Cathal Crimmins Architect

Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

For: O'Connor, Sutton, Cronin, structural engineers on behalf of Louth County Council.

By: Cathal Crimmins BArch MArchSc MRIAI Architect, Historic Building Consultant, RIAI Grade 1 Conservation Architect Issue: 29/07/2020

www.architect.crimmins.ie The Courtyard‚ 40 Main Street, Blackrock, County Dublin, 353 (0) 1 278 6164 [email protected]

From the National Library

The site of Obelisk Bridge and the Obelisk before being destroyed in 1922

[Boyne Obelisk] the testimonial from King William's Glen, Boyne River. [graphic] :

Published / Created: n.d.]

Subjects: “...Obelisks -- Ireland -- Louth (County) -- lctgm...” 1. Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

TABLE OF CONTENTS At the request of O'Connor Sutton Cronin, Engineers, Cathal 1.0. INTRODUCTION Crimmins, Grade 1 Conservation Architect 1.1. Background and Project Brief was asked to prepare a conservation 1.2. Process and Methodology report and method statement for the proposed refurbishment works to Obelisk 2.0. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS OF THIS Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth and REPORT to act as adviser in relation to those works. It is the intention to apply to 3.0. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Louth County Council for a Section 5 Declaration. This report is, along with the 4.0. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION Archaeological Report by Archaeological Consultancy Services Unit (ACS) is to 5.0. CONDITION accompany that application to address heritage issues. 6.0. SIGNIFICANCE AND PROTECTION 6.1. Assessment of Significance Under Section 5 of the Planning 6.2. Protection and Development Act 2000-2002 (as amended) any person, on payment of the 7.0. THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT prescribed fee, may request in writing 7.1. Appraisal of the Proposed Works from the planning authority a declaration 7.2. Conclusion as to what in any particular case is or is not exempted development within the 8.0 Conservation Methodology For 1 meaning of the Act. The person shall Conserving The Fabric Of The Bridge provide to the planning authority any information necessary to enable the 9.0 Photographic Record authority to make a decision on the matter.

3

3 From the National Library

Main Creator: Brocas, Samuel Frederick, ca. 1792-1847 2 Summary: The Boyne Obelisk at Olbridge, , errected in 1736 to 2 From the National Library Grose, Francis, 1731?-1791 commemorate William III's victory at the

Format: PRINTS & DRAWINGS Format: PRINTS & DRAWINGS

Published / Created: [S.l. : s.n., 1844] Language: English

Drogheda (Ireland) Published / Created: [between ca. 1812 and 1847]

Louth (Ireland : County) Credits: Attributed to Samuel Frederick Brocas

2 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1.1 Background and Project Brief The report examines the Obelisk Bridge and history and seeks to identify the importance of the structure in architectural terms and the impact of the proposed refurbishment works on the bridge. The report should be read in conjunction with the survey, proposal drawings prepared by the engineers and, the Archaeological Impact Assessment of the proposed works by Archaeological Consultancy Services Unit (ACS) and all other reports from the design team. .

1.2. Process and Methodology 1 Cathal Crimmins Architect were engaged to carry out background research on the site; to advise on the significance of the existing bridge and assess its condition; to advise on various strategies and to assess the impacts of the proposed works in order that the development proposals will best protect and enhance the significance and special interest of the bridge. The site was visited on the 13th March 2020. Notes, were taken and recorded photographically and in descriptive form. The history of the bridge was researched. Various sources were consulted in the Irish Architectural Archive, University College Dublin’s Architectural Library. Historic information on the bridge was obtained by consulting historic maps, books, web sites and other archival materials. Reports on the bridge were also consulted. Research was cut short by the Covid 19 pandemic

2 2.0. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS OF THIS REPORT

The development consists of refurbishment and it is intended that there will be no change in the appearance of the bridge, its wall and parapet., apart from a visual improvement owing to the repairs, re-pointing and painting. Therefore there is no impact on the character of the historic structure.

3.0. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

A Structural Assessment and Refurbishment Options Report prepared by Roughan and O'Donovan carried out in January 2016 for Louth County Council along with their detailed technical assessment reproduces on the 10th March 1869

From the National Library 3 1 Bridge from the West

2 Bridge from the North East

3 Bridge from the South West

Boyne Obelisk, , Co. Louth [graphic]

by French, Robert, 1841-1917 photographer

Published / Created: [between ca. 1865-1914].

In collection: The Lawrence Photograph Collection

1 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

article from Transaction of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland giving a description of the Iron Lattice Girder Road Bridge recently erected over the , at the Obelisk by William G. Strype, Associate. In the article, Strype describes how the lattice system used in railway construction has been adopted by County Engineers to supersede the wooden bridges or stone bridges. He notes that the lattice Girder type has been constructed to replace the former wooden structure which had been carried away by the action of ice and floods in 1867, some of the timbers having been decayed. That bridge together with its stone abutments was erected in 1856. The abutments were reused, partially rebuilt. Messrs J.Neville, T. Searanke and A. .Tate acted as engineers while Grendon and Co, Drogheda was the contractor. After the masonry was complete the main girders were brought, in a finished state up the river about four miles from Drogheda's Grendon works. On completion, testing of the bridge was carried out by placing heavy cattle on it, about

12 60 tons in weight,

According to the Dictionary of Irish Architects. The bridge was associated with the nearby Obelisk which was destroyed by Nationalists in 1922. The Obelisk was described as follows:

Selected: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, BOYNE OBELISK

Name: UNKNOWN ARCHITECT

Building: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, BOYNE OBELISK

Date: 1736

Nature: Erected 'by the grateful contributions of several Protestants of Great Britain and Ireland' to commemorate the crossing of the river by the forces of William III, 1 July 1690 prior to his defeat of the army of James II at the Battle of the Boyne. FS laid by Duke of Dorset, 1736. (Destroyed, 1922. Only base remains)

Refs: Christine Casey & Alistair Rowan, The Buildings of I

Tnd: North Leinster (1993), 446

Name: FULLER, JAMES FRANKLIN

Building: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, BOYNE OBELISK

Date: 1895

Nature: Repointing and restoration by 'Mr Faulkiner, electrician of Manchester' superintended by 'Mr Fuller' after obelisk had developed serious cracks on having been struck by lightning.

