ENO RIVER STATE PARK AQUATIC INVENTORY
by Gabriela B. Mottesi and Mara E. Savacool
edited by John M. Alderman
Cooperating Agencies: Division of Parks and Recreation, NC Natural Heritage Program NC Wildlife Resources Commission US Fish and Wildlife Service
Funded by NC Natural Heritage Trust Fund NC Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Fund National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
NORTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE RESOURCES COMMISSION
JULY 1, 1996
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ENO RIVER STATE PARK AQUATIC INVENTORY
Few's Ford
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Table of Contents
Page
Introduction and Acknowledgments 1
Aquatic Snails 3
Freshwater Mussels and Sphaeriid Clams 10
Crayfish 1
Freshwater Fish 27
Point Sources and Animal Facilities 35 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from State Library of North Carolina
https://archive.org/details/enoriverstatepar1996mott Eno River State Park Aquatic Inventory
Introduction
Eno River State Park is located in Durham and Orange counties and encompasses 1,568 acres. The main attractions of this state park are the Eno River and its bordering woodlands. The park is divided into the following 5 areas through which the river can be accessed: the Cabe Lands, Cole Mill, Few’s Ford, Pleasant Green, and the Pump Station. Lands were initially purchased in 1975 by the State after concerned citizens led a campaign to prevent reservoir construction on the lower Eno River. Before the lands were purchased, they were used largely for agriculture. At that time, more than 30 mills were located on the Eno River.
The Eno River, along with the Little and Flat Rivers, form the headwaters of the Neuse
River, which is essentially our modern-day Falls Lake.
The purpose of this project was to survey for aquatic species, including crayfish, fish, snails, mussels, and sphaeriid clams. Our inventory included the main waterway of the park as well as its tributaries in Durham and Orange counties. The Eno River was inventoried by canoe from just below Lake Orange in Orange County downstream to NC
157 in Durham County. Figure 1 details the localities of all stations surveyed, as well as the canoed river reaches. The following sections provide information on the species in the above taxa documented at each site in the Eno River Subbasin.
Acknowledgments
The completion of this project would not have been possible without the invaluable assistance of the following people: William F. Adams, J. Eric Alderman, John M. Alderman, Alvin Braswell, Allen Boynton, Mike B. Carraway, John E. Cooper, Mark A. Hartman, Tom Henson, Merrill Lynch, Gerald L. Mackie, Chris McGrath, Lawrence M. Page, William M. Palmer, Tim Savidge, Danny Smith, Kenneth R. Taylor, Fred G. Thompson, and Randall C. Wilson. We also thank the state park staff and the landowners who allowed us to work on their properties.
Gabriela B. Mottesi
Aquatic Snails
Gabriela B. Mottesi, Nongame Biologist Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Division of Wildlife Management NC Wildlife Resources Commission
Introduction
There are approximately 500 species of aquatic snails currently recognized in North America. These 500 species are divided into 78 genera and 15 families (Burch 1989). In North Carolina, there are approximately 52 species representing 8 families (Adams 1990).
Snails are grouped into one of two subclasses. Prosobranch snails are gill -breathing and have an operculum, which is a calcareous plate that closes the aperture when the snail withdraws into its shell. Pulmonate snails are lung-breathing and do not have an operculum to seal their aperture (Burch 1989).
These animals graze on algae and other microscopic organisms using radular teeth to grind food to an appropriate size for consumption. Snails are an essential part of aquatic ecosystems, as well as indicators of water quality. However, they are typically overlooked. The lack of information and knowledge of snails can be attributed, in part, to their minute size, perceived lack of activity, cryptic habits, and difficulty in identification.
Methods
Study areas for this project included certain aquatic habitats associated with the Eno
River and its tributaries (Fig. 1, Introduction Section). Most habitats can be described as riffle/run with medium to fast flows. Pools of different sizes with low flows were also present. Substrate included combinations of silt, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, and bedrock. Some aquatic vegetation and organic debris were also present. The headwater streams of this subbasin do not have the large cobble and boulder substrate of the Eno River proper, and their flows are considerably slower.
Specimens were collected using visual and tactile searches. Due to the cryptic habits of some snail species, it was necessary to sift and dredge the substrate. Snails were collected at bridge crossings and during canoe runs. All available habitats were sampled.
Snails were preserved and stored in 70% ethanol. Snails and limpet snails were identified by using Burch (1989) and Basch (1963). Verifications of a subset of specimen identifications were made by Dr. Fred G. Thompson. Expected distributions and the following characteristics were used to identify the specimens: presence/absence of an
3 operculum, direction of coiling, shell size and shape, texture of the shell, shape and number of the whorls. With additional information, the identifications may be subject to change.
