Index

Abra aequalis 53, 56, 57, 58 A. pigmentata 143 acritarchs 337-8 Asabellides oculata 30 Adriatic ascidians 122, 123, 124 biofacies ash beds 398, 399, 401 benthic 67-70, 100-1 Aspidorhynchus 402 benthic mortality study 119-27 Astarte castanea 30 planktonic 101-4 Asteracanthus 369 characteristics 66-7 Asterias forbesi 30 dissolved organic matter 110-15 Asthenocormus 369 eutrophication 12, 27 Astropecten spp. 122, 124 oxygenation 96-8 A. auranciacus 124 mathematical modelling 98-100 Atchafalaya River suspended matter 108-10 nutrient loading 43-4 aeolian sediment 303 salinity stratification effects 29, 38-41 aerobic defined 3-4, 5, 6, 201,214, 390, 392 Aulacomya ater 140 algal blooms Aulacomyella 403,408 causes 3, 13, 181,390 Australobuehia 403 392 azoic defined 3--4, 210 Recent 29, 67, 98, 102 alginite 315, 318, 341 bacteria Amazon delta 223 gliding 143 Ammonia spp. mat formation 4, 132-3, 211-12 A. parkinsoniana 72 role in chemical reduction 373 A. sarmientoi 72 Balanoglossus spp. 56, 57, 58 ammonites and oxygenation 300, 402-3,403-9 Baltic Sea ammonium and eutrophication 85, 86, 111 model for cycl0thems 264, 266 Amparete arctica 30 recent eutrophication 27, 28 Ampelisca spp. bassanite 111 A. abdita 53, 57 Bedford Shale 237, 242 A. araucana 143, 150 Beggiatoa 133, 149 A. agassizi 53, 56, 57, 58 Belemnopsis 369, 403 amphipods 53, 56, 59, 121 Belemnoteuthis 369, 403,408 Amphistegina lessonii 72, 73 Belt Sea 27, 28 Amphiura chiajei 122 Benea Sandstone 247 Anadara montereyana 190 Benguela Shelf anaerobic defined 3-4, 5, 201,210, 214, 390, 392 organic carbon flux studies 131 methods 172 Anningella 297 results 175-8 Anomiajurensis 386, 388 results discussed 178-82 Anopaea 403,408 upwelling 14, 172, 180-2 anoxic defined 4-5,210, 390 benthic-pelagic coupling 180-2 Antarctic studies see Nordenskjld Formation benthic studies Antrim Shale 234 palaeocommunities apatite 111,267 black shales of Jurassic 299-302 Aporrhais pespelecani 122 Kimmeridgian 383, 384, 385,386, 387,388, 389 Appalachian foreland basin Nordenskjld Formation 403-11 black shale sequence 234-9 Oxford Clay 370-2 disconformity classification 239-42 Sergipe Basin 432, 438,444 erosion processes 248-52 Recent communities lag classification 242-8 Adriatic 67-70 sequence stratigraphy 253 Gulf of Mexico 30-2, 53-60, 75-6 Aquaspirilium magnetotacticum 192 New York Bight 30 aragonite 375-6 Paria Gulf 71-3 Arca noae 122 Peru/Chile Shelf 136-48 Arctotis 403,409 Berea Sandstone 237 Arenaeus mexicanus 148 Bermuda 12 Argopecten purpuratus 132, 139, 140 BerriaseUa 409 Aricidea spp. 53, 57, 146 biofacies recognition