12 Refs: JRSAI 25 (1895), 180-181

Selected: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, OBELISK BRIDGE

From the National Library Name: SEARANCKE, SAMUEL STEPHEN

Boyne Obelisk, Drogheda, Co. Meath [graphic] Building: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, OBELISK BRIDGE

Published / Created: [between ca. 1860-1883]. Date: 1868 In collection: The Stereo Pairs Photograph CollectionBoyne Obelisk, Drogheda, Co. Louth [graphic] Nature: New bridge to be erected to replace wooden bridge which collapsed in 1867. Responsibility for design of same shared by John by French, Robert, 1841-1917 photographer Neville (as Co. Surveyor for Co. Louth) , Samuel Searancke (as Co. Published / Created: [between ca. 1865-1914]. Surveyor for Co. Meath) and Alexander Tate, civil engineer. Contractor In collection: The Lawrence Photograph Collection for prefabricated girders: Grendon & Co. “...Boyne Obelisk. Drogheda. 6895. W. L.... Refs: IB 9, 1 Jun 1867, 134; 10, 15 Jun 1868, 157; W.G. Strype, 'Description of the iron lattice girder road bridge recently erected over the River

2 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

Boyne at the Obelisk', TICEI 9 (1866-70), 67-78; R.C. Cox & M.H. Gould, Civil Engineering Heritage: Ireland (1998), 80-81(illus.)

Name: STRYPE, WILLIAM GEORGE

Building: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, OBELISK BRIDGE

Date: 1868

Nature: New bridge replacing wooden bridge which collapsed in 1867. WGS engineer to Grendon & Co., contractors for prefabricated girders.

Refs: IB 9, 1 Jun 1867, 134; 10, 15 Jun 1868, 157; W.G. Strype, 'Description of the iron lattice girder road bridge recently erected over the River Boyne at the Obelisk', TICEI 9 (1866-70), 67-78; R.C. Cox & M.H. Gould, Civil Engineering Heritage: Ireland (1998), 80-81(illus.)

Name: NEVILLE, JOHN [2] 1 Building: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, OBELISK BRIDGE

Date: 1868-69

Nature: New single span iron lattice girder bridge replacing wooden bridge which collapsed in 1867. Responsibility for design of same shared by John Neville (as Co. Surveyor for Co. Louth) , Samuel Searanke (as Co. Surveyor for Co. Meath) and Alexander Tate, civil engineer (but only Neville's name appears on plaque on bridge). Contractor for prefabricated girders: Grendon & Co. 'The bridge…is gratecfully designed of iron and stone. Heavy piers of limestone at either end are united by latticed iron sides…The iron is painted so white that it proves an irresistible temptation to the younger visitors, who use it as an album for recording tender and political sentiments…' (Bassett)

Refs: Plaque on bridge; IB 9, 1 Jun 1867, 134; 10, 15 Jun 1868, 157; George Henry Bassett, Louth County Guide and Directory (1886), 127; R.C. Cox & 2 M.H. Gould, Civil Engineering Heritage: Ireland (1998), 80-81(illus.); Brendan O'Donoghue, The Irish County Surveyors 1834-1944 (Dublin: From the National Library 1 Boyne Obelisk, Drogheda, Co. Louth [graphic]

4.0. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION Published / Created: [between ca. 1870-1890].

The Obelisk Bridge located on the Louth Meath border 3 In collection: The Eblana Photograph Collection 1 kilometres upriver from Drogheda and spans the River Boyne 2 Boyne Obelisk [i.e. Obelisk] Drogheda, , Co.Louth. [graphic] in a North South direction NIAH DESCRIPTION: by Clinton, Des. photographer Description Published / Created: [between 1990-1991]. Single-span iron girder road bridge over River Boyne, built In collection: The Lawrence Photographic Project 1990/1991

1868, on rock-faced limestone piers. Limestone ashlar piers Subjects: “...Obelisks -- Ireland -- Meath -- 1990-2000 -- lctgm...” to North and South ends with recessed panels, cut stone cappings. Suspended repair gantry to underside. Ithiel Town was granted a patent for a wooden truss bridge, also known as Town's Lattice Truss. Originally a design to Approached from the Southern side via a narrow roadway allow a substantial bridge to be made from planks employing with low random rubble limestone walls, ivy covered, partially lower–skilled labour, rather than heavy timbers and more collapsed and in need of repair. There is a sty flanked by a expensive carpenters, this type of bridge has also been crude concrete block and a plastered pier beside a locked constructed using many relatively light iron or steel members. gate on the North West side leading to the river bank and The individual elements are more easily handled by the bridge used by fishermen to gain access to the river. construction workers, but the bridge also requires substantial The bridge is made up of two double lattice wrought support during construction. A simple lattice truss will iron girders , each 128 feet in length. spanning on to rock transform the applied loads into a thrust, as the bridge will faced ashlar limestone masonry abutments. It carries a tend to change length under load. This is resisted by pinning single carraigway 4.88 meters wide with no footpaths. The the lattice members to the top and bottom chords, which are abutments are protected at their base by loose boulders. more substantial than the lattice members, but which may A lattice bridge is a form of truss bridge that uses many also be fabricated from relatively small elements rather than small, closely spaced diagonal elements forming a lattice. large beams The lattice Truss Bridge was patented in 1820 by architect and civil engineer Ithiel Town. On January 28, 1820, architect Name: NEVILLE, JOHN [2]

3 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

Building: CO. MEATH, OLDBRIDGE, OBELISK BRIDGE Date: 1868-69 Nature: New single span iron lattice girder bridge replacing wooden bridge which collapsed in 1867. Responsibility for design of same shared by John Neville (as Co. Surveyor for Co. Louth) , Samuel Searanke (as Co. Surveyor for Co. Meath) and Alexander Tate, civil engineer (but only Neville's name appears on plaque on bridge). Contractor for prefabricated

Loop Line railway bridge Dublin is of similar construction.