Results and Discussion
Snails were located at 22 of the sites surveyed (Fig. 1). Twelve species representing seven families and both subclasses were found within the Eno River Subbasin (Table 1).
In 1954, Walderman M. Walter completed a survey of the mollusks of the Upper Neuse River Basin. He found the following species within the Eno River Subbasin: Campeloma decisum, Somatogyrus virginicus Walker, 1904, Leptoxis (Mudalia)
carinata , Elimia catenaria, Elimia proximo, Pseudosuccinea columella, Helisoma anceps, Menetus dilatatus, Ferrisia hendersoni Walker, 1925, and Laevapex diaphanus
(Haldeman, 1841). Flowers and Miller (1993) were able to find all of the above listed species in a 1993 survey of the Neuse River Basin except for Ferrisia hendersoni and Laevapex diaphanus. Flowers and Miller also found new records of Ferrisia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) and Laevapex fuscus (Adams, 1841) within the Neuse River Basin.
During the present survey, Elimia catenaria, Elimia proximo, Elimia virginica, Leptoxis (Mudalia) carinata, were found Lioplax subcarinata , and Pseudosuccinea columella attached to rocks in the fast current. Elimia proximo was only found in the uppermost headwaters of the Eno River. These findings concur with the findings of Walter (1954).
Campeloma decisum , Physella sp., and Helisoma anceps were collected in the backwater areas with low flow in the mud/silt substrate. Helisoma anceps was also found in the aquatic vegetation. Campeloma decisum is considered a species complex (Adams, pers. comm. 1995). Therefore, when more information is acquired, this species complex may be separated into a few recognizable species.
Menetus dilatatus and Somatogyrus sp. were collected in the Podostemum attached to rocks. The limpet snail, Ferrisia rivularis was common on the underside of rocks in the slower current.
The Somatogyrus sp. could possibly be Somatogyrus virginicus, but a verification by Dr. Fred G. Thompson did not bring the identification to the species level. According to a key by Basch (1963), the creeping ancylid ( Ferrisia rivularis), occurs in rivers and streams, whereas Ferrisia fragilis inhabits ditches and other small bodies of standing water, which are often temporary and stagnant. Therefore, because of the difficulty in identification using morphological characteristics, the habitat in which the limpet snails were found was used to further help in their identification.
4 The Eno River subbasin supports a great abundance and diversity of snails. As is shown
in Table 2, most species were found in good numbers at each site. The snails preferring the faster current were dominant due to the almost constant fast flow of the Eno River.
References
Adams, W. F. 1995. Personal communication.
Adams, W. F. (ed). 1990. A Report on the Conservation Status of North Carolina's Freshwater and Terrestrial Molluscan Fauna. The Scientific Council on
Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks. 246 pp.
Basch, P. F. 1963. A Review of the Recent Freshwater Limpet Snails of North America (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Bulletin: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 129(8): 399-461.
Burch, J. B. 1989. North American Freshwater Snails. Malacological Publications. Hamburg, MI. 365 pp.
J. Flowers, R. and G. C. Miller. 1993. New Molluscan ( Gastropoda and Bivalvia ) Records for the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina. Brimleyana. 19: 61-64.
Walter, W. M. 1954. Mollusks of the Upper Neuse River, North Carolina. Ph.D. Thesis. Duke University. 220 pp.
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I : M S a. o d I- CL 2! CO U Q. in 1 1 found a s ss 's -a ^ S? 45 45 5 s- -§ .C: II £ 1 * § | -I I ^ i y ^ 42 i Snails '1 •§ 2 45 £ If -s .*5 '| §.§ os If II t"g | 4g 5 .§ <: to Of C3 <3 £ is ^ COr t<3 1 i ijj IICo 2. ODOOO '- r-^ Table GOOOOOOOQOGO 9 Freshwater Mussels and Sphaeriid Clams Gabriela B. Mottesi, Nongame Biologist Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Division of Wildlife Management NC Wildlife Resources Commission Introduction Freshwater mussels are in the Class Bivalvia. As the name implies, the mussel is separated into right and left shell-secreting centers. The shell itself is a single entity which is divided into right and left portions. Mussels are characterized by having greatly enlarged gills with ciliated filaments for filter feeding. Freshwater mussels are integral parts of many aquatic ecosystems. They provide nutrients for insects and other invertebrates and are a food source for other organisms. Because they are filter feeders, they are excellent indicators of water quality. There are approximately 300 species and subspecies of freshwater mussels in the United States. The greatest diversity of these mussels occurs in the Southeast. Roughly 70 species can be found in North Carolina. Unfortunately, approximately half are state listed as Endangered, Threatened, or species of Special Concern (Adams 1990). It appears that the mussel fauna of the United States is in danger of extinction (reference Williams, et al. here). Therefore, it is necessary