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Significance of Mineralogy in the Development of Flowsheets for Processing Uranium Ores
JfipwK LEACHING TIME REAGENTS TEMPERATURE FLOCCULANT CLARITY AREA COUNTER CURRENT DECANTATION It 21 21 J^^LJt TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No.19 6 Significance of Mineralogy in the Development of Flowsheets for Processing Uranium Ores \W# INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1980 SIGNIFICANCE OF MINERALOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWSHEETS FOR PROCESSING URANIUM ORES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ALBANIA HUNGARY POLAND ALGERIA ICELAND PORTUGAL ARGENTINA INDIA QATAR AUSTRALIA INDONESIA ROMANIA AUSTRIA IRAN SAUDI ARABIA BANGLADESH IRAQ SENEGAL BELGIUM IRELAND SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA ISRAEL SINGAPORE BRAZIL ITALY SOUTH AFRICA BULGARIA IVORY COAST SPAIN BURMA JAMAICA SRI LANKA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAPAN SUDAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JORDAN SWEDEN CANADA KENYA SWITZERLAND CHILE KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA KUWAIT THAILAND COSTA RICA LEBANON TUNISIA CUBA LIBERIA TURKEY CYPRUS LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA UGANDA CZECHOSLOVAKIA LIECHTENSTEIN UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MADAGASCAR UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALAYSIA REPUBLICS DENMARK MALI UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ECUADOR MEXICO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EGYPT MONACO IRELAND EL SALVADOR MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MOROCCO CAMEROON FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NEW ZEALAND TANZANIA GABON NICARAGUA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NIGER URUGUAY GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA VENEZUELA GHANA NORWAY VIET NAM GREECE PAKISTAN YUGOSLAVIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ZAIRE HAITI PARAGUAY ZAMBIA PERU The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. -
The Atomic Arrangement of Ojuelaite, Znfe~ + (AS04)2(OH)204H20
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 519 MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, JUNE 1996, VOL. 60, PP 519-521 The atomic arrangement of ojuelaite, ZnFe~ + (AS04)2(OH)204H20 John M. Hughes Department of Geology, Erich S. Bloodaxe Miami University, Kyle D. Kobel Oxford, OR 45056, USA John W. Drexler Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA OJUELAITEwas described from its occurrence at the site in whitmoreite (Moore et at., 1974). Refinement Ojuela mine in Mapimi, Mexico by Cesbron et al. of electron occupancy of the site yielded 28.0 (1981). Those authors suggested that the phase was electrons, as opposed to 29.0 by electron probe, isostructural with whitmoreite (Moore et at., 1974), a supporting the lack of saturation of the site by Zn. It phase of interest because of the unique arrangement of is not known if the iron in the site is Fe2+ or if it is Fe octaheda in its octahedral sheet. Cesbron et at. Fe3+ that is charge-balanced by a mechanism such as (OH) substitution. (1981) also suggested that ojuelaite was isostructural a concomitant 0 =<== with arthurite, CuFd+(As04h(OHh.4H20 (Keller and Table 2 lists atomic coordinates, equivalent Hess, 1978). The common fibrous habit of ojuelaite, isotropic thermal parameters, and bond valence however, has precluded structure determination. sums before hydrogen bonding is calculated; We obtained a specimen of ojuelaite from the type Table 3 lists selected bond lengths. Structure locality that provided a single crystal suitable for factors and anisotropic thermal parameters may be structure determination. The structure study obtained from the editor. confirmed that ojuelaite is isostructural with whitmoreite and arthurite within the large constraints imposed by the requirements of the different TABLE 1. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Mixite Bicu6(Aso4)3(OH)6 • 3H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal
Mixite BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 • 3H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m. As acicular crystals, elongated along [0001], commonly in mats, radial fibrous aggregates, or cross-fiber veinlets. Physical Properties: Hardness = 3–4 D(meas.) = 3.79–3.83 D(calc.) = [4.04] Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Blue-green to emerald-green, pale green, white; pale green to colorless in transmitted light. Streak: Pale bluish green. Luster: Vitreous, silky in aggregates. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+). Pleochroism: O = colorless; E = bright green. Absorption: E > O. ω = 1.743–1.749 = 1.810–1.830 Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/m. a = 13.646(2) c = 5.920(1) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Anton mine, Germany. 