Elevation, Plan and Section bridge of this type.

Drawings prepared by Roughan O'Donovan Constructed between 1872 and 1877, the bridge is of wrought iron, a very typical bridge building material of the Industrial girders: Grendon & Co. 'The bridge…is gracefully designed of Revolution. The truss design, with the distinctive triangular iron and stone. Heavy piers of limestone at either end are lattice work pattern, is also a classic of the era. united by latticed iron sides…The iron is painted so white that it proves an irresistible temptation to the younger visitors, 5.0. CONDITION who use it as an album for recording tender and political sentiments…' (Bassett) The Structural Assessment and Refurbishment Options Report prepared by Roughan and O'Donovan details the condition Iron lattice girder bridges were introduced to Ireland and the of the bridge at that time. The main girders were in good U.K. by Irish railway engineer Sir John Benjamin McNeill, who condition with low corrosion rate. There was severe corrosion was a pupil, and later an associate, of Thomas Telford. McNeill in the transverse deck beams and the Mallet buckle plates. was also the engineer of the Dublin - Cork railway line which Paint was blistering and flaking The lack of drainage has terminates at Heuston Station. led to vegetation growth. A missing capping stone to the Refs: Plaque on bridge; IB 9, 1 Jun 1867, 134; 10, 15 Jun 1868, North East pier and wear of the reinforced concrete deck and 157; George Henry Bassett, Louth County Guide and Directory poor detailing of the concrete slabs and ironwork joints. The (1886), 127; R.C. Cox & M.H. Gould, Civil Engineering Heritage: structural condition of the iron structure will be dealt with by Ireland (1998), 80-81(illus.); Brendan O'Donoghue, The Irish the engineers. Rust, corrosion and damaged metalwork are County Surveyors 1834-1944 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), obviously a defects to be dealt with. 267 It is an iron truss bridge Capping stones to the abutments on the North West end pier and the South West pier have been removed. The abutments, The Loop Line Bridge spanning the river Liffey in Dublin 1891 though ivy covered appear to be in good condition by John Chaloner Smith and William H. Mills is the best known

4 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

6.0. SIGNIFICANCE AND PROTECTION Job Reference 1735 A,Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall 6.1. Assessment of Significance Inspected 13 March 2020

Protected Structure nos. LHS024-006/MH020-111

NIAH APPRAISAL NIAH Reg No 14402005

This iron girder bridge is a fine example of nineteenth century Rating Regional engineering. It was designed by engineering company A. Tate and Coordinates 304527, 276195 the county surveyors for Meath and Louth, Samuel Searanke and John Neville. The prefabricated girders, each weighing a staggering Assessment of the Architectural Interest of the bridge structure using twenty-eight tons, were transported up river from the works of the NIAH methodology Thomas Grendon & Co. in Drogheda to the site. Continuing in use Description today, it forms an important feature within the architectural heritage of County Louth. Single-span road bridge over river, built c.1869, comprising two wrought-iron double latticed girders with ashlar limestone Survey Data terminating piers.

Reg No 13902410 NIAH Detailed Architectural Appraisal Rating Regional This lattice girder or lattice truss appears to have been based Categories of Special Interest Architectural Technical on trussed bridges designed for timber in the USA.

Original Use Bridge However, design considerations required that an iron (as opposed to a wooden) structure required many of the latticed In Use As Bridge bars to be stiffened in the third dimension. Thus, on closer Date 1865 - 1870 examination, the delicate appearance of these early iron lattices is belied by this much more complex stiffening in the Coordinates 304533, 276210 thickness or third dimension. This complex stiffening is itself Date Recorded 19/07/2005 also sometimes described as a ‘lattice girder’, being composed of (typically) two or four parallel flat or angled iron 6.2. Protection bars, closely spaced but linked by lattice work. Such a Louth County Council, Record of Protected Structures member is better described as a "laced strut", and such members frequently form a significant part of a lattice girder. RPS No: LHS024-006 The use of laced struts within a lattice girder can be seen in Status: Protected Structure the two photographs of the c1860s lattice girder bridge at Llandeilo. Name: Obelisk Bridge The bridge is an interesting example of late nineteenth- Type: road bridge century engineering. The bridge is unusual in Meath due to Obelisk Bridge road bridge. 24. Single-span iron girder road bridge the form and the materials utilised in its construction. The over River Boyne, built 1868, on rock-faced limestone piers. Limestone bridge makes and a notable and positive contribution to the ashlar piers to North ... surrounding area and is inscribed: 'John Neville MRIA County Surveyor Engineer T Grendon & Co. Drogheda Contractors 1869'. NIAH_No: 13902410 Assessment following the methodology set out in the NIAH The assessment of the Architectural Interest of the bridge structure Handbook generally is based on the NIAH methodology Categories of Special Interest: Author: Cathal Crimmins The Planning and Development Act 2000 defines the NAME: Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth architectural heritage to be structures or parts of structures PREVIOUS NAME: which are of Architectural (A), Historical (H), Archaeological (Ag), Artistic (Ar), Cultural (C), Scientific (Sc), Social (So) or TOWN: TOWNLAND: COUNTY: Louth Technical (T) interest. The Categories of Special Interest can PLANNING AUTHORITY: Louth County Council be seen as a list of criteria to be considered when evaluating a structure. The categories are not mutually exclusive and a Classification: structure may be attributed with several of the categories. ORIGINAL TYPE Bridge The Planning and Development Act 2000 requires that a protected structure be of special interest under one or more IN USE As Bridge of the categories of interest. Date: 1860-1870