that we determine the status and distribution of these organisms so that proper management techniques can be applied. Sphaeriid clams, like freshwater mussels, are in the Class Bivalvia and are filter feeders. The members of this family are considered the pea, pill, nut or fingernail clams. Because of their well-developed mechanism of passive dispersal and adaptability, sphaeriid clams can be found in almost any body of freshwater. Therefore, their distributions are considered truly cosmopolitan (Branson 1988). In spite of their cosmopolitan distribution, not much is known about sphaeriid clams. They are represented in North America by 38 species of the family Sphaeriidae. In North Carolina, there are approximately 13 species of sphaeriid clams (Adams 1990). One exotic species, the Asian clam ( Corbicula fluminea (Muller 1774)), of the family Corbiculidae (Burch 1975) was introduced into this country in 1937 and was found throughout the entire area surveyed. Methods Study areas for this project included certain aquatic habitats associated with the Eno River and its tributaries (Fig. 1, Introduction Section). Most habitats can be described as riffle/run with medium to fast flows. Pools of different sizes with low flows were also present. Substrate included combinations of silt, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, and 10 ) ) bedrock. Some aquatic vegetation and organic debris were also present. The headwater streams of this subbasin do not have the large cobble and boulder substrate of the Eno River proper, and their flows are considerably slower. Freshwater mussels were collected at bridge crossings and during canoe runs throughout the Eno River Subbasin. Various techniques were used including snorkeling, sifting of the substrate, visual and tactile searches, and visual searches of the shores for shells. Live mussels were identified, measured, and returned unharmed to the appropriate habitat. Fresh shells were identified, measured, and kept for curation. Sphaeriid clams were also collected at bridge crossings and during canoe runs throughout the Eno River Subbasin. Collecting techniques included seining, dip netting, sifting of the substrate, and visual and tactile searches. Specimens were preserved and stored in 70% ethanol. Sphaeriid clams were identified using Branson (1988) and Burch (1975). Verification of a subset of identifications was made by Dr. Gerald M. Mackie. With additional information, identifications made of both freshwater mussels and sphaeriid clams may be subject to change. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows the stations and canoe runs where freshwater mussels were found. At least nine species of mussels, all in the family Unionidae, were found in the Eno River Subbasin (Table 1). Figure 2 shows the stations and canoe runs where sphaeriid clams were found. Two species, both within the family Sphaeriidae, were found in the Eno River Subbasin (Table 3). In Walter’s 1954 survey of the Upper Neuse River he found the following species within the Eno River Subbasin: Elliptio Lasmigona subviridis , Fusconaia masoni, complanata (Lightfoot, 1786), Villosa constricta, and Lampsilis cariosa. McGrath ( 1 99 1 completed a survey of the Upper Neuse River Basin in Durham County in 1991 and found the species listed above in addition to Lampsilis radiata conspicua, Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1934), Alasmidonta undulata (Say, 1817), Strophitus undulatus, and Pyganodon cataracta. The following year, Howard and Hartley in their work within the Eno River found the same species which McGrath (1991) documented. All species found during past surveys were documented during the present inventory, except for Alasmidonta undulata. The specimens of this species which were found in previous surveys were weathered shells. Alasmidonta undulata was found to be very rare in the Eno River because of its representation by only two specimens collected (McGrath 1991). In addition to the species that were documented, the Federally listed Endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon was discovered in the Eno River above Hillsborough. This is the first record of the species for the subbasin. 11 The specimens falling into either the Elliptic* complanata or Elliptio icterina complexes were listed under the Elliptio spp. category. Therefore, these complexes possibly contain several species. The ecophenotypes of these Elliptio complexes are found at numerous sites throughout eastern North Carolina (Alderman, pers. comm., 1996). There is a good diversity and abundance of mussels throughout the Eno River Subbasin (Table 2). The habitat diversity of the subbasin allows for co-existence of freshwater mussels with varying habitat requirements. The Fusconaia masoni and Lampsilis cariosa populations should be considered regionally, and quite possibly nationally, significant (Alderman, pers. comm., 1996). The dwarf wedgemussel is only represented by one valve in the subbasin; therefore, it is uncertain whether this population will persist into the future. Two species of sphaeriid clams were found within the subbasin (Table 3). Both Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck, 1818) and Musculium securis (Prime, 1852) were found within the cobble substrate and in silty sand. References Adams, W. F. (ed). 