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Lawful Violence: the Relationship Between Marriage and Conflict in the Wars of the Roses

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Lawful Violence: the Relationship Between Marriage and Conflict in the Wars of the Roses Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2021 Lawful Violence: The Relationship between Marriage and Conflict in the Wars of the Roses Hannah R. Keller Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Keller, Hannah R., "Lawful Violence: The Relationship between Marriage and Conflict in the arsW of the Roses" (2021). Master's Theses. 5217. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5217 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAWFUL VIOLENCE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND CONFLICT IN THE WARS OF THE ROSES by Hannah R. Keller A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Western Michigan University June 2021 Thesis Committee: Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D., Chair James Palmitessa, Ph.D. Elizabeth Teviotdale, Ph.D. LAWFUL VIOLENCE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND CONFLICT IN THE WARS OF THE ROSES Hannah R. Keller, M.A. Western MiChigan University, 2021 England’s King Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464. Edward’s sister Margaret of York married Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in 1468. Both Marriages ocCurred during England’s fifteenth-Century confliCt, the Wars of the Roses. And both created ConfliCt between Edward, RiChard Neville, the Earl of WarwiCk, and France’s King Louis XI. Most historians regard this confliCt as either a sign of or product of disorder. I, however, argue that both marriages could have been a CalCulated form of “lawful” violence known as disworship used to daMage the politiCal capital of WarwiCk and Louis and thereby instigate war with France. Disworship was the aCt of daMaging a lord’s influence in politiCs (worship). To regain his worship, the offended lord had to respond by issuing a lawsuit or calling for armed combat. Whoever lost this contest lost his worship permanently, so disworship Could be an effeCtive Means to oust one’s opponents. Since disworship was often desCribed through eMotions such as “hate,” “anger,” or “grief,” I exaMine chroniCles, letters, genealogies, and literary works to show how their eMotional language suggests that the marriages disworshipped WarwiCk and Louis and provoked theM to respond with violence. This study nuances conceptions of the Wars of the Roses as a period of disorder by suggesting that some of the confliCt could have had a strategy to it. This thesis also allows for a reexaMination of medieval marriage strategies that do not Conform to typiCal understandings of marriage as a peaCe-keeping meChanisM. Copyright by Hannah R. Keller 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by thanking my family and friends. This project has been in development for several years, and I am thankful to those who have provided the support and encouragement throughout this process and to those who have listened to earlier versions of this thesis. I would next like to thank Dr. Abigail Dowling. She was kind enough to encourage a girl who wondered whether medieval marriage could be used to create conflict. Without her support during my undergraduate and graduate studies, I would not have been able to carry this project to completion. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Robert Berkhofer, Dr. James Palmitessa, and Dr. Elizabeth Teviotdale. Their faith in the project and their feedback have been instrumental in helping me to complete this thesis. To Dr. Berkhofer, especially, I appreciate the time and effort that he has dedicated in helping me organize this project and navigate the thesis process. I also owe thanks to Dr. John Scott and Dr. Sarah Gardner who supervised undergraduate papers from which this project sprang. The insight that each of these scholars has provided has strengthened my work and has made me a better researcher and writer. And finally, I owe gratitude to the Department of History at Western Michigan University for providing funding to order digital copies of manuscripts at the British and Bodleian Libraries. I would also like to express gratitude to these libraries for fulfilling these requests in a timely manner. Without these manuscripts, the thesis would not be as strong. ii Acknowledgements—Continued Writing this thesis during the COVID-19 pandemic has not been easy, and I am thankful to all who have helped in making this dream a reality. Hannah R. Keller iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 Historians on the Wars of the Roses ................................................................................ 1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 5 Summary of the Chapters and the Sources Used ............................................................. 7 CHAPTER 1: WORSHIP AND DISWORSHIP ............................................................ 12 Defining Worship .......................................................................................................... 12 Defining Disworship ...................................................................................................... 16 Disworship as Lawful Violence ..................................................................................... 18 Responses to Disworship ............................................................................................... 22 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 2: DISWORSHIP AND EDWARD IV’S MARRIAGE ............................ 33 The Marriage as a Love Match ...................................................................................... 34 Medieval Notions of “Love” .......................................................................................... 36 The Duke of York’s Rhetoric of Worship and Disworship ............................................ 41 Edward IV’s Rhetoric of Worship and Disworship ....................................................... 48 Edward’s Marriage in the Chronicles ............................................................................ 56 iv Table of Contents—Continued Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 3: DISWORSHIP AND MARGARET OF YORK’S MARRIAGE ........ 72 Margaret’s Marriage as an Alliance ............................................................................... 72 The Marriage and Conflict ............................................................................................. 75 The Politics Behind Burgundian Marriage Ceremonies ................................................. 80 Disworship in the Wedding Festivities .......................................................................... 83 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 99 Primary Sources—Unpublished ..................................................................................... 99 Primary Sources—Published ......................................................................................... 99 Secondary Sources ........................................................................................................ 101 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Philadelphia Free Library, MS Lewis E 201, membrane 9 ............................ 49 2. Philadelphia Free Library, MS Lewis E 201, membrane 9 ............................ 49 3. Philadelphia Free Library, MS Lewis E 201, membrane 9 ............................ 51 vi 1 INTRODUCTION On July 28, 1468, Margaret of York wed Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy. Margaret was the sister of England’s King Edward IV, and several attendees at the wedding noted their awe at the magnificence of the pageants and banquets. One fifteenth-century chronicler, however, was more concerned with the effects of the marriage. He wrote that Margaret’s marriage was “the real cause of dissension between” Edward and his ally, Richard Neville, the 16th Earl of Warwick, not “the marriage between the king and Queen Elizabeth” in 1464.1 This is not the commentary a medieval historian would expect to read about an elite marriage in the fifteenth century. This marriage was between two members of the aristocracy. It involved the union of two political bodies. These conditions suggest that the marriage should have been a way to secure an alliance between England and Burgundy. Instead, the chronicler suggests that this marriage led to conflict and that others believed Edward’s marriage four years earlier had produced the same result. Historians
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