5 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

Architectural interest significance. Its lightness, simplicity in detail and lack of intermediate supports contrast with the heavy masonry The characteristics of architectural interest may be attributed abutments. Strype in his article on the bridge discussing the to a structure or part of a structure with such qualities as the points in favour of the bridge economy of material, small following: resistance to wind "and not the least favourable feature is 1. A generally agreed exemplar of good quality architectural the elegant and light appearance of the whole when design; completed. 2. The work of a known and distinguished architect, engineer, Historical interest designer or craftsman; The notion of historical interest underpins a general belief 3. An exemplar of a building type, plan-form, style or styles of that it is worthwhile to preserve and conserve structures, any period but also the harmonious interrelationship of sites and information from past centuries. The level of differing styles within one structure; importance of the historical connection and its relationship to the existing fabric of the structure should be assessed. 4. A structure which makes a positive contribution to its The historical interest relating to a structure or parts of a setting, such as a streetscape or a group of structures in an structure may be identified in various ways. urban area, or the landscape in a rural area; 1. A structure may have historical interest as the location of an important event that occurred in, or is associated with it, or by its association with a historic personality. Some events or associations may be so important that the place retains its significance regardless of subsequent alteration. Where an otherwise unremarkable structure has historical associations, it may be more appropriate to commemorate the association with a wall-mounted plaque. Where the decision is difficult, it is helpful to discover whether other buildings connected with the personality or event still exist (and if they are protected) and to make an assessment that takes account of the value of such a group.

2. A structure may have influenced, or been influenced by, a historic figure. Important people may have lived in the structure or have been otherwise associated with it – for example its patron, designer or builder. Places in which evidence of an association with a person survive, in situ, or 5. A structure with an interior that is well designed, rich in in which the settings are substantially intact, are of greater decoration, complex or spatially pleasing. significance than those which are much changed or in which CCA Comments much evidence does not survive. This section of the River Boyne is particularly scenic as can be seen in the early images. The single span lattice bridge 3. Historical interest can be attributed where light is thrown supported by masonry abutments is light, especially in on the character of a past age by virtue of the structure’s comparison to masonry bridges and is of special architectural design, plan, original use, materials or location.

6 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

4. A structure may be a memorial to a past event; understanding of any period or set of social conditions in the past (usually, but not always, the study of past societies). The characteristic of archaeological interest in the context of the 5. A structure itself may be an example of the effects of RPS must be related to a structure. change over time. The design and fabric of the structure may Structures of special archaeological interest may also be contain evidence of its former use or symbolic meaning. This protected under the National Monuments Acts. may be the case with former gaols or churches that have since changed and, in so doing, illustrate a historic Structures can have the characteristics of both archaeological development. and architectural interest as these are not mutually exclusive. For example, the party walls or basements of houses of later appearance may contain medieval fabric and reveal 6. Some fixtures and features may survive, for example in information of archaeological interest. The standing walls of consistory courts and courts of law, that are important a sixteenth-century towerhouse will have both characteristics evidence of former liturgical or legal practice and may have of interest. Fragments of early fabric, including carved or special historical interest for that reason. worked stone, may have been re-used in later buildings giving these structures archaeological significance as the current context of historically significant material. A complex 7. Some unusual structures may have historical or socio- of industrial buildings may have archaeological interest historical interest, for example, early electricity substations, because of its potential to reveal artefacts and information ‘Emergency’ era military pillboxes or sentry-boxes. Although about the evolution of industry that may be useful to not yet of popular heritage significance, such structures can archaeologists, historians and the public. nonetheless have special historical and social interest. CCA Comments Its archaeological interest in this 8. Special historical interest area of the Boyne is reported on by may exist because of the rarity ACS in their assessment. of a structure. Either few structures of an identifiable type were built at a particular Artistic interest time, or few have survived. In Special artistic interest may be either case, the extant attributed to a structure itself, or structure may be one of the to a part of a structure, for its few representative examples of craftsmanship, design or its time that still exists in the decoration. Examples could national, regional or local area. include: The rarity of surviving examples of a building type 1. Examples of good craftsmanship; can ensure that special 2. Decoratively carved statuary or historical interest accrues to sculpture that is part of an them. A planning authority architectural composition; should give careful consideration to protecting 3. Decoratively-carved timber or any examples of rare ceramic-tiled shopfronts; structures in its area, bearing 4. Ornate plasterwork ceilings; in mind the degree to which past interventions may have 5. Decorative wrought-iron gates; altered their character. 6. Religious art in a place of public worship such as the CCA Comments Stations of the Cross or stained-glass windows; The bridge is of historic interest du to its construction on the 7. Fixtures and fittings such as carved fireplaces, staircases or site of the destroyed Obelisk and its form of construction. Its light-fittings; location near the Battle of the Boyne and Oldbridge house 8. Funerary monuments within a graveyard; adds to this interest. 9. The relationship of materials to each other and to the totality of the building in which they are situated, if these Archaeological interest have been designed as an ensemble. For an artistic work to be given protection under the Act, its degree of annexation to Special archaeological interest is essentially defined by the the structure should be taken into account. If the work of art degree to which material remains can contribute to our is effectively fixed to the structure, it can be considered a