1990. A Report on the Conservation Status of North Carolina’s Freshwater and Terrestrial Molluscan Fauna. The Scientific Council on Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks. 246 pp. Alderman, J. M. 1996. Personal communication. Branson, B. A. 1988. The Sphaeriacean Clams (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 49(1-2): 8-14. Burch, J. B. 1975. Freshwater Sphaeriacean Clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of North America. Malacological Publications. Hamburg, MI. 96 pp. Howard, J. R. and S. Hartley. 1992. Results of survey work within the Eno River Subbasin. Permanent Records from the Ohio State Museum of Zoology. McGrath, C. 1991 . Freshwater Mussel Distribution and Threat Analysis in the Upper Neuse River Basin in Durham County. Master’s Thesis. Duke University. 78 pp. Walter, W. M. 1954. Mollusks of the Upper Neuse River, North Carolina. Ph.D. Thesis. Duke University. 220 pp. 12 * ( H t H i — i 'I 'i — 6 — d ON o . . . o o , ’ Z (N m ©X) 4> J oOS H Z H > z < 13 I < i 1 © m (N z (N ( (N in rn ^f , < Tj- in ,-4 O s o O m (N 'T NO t— . 1— t— y— — _© o (N On r- c-~ o r- r~ ON r- r~- 1—< cs o o o o o o o o TO m in in cn m m in in in C c 155 Os On ON ON ON On ON ON ON cd s o OX) 4i -J o Z © CNim'O-inNor-ooON Q INVENTORY SUBBASIN SPECIES RIVER CLAM ENO SPHAERIID 14 Table 1. Mussels found in the Eno River Subbasin Unionidae Alasmidonta heterodon (Lea, 1830) Dwarf wedgemussel Elliptio spp. Fusconaia masoni (Conrad, 1 834) Atlantic pigtoe Lampsilis cariosa (Say, 1817) Yellow lampmussel Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, 1791) Eastern lampmussel Lasmigona subviridis (Conrad, 1835) Green floater Pyganodon cataracta (Say, 1817) Easter floater Strophitus undulatus (Say, 1817) Squawfoot Villosa constricta (Conrad, 1838) Notched rainbow 15 <— CNI CO CNJ r^» CM C© C© CO CO s© •^•*3- T— CO CNI CO 02 O in LO ©5 CO ILO »— ©Q LO r»» cd ^ ^ co lo . . 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The greatest diversity of these species reside in the southeastern region of the United States 1995) (Taylor et al. 1996). In North Carolina alone, there are 29 described species and several species complexes (Cooper and Braswell 1995). In addition, there are several undescribed species that have not been officially recognized (Cooper, pers. comm., . Of the 29 crayfish species found in North Carolina, one is endemic (McGrath 1994), and twelve others are listed as significantly rare by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (LeGrand and Hall 1995). Being1996) largely nocturnal aquatic species, crayfish forage mostly at night and usually seek shelter from predators during daylight hours. They are gill breathing organisms that absorb oxygen from the water. Crayfish are classified as either non-burrowers or burrowers. Non-burrowing crayfish spend their entire life in the stream bed. Burrowing crayfish excavate tunnels in roadside ditches, wet pastures, and floodplains (Taylor et al. . Depending on the species, burrowing crayfish spend different amounts of their life cycle underground. Primary burrowers spend the majority of their time in burrows that extend downward to the water table (McGrath 1994). Secondary burrowers also inhabit burrows, but they venture to the surface during heavy flooding periods. Tertiary burrowers retreat to burrows only during periods of extreme drought (Hobbs 1989). The average life span of a crayfish is between two and three years (Taylor et al. 1996). During this time, they grow through a series of molts of their exoskeleton. They have five pairs of abdominal appendages called pleopods. The first pleopod pair of the male is modified as a sexual organ. In the family Cambaridae (which includes all North Carolina species), there are two designations for adult male crayfish: Form I and Form II. Form I males are able to sexually reproduce and Form II males are not. Both forms are morphologically similar except in the texture and shape of the first pleopod. Throughout their lives, adult males cycle between Form I and Form II. Unlike adult males, adult females do not cycle between morphological forms. Once they reach adulthood, they can sexually reproduce. During the mating season, they develop mature ova which can be seen under the posterior edge of the carapace (Boyd and Page 1978). 