12.03 (10), 2.46 (9), 3.57 (8), 2.95 (7), 2.86 (6), 2.70 (6), 2.57 (6) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) P2O5 1.05 0.06 As2O5 29.51 28.79 29.64 SiO2 0.42 Fe2O3 0.97 Bi2O3 12.25 11.18 20.03 FeO 1.52 CuO 44.23 43.89 41.04 ZnO 2.70 CaO 0.83 0.26 H2O 11.06 11.04 9.29 Total 100.45 99.31 100.00 • (1) J´achymov, Czech Republic. (2) Tintic district, Utah, USA. (3) BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 3H2O. Mineral Group: Mixite group. Occurrence: An uncommon secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of copper deposits. Association: Bismutite, smaltite, bismuth, atelestite, erythrite, malachite, barite. Distribution: From the Geister vein, Werner mine, J´achymov (Joachimsthal), Czech Republic. -
Liroconite Cu2al(Aso4)(OH)4 • 4H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Liroconite Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4 • 4H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as crystals with a flattened octahedral or lenticular aspect, dominated by {110} and {011} and striated parallel to their intersections, also {001}, {010}, {100}, to 3.6 cm, alone and in sub-parallel groups. May be granular, massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {110}, {011}, indistinct. Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 2.94–3.01 D(calc.) = [3.03] Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Sky-blue, bluish green, verdigris-green, emerald-green; pale blue to pale bluish green in transmitted light. Streak: Pale blue to pale green. Luster: Vitreous to resinous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: Y = b; Z ∧ a =25◦. Dispersion: r< v,moderate. α = 1.612(3) β = 1.652(3) γ = 1.675(3) 2V(meas.) = n.d. 2V(calc.) = 72(5)◦ Cell Data: Space Group: I2/a. a = 12.664(2) b = 7.563(2) c = 9.914(3) β =91.32(2)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Cornwall, England. 6.46 (10), 3.01 (10), 5.95 (9), 2.69 (6), 3.92 (5), 2.79 (5), 2.21 (5) Chemistry: (1) (2) P2O5 3.73 As2O5 23.05 26.54 Al2O3 10.85 11.77 Fe2O3 0.98 CuO 36.38 36.73 H2O 25.01 24.96 Total 100.00 100.00 • (1) Cornwall, England. (2) Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4 4H2O. Occurrence: A rare secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of some copper deposits. Association: Olivenite, chalcophyllite, clinoclase, cornwallite, strashimirite, malachite, cuprite, “limonite”. -
Iidentilica2tion and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
IIdentilica2tion and occurrence of uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus c By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL S U R V E Y BULL E TIN 1009-B For jeld geologists and others having few laboratory facilities.- This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE- INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan. Director Reprint, 1957 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofice Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , 40 41 42 42 1v CONTENTS Page 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 62 TABLES TABLE1. Optical properties of uranium minerals ______________________ 44 2. List of mine and mining district names showing county and State________________________________________---------- 60 IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKSand M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa- tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip- tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem- ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium arid vanadium minerals. -
Petersite, a REE and Phosphate Analog of Mixite
American Mineralogist, Volume 67, pages 1039-142, l9E2 Petersite,a REE and phosphateanalog of mixite DoNer-o R. PBecon Department of Geological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 nNn PBIB J. DUNN Department of Mineral Sciences Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.20560 Abstract The new mineral petersite (Y,REE,Ca)Cuo@Oa)I(OH)6.3H2O)occurs as a supergene mineral at the traprock quarry at Laurel Hill in Secaucus,New Jersey. It occurs in a brecciatedand mineralizedhornfels near a diabasecontact, in associationwith opal and malachite.Prismatic crystals less than 0. I mm in lengthwith forms {1010}and {0001}occur as radiatingsprays. It is optically uniaxial, positive,with or : 1.666(4) and e: 1.747(4). The measureddensity is 3.41g/cm3. Petersite is hexagonal,probable space group PQlm or P63,with a : 13.288(5)c : 5.877(5)4,V : 898.6(8)43,and Z:2.The strongestlines in the powderdiffraction pattern are: (d, intensity,index) I1.6, 100,100; 4.36, 50, 210;3.49,40, 2ll;2.877,40, 400;2.433, 60,212. The nameis in honorof Thomasand JosephPeters. Introduction under catalog # NMNH 148973at the Smithsonian Institution. The new mineral describedherein was sent to us for examinationby Mr. ThomasPeters of the Pater- Morphology son Museum,who had obtainedit from Mr. Nicho- Petersiteoccurs as prismatic hexagonalcrystals las Facciolla, who found it in early 1981. Mr. of simplemorphology. The only forms presentare Peters'examination by SEM techniquessuggested the prism {1010}, and the pinacoid {0001}. The a hexagonal morphology for the mineral and our crystals are usually euhedral and occur in radiating subsequentX-ray diffraction study showedit to be clustersand sprayswhich are somewhatisolated on hexagonaland isostructural with members of the the matrix (Fig. -