7 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth part of the structure and therefore protected. the structural engineer in devising solutions to problems of spanning space and creating weatherproof enclosures. It may CCA Comments be found in structures which are important examples of The structure has artistic interest in the detailing of its iron virtuoso, innovative or unusual engineering design or use of work and simple stone abutments. materials. A structure may be of special technical interest for one or more of the following reasons: 1. It displays structural or engineering innovation evidenced in Cultural interest its design or construction techniques such as the use of The characteristic of cultural interest permeates the cast- or wrought-iron prefabrication or an early use of architectural heritage and can, in the broadest terms, concrete; Include aesthetic, historic, scientific, economic or social values 2. It is the work of a known and distinguished engineer; of past and present generations. Special cultural interest 3. It is an exemplar of engineering design practice of its time. apply to: For example, a bridge may be a masonry arch, an iron 1. Those structures to which the Granada Convention refers as suspension or a concrete span; more modest works of the past that have acquired cultural 4. It displays technically unusual or innovative construction or significance with the passing of time’; cladding materials, such as early examples of glazed curtain 2. Structures that have literary or cinematic associations, walling, prefabricated concrete plank cladding or Coade stone; particularly those that have a strong recognition value; 5. Contains innovative mechanical fixtures, machinery or plant 3. Other structures that illustrate the development of society, or industrial heritage artefacts that describe the character of such as early schoolhouses, library buildings, swimming baths production processes. The specifically industrial aspect of or printworks. If these associations are not related to specific some sites like mill buildings, mill-ponds, tailings or derelict aspects of the physical fabric of a structure, consideration mines can often have a technical heritage value; could be given to noting them by a tourism plaque or other 6. Purely special technical interest can be ascribed to the such device. innovative engineering qualities of a structure, as distinct CCA Comments from the building’s appropriateness for use, or its appearance or form. Due to its architectural and historic interest is of cultural interest. CCA Comments The bridge is a good example of engineering structure, innovative at the time of construction. There are only a few Scientific interest examples of wrough-iron truss bridges in Ireland, those at The scientific interest, or research value, of a structure will Ballyduff Upper (M25) over the River Blackwater, County depend on the importance of the data involved and on its Waterford and the Obelisk Bridge being good exmples. rarity and/or quality. Its scientific interest should also be assessed as to how well it represents the area of research in question and the degree to which the structure may Social interest contribute further objective information. For example: The characteristic of special social interest embraces those 1. The results of scientific research may be seen in the qualities for which a structure, a complex or an area has execution of the structure; become a focus of spiritual, political, symbolic or other sentiment to any group of people. A community may have an 2. The materials used in the structure may have the potential attachment to a place because it is an essential reference to contribute to scientific research, for example extinct pollen point for that community’s identity, whether as a meeting or plant species preserved in the base layers of ancient thatch place or a place of tradition, ritual or ceremony. The roofs; configuration, disposition or layout of a space or group of 3. The structure may be associated with scientific research structures, where they facilitate behaviour that would that has left its mark on the place, such as early Ordnance otherwise be difficult or impossible, may be of social interest. Survey benchmarks carved into stonework. This category of special interest may sometimes not be directly related to the physical fabric of a particular structure CCA Comments or structures and may survive physical alteration. Care should The structural transition from a wooden lattice structure to a be taken to recognise the pattern or internal relations of the metal one gives the bridge some scientific interest. parts of the structure that constitute its special interest, in order to ensure that they be conserved. 1. The fixtures and features that testify to community Technical interest involvement in the creation of a structure, or have a spatial Special technical interest in a structure relates to the art of form or layout indicating community involvement in the use of

8 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth a structure, could include such elements as memorials, CONSERVATION METHODOLOGY FOR CONSERVING THE FABRIC statues or stained-glass panels. OF THE BRIDGE 2. A structure may display vernacular traditions of construction and may be set in a group or area which PROPOSED USE: illustrates the social organisation of the inhabitants. Most The present use is to continue as a vehicular bridge. obviously this would include thatched cottages. In vernacular buildings, elements of the plan-form (for example, direct- INVESTIGATIONS: entry, lobby-entry, doors opposite one another, bed outshots Several investigations have been carried out including etc), as well as the roofing material of otherwise ordinary inspections by Roughan O'Donovan engineers. A series structures may be distinctive and have special social interest. of opening up and investigations will be carried out to determine the condition of concealed fabric: 3. Types of decoration may have artistic as well as social interest, such as shell houses or the local manifestation of The works must adhere to the conservation principles set out exuberant or astylar stucco decoration where it is particular in the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local to a town or region. Government’s Protection Guidelines for Planning Authorities 4. A social interest could also be attributed to structures (2004) and the Departments advice series publications on illustrating the social philosophy of a past age, as in the case various elements of philanthropic housing developments. Structures which CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHY: illustrate a particular lifestyle or social condition, for example The proposed conservation work will be carried out in holy wells, are to be found in many parts of the country. Care accordance with the principles of the Venice and Burra must be taken to ensure that there is sufficient physical Charters produced by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and amended fabric to such places for them to be defined as ‘structures’. in 1981, 1988, 1999 and 2013. This document defines current conservation terminology and makes sensible CCA Comments recommendations for its practice. These include Principles, As a connection between Counties Louth and Meath it has a It is intended in all cases where possible to carry out repairs rather than replace materials. 7.0. THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT Repairs are to be carried out without an attempt to disguise or artificial ageing and new repairs should be discernible 7.1. Appraisal of the Proposed Works without detracting from the structure. The development consists of the refurbishment of the bridge It is intended that unsatisfactory alterations that disfigure The works include the cleaning, repairs to the ironwork. The earlier work of greater merit should be reversed, where work will require the repair to stonework at the abutments, feasible. This especially applies to the removal of exposed including removal of plant growth, replacement of missing services. and mis-aligned stonework, cleaning and repointing of the Detailed inspections and investigative works shall be limestone blocks and parapets. . carried out prior to the commencement of the programme of conservation works under the direction of the Engineer 7.2. Conclusion and Conservation Architect who will advise on conservation The bridge is on the Record of Protected Structures in aspects of the scheme throughout all stages. the County Louth Development Plan. It been listed by the It is an objective that the highest conservation standards will National Inventory of Architectural Heritage as of Regional apply to the contract. Importance. The bridge is of architectural, historical, As a general principle as much of the original material as technical and social interest and would be considered as of possible is to be retained and reused in its present location. Regional Importance. All works, repairs, alterations and making good to the original fabric are to be in accordance with the conservation The development consists of refurbishment and it is methodology. intended that there will be no change in the appearance Conservation work will be based on an understanding of the of the bridge wall and parapet., apart from a visual structure and its development. improvement owing to the repairs, re-pointing and painting. The aim will be to recover and retain the significance of the The historical significance of the bridge is not lost and there structures while allowing alterations that provide a use that is no aesthetic implications. Therefore there is no impact will ensure the survival of the structure. on the character of the historic structure and therefore All features and materials of importance to maintain the considered exempt for the need to apply for planning structure’s character will be retained including features of all permission. ages. The objective is to ‘hold’ these monuments, to stabilise them and slow down the deterioration of their structure as far as is practicable and that the bridge and abutments should not look very different after conservation works except that the fabric is more stable and secure. All efforts will be taken to

