionism help to fix the problems faced by Jews and/or impact more information, please visit our the founding of the State of Israel? website at www.davidproject.org. Labor Zionism What is Labor Zionism? Who are the prominent thinkers? How did Labor Zionism help to fix the problems faced by Jews and/or impact the founding of the State of Israel? Revisionist Zionism What is Revisionist Zionism? Who is the prominent thinker? How does Revisionist Zionism help to fix the problems faced by Jews and/or impact the founding of the State of Israel? Cultural Zionism What is Cultural Zionism? Who is the prominent thinker? How does Cultural Zionism help to fix the problems faced by Jews and/or impact the founding of the State of Israel? Religious Zionism What is Religious Zionism? Who is the prominent thinker? How does Religious Zionism help to fix the problems faced by Jews and/or impact the founding of the State of Israel? The Future of Zionism in the State of Israel Essential Terminology Modern Zionism www.thedavidproject.org Zionism Defined Nationalism he term “Zionism” originates in the Nationalism is the idea that nations have biblical word “Zion,” often used the right to self-determination and the T as a synonym for Jerusalem and ability to form independent states, called the Land of Israel. Zionism is an ideology nation-states. Nationalism in this context is which expresses the yearning of Jews to go a neutral term that can be applied to demo- back to their historical homeland. cratic or autocratic forms of government. The hope of returning to their homeland The term nationalism was coined in the was first held by Jews exiled to Babylon late 1770s by Johann Gottfried Herder who some 2,500 years ago. was a German philosopher and literary critic during the Enlightenment period. Impact of Anti- The consensus among historians is that Nationalism began to emerge in the late Semitism 18th century, embodied in the American Revolution and later in the French Revolu- tion. As the 19th century arrived, national- Zionism expresses the historical link bind- ism spread throughout Europe. Anti-Semitism ing the Jewish people to the Land of Israel. For example, after being subjugated for However, modern Zionism did not become Before World War I, the ancient centuries under Hellenistic, Roman, Byz- a national movement until the 19th century, Jewish homeland (the Land of Israel) antine and Ottoman rule an independent and was fueled by anti-Semitism that oc- was a region of the Ottoman Empire Greece materialized for the first time since curred through generations of persecution. known as Palestine. Jews around antiquity. In general terms a nation consists the world donated money to pur- Over the centuries, Jews were expelled of a group, or groups, of people who chase land in Palestine from Arab from many European countries - places strongly identify with each other, frequent- and Ottoman landowners. To escape like Germany and France, Portugal and ly united under a political entity. persecution in the late 1800s, Eastern Spain, and the United Kingdom - a collec- European Jews began immigrating tive experience which had a profound im- Nations are often united by language, to these properties and developing pact. The 19th and 20th centuries brought culture, ethnicity, shared ideals and/or agricultural communities, helping to further anti-Semitism, which included territory. Today, states around the world, create an infrastructure of a modern pogroms in Russia (1881-82), riots in ranging from Italy to Uzbekistan, base nation with schools, hospitals and Kishinev (1903), the Dreyfus Affair (1894) their existence on being expressions of a theaters. and official anti-Semitic policies in Russia national identity. and other Eastern European countries. 1882-1903 1882 1890 1891 1894 1896 First Aliyah (large-scale Leon Pinsker’s Auto- The Hebrew Language Ahad Ha’am visits Conviction of Alfred Theodor Herzl, father of immigration), primarily emancipation is written, Committee is founded Palestine and calls for Dreyfus [Also known as political Zionism, writes from Russia. calling for the estab- by Eliezer Ben Yehuda, the creation of a Jewish the Dreyfus Affair]. Der Judenstaat [The lishment of a Jewish “father of the Hebrew cultural center. Jewish State]. national center. language.” His goal was to re-write Hebrew as a modern language. 3 The David Project Educating Voices for Israel The controversy of Zionism: Al- The Dreyfus Affair in Eastern Europe, led Herzl to conclude though Eastern European Jews were that the only solution to the persecution of immigrating to the Land of Israel, Jews was to establish a Jewish state. Herzl believed that Jews had the right to self-de- many felt secure and at home in Alfred Dreyfus was a French Jew and a termination and to go back to their ancient other countries. They did not believe captain in the French army. In 1894, papers homeland of Israel. in the need or desire for a national discovered in a trash can in the office of Jewish home in the Land of Israel. German military headquarters made it appear that a French military officer was Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der providing secret information to the Ger- Judenstaat, (The Jewish State). It was pub- The Jewish question per- man government. Dreyfus came under lished February 1896 to immediate acclaim sists wherever Jews live suspicion, possibly because he was a Jew and controversy. In the book he outlines in appreciable numbers. and because he had access to the type the reasons that the Jewish people need to “ of information that had been supplied to Wherever it does not exist, it is return to their historic homeland. Between the German agent. The army authorities the book and Herzl’s ideas, word spread brought in together with Jewish declared that Dreyfus’ handwriting was immigrants. We are naturally very rapidly throughout the Jewish world similar to that on the papers. and attracted international attention. drawn into those places where we are not persecuted, and our In a secret military court-martial, Dreyfus appearance there gives rise to was wrongly convicted of treason. Twelve The First Zionist persecution. This is the case, years later, in 1906, he was exonerated of Congress and will inevitably be so, every- the charges and was then restored to his original military rank. where, even in highly civilized countries...so long as the Jewish In 1897, Theodor Herzl convened the question is not solved on a po- Theodor Herzl: First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzer- litical level... We are a people - Founder of Modern land. The congress served as an umbrella one people... We have sincerely organization for many different groups Zionism and ideologies, sharing only the vision of tried everywhere to merge with establishing a Jewish state. The congress the national communities in helped unite and mobilize world Jewry which we live, Theodor Herzl was born in Hungary, Buda- and transform the ideology into a political seeking only pest in 1860 and attended the University of movement. to preserve Vienna in 1878. During his work, he wit- the faith of our nessed an increasingly anti-Semitic atmo- Herzl wrote in his diary, “At Basle, I fathers. ...” sphere emerging in France. Herzl became founded the Jewish state. If not in five more and more concerned with the Jewish years, then certainly in fifty, everyone will THEODOR HERZL, question, and looked at a range of ways realize it.” Israel was proclaimed 51 years “THE JEWISH STATE,” to cope with the issue. The Dreyfus trial, later. 1896 compounded by ongoing anti-Jew violence 1897 1901 1902 1904-14 1904 1907 First Zionist Congress is Fifth Zionist Congress; Sixth Zionist Congress Second Aliyah im- Theodor Herzl dies. Eighth Zionist Congress. convened in August. the Jewish National convenes migrants from mostly The decision is made to Fund is founded with Russia and Poland. proceed with political Adoption of the Basle the purpose of purchas- Discussion of the British Zionism. program which calls for ing land in the Land of government’s offer of a the establishment of a Israel. territory in Uganda. national homeand for the Jewish people in The offer causes a major Israel. split in the movement. Zionism Timeline 4 Modern Zionism www.thedavidproject.org Political Zionism What is Political Zionism? The principal goal for Political Zionism was for the Jewish people to create a state by working with the international community through diplomatic channels. Herzl and others understood that the movement had no chance of success unless it became a recognized and unified international political source. Through this process, Zionists would gradually come to see the establishment of a Jewish state. Herzl’s picture framed on the wall behind David Ben-Gurion as he reads the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel in Tel Aviv, May 14, 1948 Who are the prominent thinkers? As explained above, Theodor Herzl was responsible for organizing world Jewry around The Land of Israel was the the ideology of Zionism.
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