19 Crayfish play a significant role in the delicate balance of aquatic life. They consume detritus and other dead material and are subsequently consumed by larger aquatic predators such as fish, birds, and mammals. While other feeding relationships can also transfer nutrients from the detritus to the larger species, these relationships often require multiple steps. The direct food chain from detritus to crayfish to predator simplifies nutrient transfer and minimizes energy loss (Crocker and Barr 1968). Although crayfish are common in many freshwater ecosystems, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the distribution and biology of many species. A recent report on the “Conservation Status of Crayfishes of the United States and Canada” estimated that in the United States and Canada 50% of the crayfish species are “in need of conservation recognition” (Taylor et. al. 1996). The current project is a contribution to the ongoing collection of crayfish data. This survey focused on the crayfish which occur within North Carolina state park waterways and their surrounding tributaries. Since the emphasis of the project was on the inhabitants of the surface water, most of the crayfish collected were non-burrowers. Due to time and weather restrictions, the exact distribution of each species within the state park and its associated waterways was not determined. An estimation was made for the relative abundance of each species collected. In addition, specific habitat preferences for each species were noted. Methods Crayfish were surveyed for along canoe runs and at bridge crossings of the Eno River and its tributaries. Species were collected with a dip net and a 6’ X 10’ mesh net seine. Minnow traps were set and baited with chicken liver. Collected specimens were preserved and stored in 70% ethanol. A variety of resources were consulted for identification. “An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes” (Hobbs 1 989) was particularly helpful as well as an unpublished key of North Carolina crayfish (Hobbs 1991). Dr. John Cooper, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, verified the identification of select specimens and provided additional information used for identification. With additional information, the identifications made may be subject to change. The specific morphology and structure of the first pleopod pair of the Form I male is the key feature used to differentiate crayfish species from one another. Once a particular species is identified based on the pleopod, other characteristics can be used to recognize female and non-form I males. These characteristics include carapace, chelae, and rostrum shape and body coloration. The carapace is the protective exoskeleton plate which encompasses the anterior half of the crayfish body. It can be deep (dorsoventrally) and narrow (laterally) or flat and wide. 20 Some carapaces are spinose and others are smooth. The chelae are enlarged claws on the first pair of legs. They can be long and narrow or round and full; some have setae (hair) and others do not. The rostrum refers to the anterior most portion of the carapace, and it can be spinose or smooth. In terms of coloration, the exoskeleton can be plain, marbled, or striped with shades of blue, brown, tan, olive, and red. Specimens were organized into three categories: Form I male, non-form I male, and female (Table 1). Non-form I males were not sorted into juvenile and Form II males because it is nearly impossible to distinguish large juvenile males from small Form II males (Page, pers. comm., 1995). Additional information on the age of the collected specimens is provided by the range in carapace length (Table 1). Carapace length is measured from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior carapace edge (anterior abdomen) (Page 1985). Results Depending on the substrate and habitat at each site, different techniques were effective for collection. Crayfish were spotted by inspecting the substrate under large cobble and boulders. In small streams, an effective spotting method was to disturb the substrate and wait for crayfish to emerge. A dip net was most effective for trapping crayfish under large cobble and boulders along shorelines of the river and in small, shallow tributaries. The seine was used for larger tributaries and the river bottom. Kicking into the seine over a riffle and walking the seine through pool areas proved effective. Walking the seine through leaf mats on the stream bottom often yielded juvenile crayfish. Minnow traps were used in deep water. Collections were made from 32 sites on 25 days between 10 July 1995 and 4 June 1996 (Fig. 1, Introduction Section). Crayfish were collected or observed at 24 sites (Fig. 1). Thirty-nine trap nights yielded only one crayfish. Four species of crayfish were collected during the survey period: Cambarus (Puncticambarus) “acuminatus” (Faxon, 1884), Cambarus (Depressicambarus) latimanus (LeConte, 1856), Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus acutus (Girard, 1852), and an undescribed Cambarus sp. (Table 1). ” Cambarus (P.) “acuminatus was most commonly found in cobble and boulder substrates in riffle/run habitats. Other habitats included cobble and boulder along river shorelines and root mat pools. Six Form I males, 45 non-form I males, and 96 females were collected or observed. Carapace length ranged from 8.2 to 36.45 mm; mean length was 21.1 mm. Form I males were collected between 10 October and 8 December 1995 and non-form I males were collected between 10 July and 20 October 1995 (Table 1). Cambarus (D.) latimanus was collected from one site. The specimen was a female with a carapace length of 28.65 mm (Table 1). 