9 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth ensure that necessary new work on the historic structures PROPOSED WORKS: looks appropriate and is in keeping with the fabric, materials The works proposed to the historic bridge wall and parapet. and style of the original work. However, it should be possible are indicated in detail on the Engineer’s drawings. This to ‘read’ changes, both modern and historic, through close conservation methodology incorporated specifications that inspection. No important architectural features, later changes, may be used in contract documents. The works consist of the or other features of the monument should be masked, refurbishment of the bridge structure including original mortar, where this is sound. It should always be the intent to restrict all interventions GENERAL DIRECTION TO CONTRACTOR to the minimum that is consistent with the established The bridge is a historic structure and great care must be taken philosophy and the appropriate use, reuse, and continued at all times to protect any artefacts and any part of the bridge survival of the structure. fabric, fittings etc. that could be damaged due to the works. The philosophy of doing ‘as little as possible and as much as All works to be supervised by Conservation Architect with necessary’ applies here. experience in conservation/restoration of historic bridges. It is the objective to carry out works limited to that essential All contractors/site personnel and their staff will be required for the survival of the bridge. to have read this method statement. Detailed daily records including photographs are to be kept SPECIALIST CONSERVATION CONTRACTOR of the works at all stages and the Conservation Officer will be The main conservation contractor is responsible for all and kept informed of progress with regular reports. must have experience in working with historic structures and Provide such protection as is necessary to prevent the ingress must be approved by the Conservation Architect and he shall of rainwater and or ground/surface water to the structure or provide method statements to demonstrate how fabric will be staining, splashing etc. protected, labelled, stored, cleaned etc. Confirm items and elements that are to be protected by contractor before commencement of work. FOREMAN: Prepare softwood or other supports protection as required. The Conservation Contractor shall provide full and adequate Buffer or double wrap to all door frames, other carved supervision and site administration during the progress elements and elsewhere in work zones and approach routes. of the works and shall keep a competent and authorised Scaffolding will be erected as required and dismantled by foreman constantly on the works. Craftsmen, domestic sub- competent scaffolders. contractors and specialists appointed by the contractor will Extreme care will be taken to avoid any damage to the stone have to be experts in their field and demonstrate experience work/fabric by the scaffolding during erection, while in place in similar work. This especially applies to cast iron and metal and when being dismantled. work sub-contractors and stonework contractors. All necessary precautions will be taken to ensure no damage All services such as drains, water supply etc will be properly SUPERVISION blanked off or sealed to prevent damage directly or indirectly All works to the historic fabric of the structures shall be to the structure fabric. Hand operated equipment is only carried out under the supervision of the contractor with allowed. The use of pneumatic drills, hammers etc is to be advise and inspections by the conservation architect and carefully monitored and are to be used only if no damage no taking down, opening up nor is any feature or fitting to through vibration or otherwise is being caused to the masonry be removed without his/her approval. The contractor is to walls and only with the prior approval of the Conservation inform the workforce, other parties, sub-contractors and Architect. suppliers, of what is expected of them and to enforce good The contractor is to take all necessary precautions to protect practice in relation to standards, Health and safety and waste the structure fabric from collapse/damage during the works. management. The contractor will be required to prepare a program of work for the approval of the Conservation Architect prior to the SCAFFOLDING: commencement of the works, to ensure the sequencing of Provide all necessary scaffolding to the structure including work is compatible with the fabric. the towers and any necessary internal scaffolding. During the course of re-construction the bridge and its elements shall be protected from damage. Retention of HEALTH AND SAFETY: existing fabric shall include protection during construction Address all health and safety issues in connection with contaminating materials. Construction work on historic HEALTH AND SAFETY AND LIME MORTAR: structures must comply fully with the Safety, Health and Working practices with lime mortars will generally fall within Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 5.1 504 of 2006. the scope of the Health and Safety at Work legislation. Lime The contractor should be aware of the particular challenges products should be handled with care. They are a caustic of retaining as much as possible of the fabric of a historic alkali and are irritant or drying to the skin and particularly structure and providing a safe working environment during dangerous to the eyes. Lime is considered a hazard, and as construction. Particular care should be taken in relation to such, must be risk assessed, and personnel working with lime should be informed of the findings of the risk assessment.

