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Skeletal System -Axial System

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Skeletal System -Axial System Skeletal System -Axial System Chapter 7 Part B Axial Skeleton Axial system: 1) Skull 22 bones 2) Bones associated with skull: Hyoid 1 bone Auditory ossicles 6 bones 3) Vertebral column: Vertebrae 24 bones Sacrum 1 bone Coccyx 1 bone 4) Thorax: Sternum 1 bone Ribs 24 bones 80 bones Skull – Associated Bones Auditory ossicles: Six smallest bones…3 in each ear. Malleus, Incus and Stapes Function: amplify sound stimulus. Auditory ossicles Hyoid: Single, U-shaped bone. Located between mandible and larynx. Often fractures during strangulation. Does not articulate with any other bone…floats. Greater Body: horizontal part. horn Greater and lesser horns/cornua: Body Lesser projections for muscle attachment. horn Function: supports tongue and attach some of the neck and tongue muscles. An anterior view of the hyoid bone Axial Skeleton Axial system: Skull 22 bones Hyoid 1 bone Auditory ossicles 6 bones Vertebral column 26 bones Thorax: Sternum 1 bone Ribs 24 bones 80 bones Vertebral Column Strong, flexible column. Encloses the spinal cord. Supports head at the superior end. Composed of: Vertebrae - series of irregular bones – ….provide the strength. Intervertebral disc Vertebra Vertebral Column Intervertebral disc Vertebra Intervertebral discs: Cartilage discs inserted between the vertebrae. Provide the flexibility. Become compressed with years of pressure reduce flexibility and shorten height! Herniated disc: sudden pressure in the lumbar region intervertebral discs may tear and push out posteriorly pressure on the spinal nerves severe pain. Complete rest or surgery. Vertebral Column – Normal Curves Four major curves: Cervical curve – neck curve. Thoracic curve – upper back curve. Lumbar curve – lower back curve. Sacral curve – hip curve. Function: help absorb shock and provide flexibility and balance. Vertebral Column – Normal Curves New bone- a single curve with C shape-from thoracic and sacral curves-Primary curves (appear late in fetal development). Present at birth. - Also called Accommodation curves-because they accommodate visceral organs. Thoracic curve- accommodates thoracic organs Sacral curve-accommodates abdominopelvic organs Secondary curves-cervical and lumbar curves - Appear several months after birth - Also called Compensation curves-permits upright posture/helps shift the trunk weight over the legs as the child begins to stand. All four curves are fully developed by age 10! Vertebral Column – Abnormal Curves Cervical curve Thoracic curve Lumbar curve Sacral curve Normal Curves Vertebral Column – Abnormal Curves-Scoliosis Scoliosis - Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more of the movable vertebrae. - Most common distortion of the spinal curvature. Vertebral Column – Abnormal Curves-Kyphosis Kyphosis - Kyphos-humpbacked or bent - The normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated posteriorly, producing a "round-back" appearance. Vertebral Column – Abnormal Curves-Lordosis Lordosis - “Swayback“ appearance - Both the abdomen and the buttocks protrude abnormally - Caused by an anterior exaggeration of the lumbar curvature - Occur during pregnancy or the result from abnormal obesity or weakness in the muscles of the abdominal Lumbar vertebrae wall Vertebral Column – Typical Vertebra Spinous Lamina Intervertebral process foramen Articular Transverse process/ process facet Vertebral Pedicle foramen Body/ Centrum Arrow passing through vertebral foramen Vertebral canal Parts of a typical vertebra: Body/Centrum: thick disc located on the anterior side…where intervertebral disc is placed to align the vertebrae. Pedicles: extend from the centrum become lamina fuse to become spinous process. Spinous process: a projection that points out on the posterior side. Vertebral foramen: a hole formed by fusion of pedicles/lamina forms vertebral canal houses spinal cord. Transverse process: projections on the lateral sides. Vertebral Column – Typical Vertebra Posterior Superior articular processes- articulates with inferior articular process of the vertebra just above. Anterior Superior view Inferior articular processes- articulates with superior articular process of the vertebra just below. Intervertebral foramen: openings in between vertebrae for spinal nerves to exit. * Slide 19 Vertebral Column – Typical Vertebra Spinous Lamina process Articular Transverse process/ process facet Vertebral Pedicle foramen Body/ Centrum Spina bifida: A congenital defect where pedicles fail to unite vertebral foramen is open on the posterior side meninges protrude out spinal cord is not protected. Partial or complete paralysis, loss of urinary control, absence of reflexes. Can be detected prenatally….sonography, amniocentesis, testing mother’s blood. Vertebral Column – Cervical Vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae….C1 C7. Smallest vertebrae. Extend from occipital bone of skull to thorax. Typical cervical vertebra: - Small centrum. - Large vertebral foramen - Very short transverse processes. Bifid spinous Vertebral process Bifid spinous process. foramen Transverse foramen: next to transverse process protect blood vessels going to or Superior coming back from the brain. articular ) facet Vertebral body Transverse ) process Transverse foramen Vertebral Column – Cervical Vertebrae C1: atlas. Looks like a ring. Skull rests on it. No centrum and no spinous process. Large round vertebral column foramen with anterior and posterior arch. Superior articular facet – articulates with occipital condyles nodding movement…yes! Inferior articular facet – articulates with superior articular facet of C2. C2: axis. Rests on C1. C1 sits on top of C2. Dens/odontoid process - a finger-like peg in place of the centrum fits inside vertebral foramen of C1 allows rotation movement of the head…no! C3-C6: typical cervical vertebrae. C7: vertebra prominens. Spinous process has a rounded tip…for attachment of ligaments…support head. Vertebral Column – Thoracic Vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae….T1 T12. (increase in size from superior to inferior) T2-T8-typical vertebrae T1, T9, T10, T11 and T12-atypical vertebrae Characteristic features - Vertebral body is heart shaped. - Presence of demi-facets (superior & inferior costal facets) on the sides of each vertebral body – these articulate with the heads of the ribs (except T1, T9, T10, T11 and T12-single costal facet-atypical vertebrae). - Presence of costal facets on the transverse processes – these articulate with the tubercles of the ribs. They are present on T1-T10 only. - The spinous processes are long, pointed, and bent inferiorly. Vertebral Column – Thoracic Vertebrae Articulation of thoracic vertebrae with ribs Thoracic vertebrae Rib Vertebral Column – Lumbar Vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae….L1 L5. - Largest and the strongest vertebrae ….weight bearing. - Huge centrum, oval shaped (no costal facet) - Slender transverse process (no costal facets) - Spinous process is thick, broad, flattened and projects out posteriorly. Vertebral Column – Sacrum Anterior view - A triangular bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae….S1 S5. - Fusion takes place around age 16-25 years. - Sacral apex- Narrow inferior portion of sacrum - Sacral base- Broad superior surface. - Sacral ala- Wings extending on either side at the base of the sacrum (extensive area for muscle attachment). - Sacral promontory- Prominent bulge at the anterior tip of base. - Transverse lines/ridges: represent fusion of the sacral vertebrae. VertebralAuricular Column surface – Sacrum Sacral canal: continuation of vertebral canal…contains spinal nerves. Sacral hiatus: inferior end of the sacral canal. Sacral cornua: two small processes projecting inferiorly on either side of the sacral hiatus Median sacral crest-Ridge formed by fused spinous process. Lateral sacral crest- Ridge formed by fused transverse process. Auricular surface- Flattened area lateral and anterior to lateral crest-articulates with ilium (hip bone). Sacral tuberosity- Roughened area between lateral sacral crest and auricular surface (site of ligament attachment that stabilizes sacroiliac joint). Sacral foramina- 4 pairs-on either side of median sacral crest. Vertebral Column – Coccyx - At the very bottom portion of the spine- represents a vestigial tail (hence the common term "tailbone") - Small triangular shaped bone/s formed by fusion of Co1 Co4 (Happens around age 20-30). Coccygeal cornua-Prominent laminae of first coccygeal vertebrae-curve to meet sacral cornua. Axial Skeleton Axial system: Skull 22 bones Hyoid 1 bone Auditory ossicles 6 bones Vertebral column 26 bones Thorax: Sternum 1 bone Ribs 24 bones 80 bones Thorax Anterior view Posterior view Refers to chest or thoracic cage. Composed of: Sternum….the breast bone…on anterior side. Thoracic vertebrae…on the posterior side. Ribs…connect sternum and vertebrae. Rib cage-formed by ribs and sternum Thorax - Sternum Sternum: the breastbone. Flat, narrow bone present on the anterior side of the thorax. Jugular notch/ Suprasternal notch Made of 3 parts: Manubrium: Widest and most superior portion of sternum-articulates with medial end of clavicle (sternoclavicular joint) and 1st pair of ribs. Jugular notch/Suprasternal notch-shallow indentation on superior surface of manubrium (large, visible dip in between the neck and the collar bone). Body: articulates directly with 2nd – 7th rib; indirectly with 8th – 10th ribs. Xiphoid: remains cartilaginous till age 40, attaches diaphragm and abdominal muscles, often fractures during improper CPR internal bleeding. Thorax - Ribs 11, 12 (vertebral end) (sternal end) Ribs: 12 pairs of flat bones.
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