21 Procambarus (O.) a. acutus was found primarily in pool areas with cobble or sandy substrate. Six Form I males. 7 non-form I males, and 21 females were collected. Carapace length ranged from 14.5 to 42.0 mm; mean length was 31.3 mm. Form I males were collected between 10 July and 25 July 1995 and non-form I males were collected between 24 July and 10 October 1995 (Table 1). An undescribed Cambarus species was also collected (Cooper, pers. comm., 1995) (Table 1). Three juvenile females were collected from an intermittent stream in the extreme headwaters of the Eno River. The substrate at this site was mostly sand. Efforts to find additional specimens in this area were not successful. Discussion There is a good diversity and abundance of crayfish species in the Eno River Subbasin. Most stations surveyed provided habitat for at least one species of crayfish, and at most sites crayfish were considered common to abundant. Cambarus (P.) “acuminatus ” was abundant throughout the sampled area. Of the four species collected, it appeared to have the greatest variation in habitats. The C. (P.) ” “ acuminatus specimens collected from the Eno River Subbasin are part of a larger species complex, Cambarus (P.) sp. C. This complex occurs across the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain physiographic regions of North Carolina and awaits further clarification (Cooper and Braswell 1995). Procambarus (O.) a. acutus was also common. Its habitat appears to be restricted to low flow waters and pool areas. With one exception, P. (O.) a. acutus was collected from headwater tributaries but not the main waterway. The collection of only one specimen of Cambarus (D.) latimanus does not necessarily indicate a sparse population in this area. C. (D.) latimanus is a secondary burrower (Hobbs 1989) which frequents the surface water only on occasion. As indicated in the introduction to this section, the present survey concentrated on species found in the waterways of Eno River State Park and its surrounding tributaries. This list of crayfish may not reflect all crayfish in the park. Some burrowers are found in wetland habitats such as the floodplains surrounding the main waterway. Unfortunately, time did not allow for the survey of these additional areas. References Boyd, J. A. and L. M. Page. 1978. The life history of the crayfish Orconectes kentuckiensis in Big Creek, Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist. 99(2): 398-414. 22 Cooper, J. E. 1995. Personal communication. Cooper, J. E. and A. L. Braswell. 1995. Observations on North Carolina crayfishes. (Decapoda: Cambaridae). Brimleyana. 22: 87-132. Crocker, D. W. and D. W. Barr. 1968. Handbook of the crayfishes of Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum by University of Toronto Press, 3-49. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1989. An illustrated checklist of the American crayfishes (Decapoda : Astacidae, Cambaridae, and Parastacidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 480: 236 p. Figs: 1-379. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1991 . Unpublished key to North Carolina crayfish. LeGrand, H. E., Jr. and S. P. Hall. 1995. Natural Heritage Program list of the rare animal species ofNorth Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. 67 p. McGrath, C. 1993. Crayfish, p.27-37 In: Alderman, J. M., A. L. Braswell, S. P. Hall, A. W. Kelly, and C. McGrath. Biological inventory: Swift Creek subbasin. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Report. McGrath, C. 1994. Status survey for the Greensboro burrowing crayfish ( Cambarus Depressicambarus catagius Hobbs and Perkins, 1967). Nongame Project Reportfor the US Fish and Wildlife Service. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 15 p. Page, L. M. 1985. The crayfishes and shrimps (Decapoda) of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin. 33(4): 335-347. Page, L. M. 1995. Personal communication. Taylor, C. A., M. L. Warren, Jr., J. F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., H. H. Hobbs III, R. F. Jezerinac, W. L. Pflieger, and H. W. Robison. 1996. Conservation status of crayfishes of the United States and Canada. Fisheries. 21(4): 25-37. 23 — < - < < « i 1 < < i < i CN »— oo © © o' o CN CN *=”=! 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CD CD O CD CD CD CD CD o CD CD CD CD 950908 010156 010156 110156 m in in in m m m in in m in in m m in m in in LD CO 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 25 (cont.) Subbasin River Eno the in found Crayfish 1. Table 26 Freshwater Fishes Gabriela B. Mottesi, Nongame Biologist Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Division of Wildlife Management NC Wildlife Resources Commission Introduction Approximately 790 fish species are believed to occur in the freshwaters of the United States and Canada (Page & Burr 1991). More than 225 species can be found in North Carolina (Menhinick 1991). This unusually rich and variable fish fauna is due to a great diversity of habitats found within the state and to different zoogeographic distribution patterns of various species. Many game species, several bait and forage species, and at least one aquarium species