10 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

those resulting from the removal of services, at the direction HAZARDS: of the Conservation Architect. Cavities to be filled are to be Skin contact: avoid skin contact wherever possible. Especially thoroughly cleaned out and prepared, filled with individual, in warmer weather, shaven parts of the face and neck are well compacted layers of lime mortar, coloured to match the liable to irritation. Eye contact: lime dust in the eyes is surrounding masonry. extremely painful and may cause damage. Inhalation: inhaling Proprietary repair mortars are not to be used. lime dust may cause throat irritation. Ingestion: slaked lime is likely to cause irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract if REPLACEMENT STONE swallowed in large doses. Personal Protective Equipment: Wear In all cases, repairs should be carried out rather than clothes that provide maximum skin cover. Wear protective replacing materials. Where possible the existing material gloves. In wet conditions, or where the hands may come into including cut stone, stone boulders and bedding stones are contact with lime putty or milk of lime, waterproof gloves to be salvaged for re-use in their original positions. The use should be used. Use a barrier cream on the hands, wrists and of replacement stone is to be kept to a minimum and is to exposed areas of the skin. Use eye protection when working be sourced to match the existing material, colour, texture with lime based materials overhead. Wear goggles to prevent and surface finish. Samples of replacement stone are to be lime entering the eyes. Full, wide-vision goggles with anti-mist provided for the approval of the design team. properties are preferred. Wear a dust mask when exposed to lime dust. A dust mask consisting of gauze-covered aseptic INDENT REPAIRS cotton wool filter pads, held in a wire frame with a headband, Indent repairs will only be considered where the masonry is effective for protecting the mouth and nose. repair specialist can produce a sample stone which is an exact match for the existing. Where an exact match is not SURVEY, DEMOLITION AND REMOVALS: possible, the new stone should be slightly less resistant to Before commencing demolition or removal of fabric, carry out the effects of weathering compared to the existing stone, a survey of the bridge and provide method statement for the acting sacrificially to preserve the original masonry. The carrying out of the works. existing stone is to be inspected, measured and recorded The Contractor is advised to visit the site and examine the to ensure that the replacement stone size, mortar joint and existing structure, etc. in order to ascertain their nature, and finish accurately reinstate the existing and beds into the the extent of the work involved in their retention where shown surrounding masonry including the original surface tooling, and their removal where necessary. the angle and depth of any chisel marks, the size of any Parts of structures to be removed are to be carefully taken borders, and the number of grooves that are incised into the down and stored for re-use in repairs or making good. face of the stone. Care is to be exercised when cutting out the Old materials, if considered suitable by the Architect may decayed stone to avoid chipping the edges of the remaining subsequently be re-used, always to the Architect’s approval. surrounding blocks. A sufficient depth of stone needs to be No structures, etc. are to be taken down or otherwise removed to provide a ‘bed’ for the new stone, typically 100 interfered with unless, and until, written instructions are mm deep, ensuring that it sits securely once inserted into received from the Architect. Remove all debris from site. the space previously occupied by the decayed stone. Where a partial indent of a damaged ashlar block will be required, FEATURES TO BE RETAINED: additional attention to detail is required so that the surface General: Keep in place and protect original masonry and metal tooling and edge border detailing accurately match the fabric, and materials for recycling remaining tooling. In addition, the joint between the two stones should be cut as finely as possible to help the indent MASONRY WALLS GENERAL: tie in better. RAKING OUT No attempt is to be made to artificially weather or distress Any pinnings (spalls) dislodged in raking out should be the finished surface of the replacement stone. retrieved and reused. Mortar should be raked out using hand Any voids behind the indent should be firmly packed with tools only. Sample sections of raking out, 1m x 1m square are mortar and in final positioning of the indent, it should be set to be prepared for the approval of the design team. so that the external face aligns evenly with the surrounding The use of mechanical tools in the hands of specialist original face of the bridge wall and parapet.. conservators may be appropriate for the removal of later cement repointing but this must be agreed with the design STONE CLEANING team prior to their use on the walls. Sample panels of minimum size 600 x 600mm are to be prepared to test all proposed cleaning products and MORTAR OR ‘PLASTIC’ REPAIR OF CUT STONE techniques. The location of sample panels is to be agreed Parapet wall limestone coping stones are all to be repaired. with the conservation architect and is to take in masonry Only minor repairs and re-pointing should be considered. in various locations and conditions. Before and after Retain where possible original pointing. Mortar repairs are photographs will be required for comparison. Sample panels temporary in nature and are not to be used except for areas will be assessed on their clean and fully dried appearance. of minor, isolated damage and localised repairs, particularly Generally masonry is to be cleaned by spraying clean potable

11 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth water in a mist before brushing with soft, compact bristle dampen down the inside of the drum. Switch the mixer off brushes. Ferrous metal bristle brushes are not to be used. before adding two-thirds of the water and half the sand Before washing all points where water may penetrate must followed by all of the lime. Switch the mixer on, allow the be temporarily sealed and adequate drainage provided water to fully disperse throughout the mixture (15-20 mins) to cope with the run-off of the excess water. Sealing open before adding the rest of the sand and more water if required. joints can be achieved by the use of twists of waxed string or Use mortar within about two hours of mixing at normal mastic beads. After cleaning, these are carefully stripped-out temperatures. Do not use after the initial set has taken place before repointing. Stubborn dirt including algae, bitumen and do not re temper. Keep plant and banker boards clean at and modern paints and coatings may be removed using a all times. proprietary steam system at 150 ºC on the basis of cleaning trials and only as agreed with the conservation architect. Mild REPOINTING detergents and other surfactants, with or without very dilute Repointing has the potential to cause physical damage to acids may be used on the basis of cleaning trials and only the walls, radically alter their appearance and substantially as agreed with the conservation architect. Where chemical detracting from their character and quality. washes are proposed and accepted, only solutions with Repointing is only to be carried out as necessary where the concentrations of below 1% are to be used, with minimum existing pointing has deteriorated and is causing damage to periods of contact with the historic masonry. Stone surfaces the stonework or other fabric. Sound old pointing should be must be pre-wetted and after the cleaning material has been left undisturbed, as it is an essential part of the fabric and on the face of the stone (for typically 2 to 5 minutes) it must character of the historic walls which should not be removed be very thoroughly washed off. Pre-wetting and washing unnecessarily. New pointing should be subservient to the off should be carried out with a pressure not exceeding stonework and ribbon, weatherstruck or strap-pointing will 2760 kPa (400-psi). Poulticing may be required for treating not be accepted. New pointing is to match the colour, profile specific types of heavy soiling or stains, especially complex and texture of the original joints including the grain size, forms such as oil, grease, or paint. Surfactants, or solvents, colour and shape of aggregates. Sample sections of re- are placed against the face of the masonry by means of a pointing 1m x 1m are to be prepared for the approval of the proprietary poultice following the manufacturers’ instructions. design team. Compressed air and abrasives are not to be used to clean the historic masonry SERVICES, WEED GROWTH: Remove any obsolete service wires and pipes and tidy up all HYDRAULIC LIME MORTAR: retained services to be retained Remove any ivy growth from Mortar is to be St. Astier NHL (or similar approved) and all surfaces and allow for treatment of all walls and other aggregate at 3:1. surfaces with fungicide where instructed. NHL 3.5 is to be used for general walling with NHL 5 for base course and coping. MORTAR: Mortar: to be in hydraulic lime and aggregate. NHL3.5 for AGGREGATES: general walling, NHL5 for base course and coping. 5mm Wexford beach sand (or similar approved) up to 75% of Aggregate to be of coarse composition, with gravel, brick, the total mix. Substitute sand will not be accepted solely on shell, and other additives. compliance with a British Standard as the grading of these sands is too wide making some sands unsuitable for making MAKING MORTAR: lime mortars. Measure materials by volume using clean gauge boxes. In addition to sand, 6mm washed gravel from the same Proportions of mixes are for dry sand; allow for bulking if source is to be added, up to 5% by volume of the aggregate, sand is damp. Where a range is given (e.g. 5-6), use higher with brick fragments, and other material. Sand should be value for well-graded sand and lower value for coarse already washed clean of very fine particles of silt and free or uniformly fine sand. Mix ingredients thoroughly to a from salts. It should be well graded, with a range of particle consistence suitable for the work and free from lumps. Do sizes, with the highest proportion around the mid-range. · It not overmix mortars containing plasticisers. Use mortar should be ‘sharp’, that is a high proportion of angular grains, within about two hours of mixing at normal temperatures. which will fit closely together, producing a well-bonded Do not use after the initial set has taken place and do not mortar. The proportion of voids in the sand should be around retemper. Keep plant and banker boards clean at all times. 33-35%, WORKMANSHIP: MAKING MORTAR Preparation for use: Remove the quantity of coarse stuff Measure materials by volume using clean gauge boxes. Under necessary for one day’s work on to a clean boarded platform. no circumstances is a shovel to be used. Proportions of mixes Mix again, chopping, beating and ramming. A minimal amount are for dry sand; allow for bulking if sand is damp. of additional water may be added to increase plasticity., if the A conventional cement mixer can be used although a roll coarse stuff is too crumbly. Chopping and beating alone will pan or paddle mixer is preferable. Switch the mixer on and render the coarse stuff more plastic without the addition of