A Learning Guide on the Geology of the Cispus Environmental Center Area, Lewis County, Washington
A Learning Guide on the GEOLOGY OF THE CISPUS ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER AREA LEWIS COUNTY, WASHINGTON By J. ERIC SCHUSTER, GeoJo i t DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY Prepar d in coop ration with the Superintendent o Public Instruction 1973 CONTENTS Page Introd uctio n ................................................................... 1 Geo logic hi story ....................................•.......................... Genera I • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • • 1 Tower Rock . • . 4 Rock descriptions . • . • . • . • . • . • . • 5 0 hanapecosh Formation •... ... ................•...•...••.•.•....••••••• , 5 Fifes Peak Formation . • . 7 Tatoosh? pluton........................................................ 7 Quaternary rocks • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • • • • 8 Suggested exercises • . • . • . • . • • • • 10 Explanation of terms •...............................•...•....•...•........•••••• 13 Appendix A-Occurrences of metallic minera ls •................••..........••••••. 19 Appendix B-Occurrences of nonmetallic minerals •.................•......•••••••• 39 I LLUST RA Tl O NS Page Figure 1.-The formation of an angular unconformity 2 2.-Tower Rock as seen from the oppo site side of the Cispus River valley. View is toward the southeast ••......•.........•..• ;............ 4 3.-Line drawing showing alignment of mineral grains due to flow in mo I ten rock • . • • • .. • • • 6 4.-Line drawing of quartz and heulandite filling vesicles in flow rock. • • • • • • • • 6 5.- Geologic map and cross -
Formation of Chrysocolla and Secondary Copper Phosphates in the Highly Weathered Supergene Zones of Some Australian Deposits
Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 49–56. ISSN 0067-1975 Formation of Chrysocolla and Secondary Copper Phosphates in the Highly Weathered Supergene Zones of Some Australian Deposits MARTIN J. CRANE, JAMES L. SHARPE AND PETER A. WILLIAMS School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC NSW 1797, Australia [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT. Intense weathering of copper orebodies in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia has produced an unusual suite of secondary copper minerals comprising chrysocolla, azurite, malachite and the phosphates libethenite and pseudomalachite. The phosphates persist in outcrop and show a marked zoning with libethenite confined to near-surface areas. Abundant chrysocolla is also found in these environments, but never replaces the two secondary phosphates or azurite. This leads to unusual assemblages of secondary copper minerals, that can, however, be explained by equilibrium models. Data from the literature are used to develop a comprehensive geochemical model that describes for the first time the origin and geochemical setting of this style of economically important mineralization. CRANE, MARTIN J., JAMES L. SHARPE & PETER A. WILLIAMS, 2001. Formation of chrysocolla and secondary copper phosphates in the highly weathered supergene zones of some Australian deposits. Records of the Australian Museum 53(1): 49–56. Recent exploitation of oxide copper resources in Australia these deposits are characterized by an abundance of the has enabled us to examine supergene mineral distributions secondary copper phosphates libethenite and pseudo- in several orebodies that have been subjected to intense malachite associated with smaller amounts of cornetite and weathering. -
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE of COBALTARTHURITE, Co2+Fe3+ 2