have become established in North Carolina waters (Menhinick 1991). Unfortunately, almost one quarter of the fish occurring in North Carolina are state listed as Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern species. This is of concern since fish are important components of aquatic ecosystems; they are indicators of water quality; and many species are a source of recreation for the state’s citizens. Therefore, it is important that we determine their status/distributions and apply proper conservation techniques where necessary. Methods Study areas for this project included certain aquatic habitats associated with the Eno River and its tributaries (Fig. 1, Introduction Section). Most habitats can be described as riffle/run with medium to fast flows. Pools of different sizes with low flows were also present. Substrate included combinations of silt, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, and bedrock. Some aquatic vegetation and organic debris were also present. The headwater streams of this subbasin do not have the large cobble and boulder substrate of the Eno River proper, and their flows are considerably slower. Fish were collected during canoe runs of the Eno River and at bridge crossings of the Eno River and its tributaries. Collecting techniques included the use of a 6’ x 10’ minnow seine, dip nets, and minnow traps. Different techniques of seining, such as kicking, setting and dragging, were necessary due to the diversity of habitats. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and preserved in 70% ethanol. Specimens not collected were returned unharmed. The following sources were used as identification tools: Jenkins (1995), Menhinick (1991), Page (1983), and Page and Burr (1991). Some identifications were verified 27 using specimens from the collection of the N.C. State Museum of Natural Sciences. With the acquisition of more information, identifications may be subject to change. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows stations and canoe runs where fish were found. Twenty-seven species of fish representing eight families were found within the Eno River Subbasin (Table 1). The Eno River Subbasin contains a good diversity and abundance of fish species. As is shown in Table 2, most species were collected in good numbers at each site. The habitat diversity of this subbasin allows for the co-existence of species which have very diverse habitat requirements. Unfortunately, because of the large cobble/bedrock substrate of the Eno River proper it is a difficult river to sample using a seine. The Carolina darter (Etheostoma collis (Hubbs and Camion, 1935)), a State listed species of Special Concern, was documented by Pottem in 1992 in a survey of the West Fork of the Eno River, Orange County. In the present study, this species was below detection levels in the headwaters of the Eno River. The Roanoke bass (Ambloplites cavifrons Cope, 1 868), a game species which is considered Significantly Rare, is regularly caught in the Eno River and is believed to be fairly common (McGrath, pers. comm., 1996). The darters collected were found in the riffle/run areas with a fast flow. The johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum ) was also detected in small pools. The riffle/run and small pool areas also provided niches for the cyprinids and catostomids. The pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus ) was found near root mats and underneath leaves and other organic debris. There are deep pool areas of the Eno River proper where larger species, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) sunfish, and northern hogsuckers (.Hypentelium nigricans ) can be observed. Juvenile sunfish are also found near root mats in the riffle/run and small pool areas. The speckled killifish (Fundulus rathbuni) was only found at one locality in a medium- sized riffle with fast flow. This is smprising, because it is usually found in the backwaters and pools of creeks and small to medium-sized rivers over sand or mud substrate (Page & Burr 1991). References Jenkins, B. 1995. Unpublished key to the Family Catostomidae. McGrath, C. 1996. Personal communication. 28 Menhinick, E. F. 1991. The Freshwater Fishes ofNorth Carolina. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Raleigh, NC. 227 pp. Page, L. M. 1983. Handbook ofDarters. TFH Publications, Inc. Ltd. Neptune City, NJ. 271 pp. Page, L. M. and B. M. Burr. 1991. A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. 432 pp. Pottem, G. and Goldstein & Associates. 1992. Results of survey work within the Eno River Subbasin. Permit Reporting Forms. 