12 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth more water. In no case must mortar be used after the initial structure again, all elevations and external details, all wall set has taken place. Reconstitution of mortar will not be faces, and details prior to the commencement, during and permitted. at the end of a contract. The record should be lodged in the Irish Architectural Archive. SAND Roadstone Medium Washed Sand should be acceptable. In addition to sand, 6mm washed gravel from the same source is to be added to the mix up to 5% by volume of the aggregate, with brick fragments, and other material added. Sand should be already washed clean of very fine particles of silt and free from salts. It should be well graded, with a range of particle sizes, with the highest proportion around the mid range. · It should be ‘sharp’, that is a high proportion of angular grains, which will fit closely together, producing a well-bonded mortar. An aggregate containing too many rounded grains will produce a material that is easily worked with, but will bond poorly. The proportion of voids in the sand should be around 33-35%, which means the proportion of lime added should be around one third of the aggregate’s compacted volume to fill all the voids and cover all the sand grains. The exact ratios will be worked out in advance in relation to the sand to be used. If not enough lime is used, then some voids will not be filled, and this will enable moisture to settle, freeze and expand during the winter, damaging the mortar. On site, a lime deficient mortar can be made more workable by the addition of water. This is very bad practice, as it will ultimately result in a weak mortar, prone to increased drying and shrinkage. Although sands may comply with the relevant British Standards, the grading of these sands is quite wide, and a sand passing the British Standard may not necessarily be suitable for making a good lime mortar. Therefore, sand should not be selected solely on compliance with a British Standard.

AGGREGATES: The main aggregate in lime mortar is sand, although clay, crushed shell, crushed brick and others were historically used in many cases. The aggregate in a mortar can be up to 75% of the total mix, so choosing the correct type and balance of aggregate is crucial to the workability, performance and therefore success of the mortar.

METALWORKER: Metal work contractors should be experienced in this type of work and should be able to show that they have undertaken work of this nature before.

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION. The mechanical and electrical installation shall be in accordance with the Mechanical and Electrical Engineer’s details and this methodology. Use existing pipe and wiring runs where available. All light fittings to be low energy light fittings. Wiring to be concealed in trunking or conduits and the installation of cables should be concealed where possible.

RECORD OF EXISTING Structure: The drawings photographs and this report will form part of the record of the bridge. It is proposed to photograph the

13 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1. P1070775 JPG 2 P1070776.JPG

3 P1070728.JPG 4 P1070779

5 P1070730.JPG 6 P1070732

1. Sty to the South giving access to the bridge and the river for fishermen.

2 Distant view from the South West

3 View from the South West

4 Approach bend from the South without footpaths.

5 Collapsed stonework on the approach wall from the South West

6 Ivy covered South West abutment

14 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1 P1070783.JPG 2 P1070784.JPG

3 P1070785.JPG 4 P1070786.JPG

5 P1070787.JPG 6 P1070788.JPG Detail

1. South East abutment ivy covered

2 looking North from South side. It would appear that the road was replaced with concrete

3 detail of recessed panelled South West abutment

4 Ivy covered wall

5 Missing and dislodged capping stone

6 Detail of metal joint

15 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1 P1070789.JPG 2 P1070790 JPG

3 P1070791.JPG 4 P1070792.JPG

5 P1070793.JPG 6 P1070794

1. bottom of truss detail showing lattice work. 6 detail of junction between truss and North East abutment.

2 truss detail where it meets the abutment.

3 top of truss detail

4 top member of truss detail

5 North East abutment where it meets the truss

16 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1 P1070795.JPG 2 P1070796.JPG

3 P1070797.JPG 4 P10707598.JPG

5 P1070800

1. North East panelled abutment showing staining 6 View to South

2 View to South with abutment missing capstone.

3 Distant view to South showin east approach wall

4 Distant view to South

5 View to South showing stone capped wall.

17 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1 P1070801.JPG 2 P1070802.JPG

3 P1070803.JPG 4 P1070804.JPG

5 P1070805.JPG 6 P1078064

1. Ivy covered low stone wall 6 View from the bridge

2 Missing cap stone

3 Fine stonework joints.

4 Junction of truss to abutment

5 close detail of junction

18 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1 P1070765.JPG 2 P1070766.JPG

3 P1070767 JPG 4 P1070768.JPG

5 P1070769.JPG 6 P1070770

1. fine lattice work. 6 looking north

2 metal junction with stonework

3 lattice detail.

4 North West junction

5 North east junction

19 Conservation Report on the proposed rehabilitation works to Obelisk Bridge, Townleyhall, County Louth

1 P1070765.JPG 2 P1070766.JPG

3 P1070767 JPG

1. Missing capstone

2 detail of recessed panel

3 Lattice work

20