733 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40, pp. 733-737 (2002) THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF COBALTARTHURITE, 2+ 3+ Co Fe 2(AsO4)2(OH)2•4H2O: A RIETVELD REFINEMENT MATI RAUDSEPP§ AND ELISABETTA PANI Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada ABSTRACT The crystal structure of cobaltarthurite from near Pastrana, southeastern Spain [monoclinic, a 10.2694(4), b 9.6790(3), c 5.5723(2) Å,  94.277(2)°, P21/c], has been refined to Rwp and RB indices of 7.7 and 1.7%, respectively, using the Rietveld method and X-ray powder-diffraction data. Cobaltarthurite is a newly discovered Co-dominant analogue of arsenate members of 2+ 3+ the arthurite group, with ideal formula Co Fe 2(AsO4)2(OH)2•4H2O. Results of the Rietveld refinement confirm that cobaltarthurite is isostructural with other members of the group. Electron-probe micro-analyses show that the formula is of ideal stoichiometry, with minor substitution of Mg, Mn, Ni, Cu and Ca for Co, and trace P and S substitution for As. Keywords: cobaltarthurite, arsenate, chemical analysis, arthurite group, crystal structure, Rietveld refinement, X-ray powder- diffraction. SOMMAIRE Nous avons affiné la structure cristalline de la cobaltarthurite découverte près de Pastrana, dans le sud-est de l’Espagne [monoclinique, a 10.2694(4), b 9.6790(3), c 5.5723(2) Å,  94.277(2)°, P21/c] selon la méthode de Rietveld utilisée avec des données en diffraction X, jusqu’à des indices de concordance Rwp et RB de 7.7 and 1.7%, respectivement. -
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THE AMERICAN MINER.{LOGIST, VOL. 55, SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1970 NEW MINERAL NAN4ES Polarite A. D GnNrrrv, T. L EvsrrcNrEVA, N. V. Tnoxnve, eno L. N. Vver.,sov (1969) polarite, Pd(Pb, Bi) a new mineral from copper-nickel sulfide ores.Zap. Vses.Mined. Obslrch. 98, 708-715 [in Russian]. The mineral was previouslv described but not named by cabri and rraill labstr- Amer. Mineral.52, 1579-1580(1967)lElectronprobeanalyseson3samples(av.of 16, 10,and15 points) gave Pd,32.1,34.2,32 8; Pb 35.2, 38.3,34 0; Bi 31.6, 99.1,334; sum 98 9, 102.8, 100.2 percent corresponding to Pcl (Pb, Bi), ranging from pd1.6 (pb04? Bi0.60)to pdro (PboogBio rs). X-ray powder daLa are close to those of synthetic PbBi. The strongest lines (26 given) are 2 65 (10)(004),2.25 (5)(331),2.16 (9)(124),1.638(5)(144). These are indexed on an orthorhombic cell with a7 l9l, D 8 693, c 10.681A. single crystal study could not be made. In polished section, white with 1'ellowish tint, birefringence not observed. Under crossed polars anisotropic with slight color effects from gray to pale brown Maximum reflectance is given at 16 wave lengths (t140 740 nm) 56.8 percent at 460 nm; 59.2 at 540; 59.6 at 580; 6I.2 at 660. Microhardness (kg/mmr) was measured on 3 grains: 205,232, av 217;168- 199, av 180; 205-232, av 219. The mineral occurs in vein ores of the'r'alnakh deposit amidst chalcopyrite, talnekhite, and cubanite, in grains up to 0.3 mm, intergro.wn with pdspb, Cupd6 (Sn, pb): (stannopal- ladinite), nickeloan platinum, sphalerite, and native Ag The name is for the occurence in the Polar urals. -
B Clifford Frondel
CATALOGUE OF. MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM -B CLIFFORD FRONDEL BU.LLETIN OF THEAMRICANMUSEUM' OF NA.TURAL HISTORY. VOLUME LXVII, 1935- -ARTIC-LE IX- NEW YORK Tebruary 26, 1935 4 2 <~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 - A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 4 A .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4- -> " -~~~~~~~~~4~~. v-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t V-~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'W. - /7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 7-r ~~~~~~~~~-A~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -'c~ ~ ~ ' -7L~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 54.9:07 (74.71) Article IX.-CATALOGUE OF MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY' BY CLIFFORD FRONDEL CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .................. 389 Definition.389 Literature.390 New Pseudomorphse .393 METHOD OF DESCRIPTION.393 ORIGIN OF SUBSTITUTION AND INCRUSTATION PSEUDOMORPHS.396 Colloidal Origin: Adsorption and Peptization.396 Conditions Controlling Peptization.401 Volume Relations.403 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.403 INTRODUCTION DEFINITION.-A pseudomorph is defined as a mineral which has the outward form proper to another species of mineral whose place it has taken through the action of some agency.2 This precise use of the term excludes the regular cavities left by the removal of a crystal from its matrix (molds), since these are voids and not solids,3 and would also exclude those cases in which organic material has been replaced by quartz or some other mineral because the original substance is here not a mineral. The general usage of the term is to include as pseudomorphs both petrifactions and molds, and also: (1) Any mineral change in which the outlines of the original mineral are preserved, whether this surface be a euhedral crystal form or the irregular bounding surface of an embedded grain or of an aggregate. (2) Any mineral change which has been accomplished without change of volume, as evidenced by the undistorted preservation of an original texture or structure, whether this be the equal volume replacement of a single crystal or of a rock mass on a geologic scale.