29 i < < — 1 1 o OON o o^r l , , Z (N m m NO O CN o NO , *-" s ’'d NT) P-" o O oo o in (N (N . NO o »— r—« i— 1—1 *— o o (N SUBBASIN INVENTORY SPECIES RIVER FISH ENO 30 Table 1 . Fish found in the Eno River Subbasin Cyprinidae Clinostomus funduloides Girard, 1856 Rosyside dace Cyprinella nivea (Cope, 1870) Whitefin shiner Luxilus albeolus (Jordan, 1889) White shiner Lythrurus ardens (Cope, 1 868) Rosefin shiner Nocomis leptocephalus (Girard, 1856) Bluehead chub Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814) Golden shiner Notropis altipinis (Cope, 1870) Highfin shiner Notropis procne (Cope, 1865) Swallowtail shiner Phoxinus oreas (Cope, 1 868) Mountain redbelly dace Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818) Creek chub Catostomidae Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill, 1814) Creek chubsucker Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur, 1817) Northern hogsucker Ictaluridae Noturus insignis (Richardson, 1836) Margined madtom Aphredoderidae Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams, 1 824) Pirate perch Cyprinodontidae Fundulus rathbuni Jordan & Meek, 1889 Speckled killifish Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) Mosquitofish Centrarchidae Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) Redbreast sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, 1819 Green sunfish Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819 Bluegill sunfish Lepomis microlophus (Gunther, 1859) Redear sunfish Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede, 1 802) Largemouth bass Percidae Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque, 1819 Fantail darter Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, 1 820 Johnny darter Etheostoma vitreum (Cope, 1870) Glassy darter Percina peltata (Stauffer, 1 864) Shield darter Percina roanoka (Jordan & Jenkins, 1889) Roanoke darter 31 2 tnvivivivivivivivivivivivivivivivivivivivivii v» v% m m m m CU QJ CD © CD ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©05059505 05 S3 03 as 05 OOOOOOOOO ooooooooooooooooo s s s s0 s© sO © © © ffl ffl ffl ffi f n f n f n en r n t n rn r n f n r_fj rn f n r n e n t n rn CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CS CD CO CD C3 CD CD CD CD CD CD *— COO »>* OO «— «— CM*— «— «— «— CM CO «— to CN CM *— *— CO SD LO LO ID LO LO LOLOLOSDLOLOiOLOLOLOLO id LO lo id LD ID LOIDLOIDlDlDSDIDIDLn SO ID 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 S3 S3 S3 S3 ©3 S3 €53 ©3 S3 S3 CD CD CD CD 03 03 03 03 03 S3 03 S3 S3 S3 03 03 03 03 03 03 S3 03 03 03 03 03 S3 03 S3 03 €33 03 03 03 £33 £33 ©3 S3 CD CD CD 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 S3 S3 S3 S3 03 S3 ffl 8) ffl 8! 85 as©©©©©©©©©© ©©©©©©©© m S 05 05 05 05 65 03 =Q J3 .Q J3 ~£3 £ £ .§ .§ 5 llfllllllll fill~ E E E o as 05 05 05 03 03 05 05 S5 05 85 fl) ffl ffl ffl ffl aaaan.aaa,a § § - § § « 0 0, & S" u* S’ S 050503650505050565 © S & & & & ffl ffl ffl CO £/3 £/3 CD m CO w w w w w w wW 0 W W W W W CD C/3 C/3 C/3 JS WWWWWWWWWM eg * * - *53 *53 ««3 CM CM CM CM CM CM CM *3 3 LD LO LO ID 2 CJ$ O 0 OOOOO 0 U U U O a U G U O U CJ O U C CJ CJ CJ C=3 CO CO CO CO COCJC^C^C^C^COC^CJSOOO o o o o © © © 0 0 o o o o o © © © o © C^OOOC^CSCOC^©©O 0 O 0 O© © © © oauuoaouuuuuuuuouoGoouo 5 < 05 05 03 05 05 0 05 0 03 03 03 0O5Q505Q3Q50505 EEEEEEEE ercsseEsseesese03 03 0£33 0£33 00) 0£33 £33— , S in -E -E -E -E -E OOOOOOOOOra d] fi) ra 0 0 cc ra ® 0000000000i” c 0 © ffl « ffl (8 i i OOOOOOOOOOOOi i s@ «j SO 0 ‘©*s“0 -0 r**,p*->.r*‘'.r>.r"*» CO CO CO CO £© CO CO LO LO SD ID LO LO LO LO Uf3 *” *““* *” *“ *” *“ D_ D_ D_ a_ o_ o_ a_ a. « a. 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S. § & S S. g. 2. a_ o_ LU Q_ a_ q- C3 CD LU HJ D LO D D D LO LO LO LO ID LO LO r>r>. 03' 8000 a003 aDODCMCSitMCMCNl£MCNlCMnf*«^-'qf"«cf'>«S' _ „OOOODG CD CTJ CT5 ^ ^ Table OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOO OOOQOOOOOO €3000 160S6 32 ddfflddddmdddoDcodaidddffl’dddcQdddcddddcQCQddcddiiicdcQdddcQ ddcDddcDdtsddtDcsddtDcicsddcDcidoddddcDtDtbcDOCDcicidcDtDOCDCDdcD CJ C_D C_D C_3 d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1II CDOJCDeucDCDCua>CL>a> S 5 SSS 15 SSSS oooooooocooocoooooco wwwooSwmmwmmmooSmwmSmmw !!!!!!!!!!!! wmmwmwbmmS (cont.) 111111111 Subbasin River Eno the in found Fish 2. Table 33 8 8 8 8 a '8 8 8 '8 '8 8 8 8 8 '8 '8 '8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 iiiiliiiiiSiiiililiSIIiiiili CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD OJCOCNCDCNCSICN*- fs PO CD *- CO CO OO «— CNI PO LD CO N CM CM *- dd^ddd s d dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d tfJIJlIffffffffffffffffftff! s S CX>CJ>-O-O-O-O-aCNJCNJCMC'MCNICMCNICM0'JCMCMCNJCNICNJCN!CS!CMCNICNI rvl « S§£55l!55£ggS§gS§S§g§S;gSg§gg§8§g;iggg§g§giiJ 111111111 (cont.) IUUHU1111I " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 r^=^ = Subbasin River Eno the in found Fish 2. Table 34 Point Sources and Animal Facilities Gabriela B. Mottesi, Nongame Biologist Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Division of Wildlife Management NC Wildlife Resources Commission The following map shows the animal facilities and point sources of pollution in the Eno River Subbasin. The point sources shown are those that acquired a permit, but they are not all necessarily in use at this time. This information was acquired from the Water Quality Section, Division of Environmental Management, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. 35 Q U O < oQ JO S w 60 o < o WOH- wo || 2 <& PQW pQo V < $-h bD © ® • # ?r POLLUTION OF SUBBASIN FACILITIES SOURCES RIVER ANIMAL POINT AND ENO PERMITTED 36 !5 5 Snails -i? 8 •§ 8 to to TO 2- TO * 5 5 S g § Cl ,