461 462 INDEX

oxygen-related 201-2, 213-5, 383,391 Brora Shale 293, 304 Jurassic black shales 299-306 Buchia 403,408 biomarker ratios Bulimina spp., 76, 79 Cotinguiba Formation 438 B. marginata 66, 69, 77 Posidonia Shales 322-4 Buliminella spp. 66, 76 Riachuelo Formation 432 bullions 262, 269 bioturbation burrowing see bioturbation development of stratigraphy 202-3 Byfjord 28 organizational significance 204-5 palaeoenvironment analysis California coastal studies 150, 190, 193, 222-3,358 279, 282, 283 Calliactis parasitica 122 Jurassic 370, 385 Callianassa garthi 131 401,409 Callinectes arcuatus 148 role in slumping 252 Camponectes auritus 386, 387, 389 X-radiography 223 Canadaway Formation 238 bituminite 315,318, 341 Canajohaie Shale 236 bivalves and oxygenation Cancer spp. Jurassic 297, 298 C. coronatus 143, 149 Kimmeridgian 382, 385-6, 388, 392-3 C. porteri 143, 149 Oxford Clay 370 C. setosus 140 Posidonia Shales 316 Cancris 66, 79 Cretaceous 403 Capitella spp. 223. 226. 228 Recent carbon preference index (CPI) 322 Adriatic 124 carbonates Mexican Gulf 30, 53, 59 deposition 111,316, 319 Peru/Chile Shelf 131,139, 141, 144, 145 dissolution 234, 250-1 Black Sea studies model for Posidonia Shales 358-60 cyclothemic sedimentation 263 recent eutrophication 12, 27, 28, 171 development 259 black shales 16-17, 221 environment of deposition 263-7 Antarctic 397-402 model for deposition 267-9 England sediment sequences 260-2 biofacies 299-302, 383, 391 Cardium spp. 122, 124, 125 depositional model 302-6, 383 C. echinatum 122 palaeoecology 298-9, 393 C. edule 125 stratigraphy 291-8 Carpathian Flysch Belt 449 France 420, 421 Cassidulina laevigata 79 Germany see Posidonia Shale Catskill complex 221,227, 228, 235, 240, 250 Greenland see Ravnefjeld Fm. Cayton Formation 365 USA Centrefield Mudstone 236 227-8, 234-9 Ceratium tripos blooms 29 Carboniferous cyclothems 260-2, 263-9 Cerianthus membranaceus 122, 124 Palaeozoic Appalachian Basin 234-9 Cerratulidae 146 Black Ven Marls 292, 297 Cervimunida johni 143 Blanfordiceras 409 Chaetopterus variopedatus 123 blooms see algal blooms Chaetozone 136, 139 Blue Lias 291,292, 297 Chagrin Shale 237 Bochianites 409 channel fills 389 Bolivina spp. 66, 76, 79 Chattanooga Shale 233,234, 235 B. lowmanni 66, 72-3, 77 chemosymbiosis 212-13,298, 390 bone lag 247 Cherokee Group 261 Bora wind 126 Cherry Valley Limestone 236 Bositra 297, 370 chert 249, 253,449 B. buchi 316 Chesapeake Bay eutrophication study 27, 83, 126 Botryococcus 342 Chile Shelf bottom currents 181,249, 267, 302-3 characteristics 131-3 see also upwelling E1 Nio impact 148-5 ! Boulonnais 384 benthic community studies 133-6 Boyle Dolomite 247 macro-organisms 136--43 brachiopods 211,403 micro-organisms 143-8 Brachymylus 369 chlorine levels 111 Brazil see Sergipe Basin chlorophyll concentrations Brazos River 50 Benguela Shelf 172, 174 Britain see England also Scotland Chesapeake Bay 87, 88 INDEX 463

Gulf of Mexico 43 black shales 239-42 chlorophytes 88 Oxford Clay 366-8 Chondrites 241,370, 401,409, 419 diatom blooms 3, 87, 102, 104, 390 Chonetes 261 diatom[te 449 chrysophytes 88 Dicroloma 370 Cibides spp. 79 dinocysts 337 C. ungerianus 72, 73 dinoflagellate blooms 13, 29, 87, 102, 104, 390 Ciona intestinalis 123, 125 Diplocraterion parallelum 389 cladocerans 102 disconformities and discontinuities Clayton Formation 208 black shales 239-42 Cleveland Shale 237,240 lag-associated 242-8 Clinton Shale 236 see also diastems Cliona celata 123 dissolution of carbonates 234, 250-1 coals 260-1 dissolved organic matter (DOM) 110-15 coccolith limestone 381-2 Donax peruvianus 131 coccolithophorid blooms 390, 392 Douglas Group 261 coinstone nodules 292 Duffin Formation 236 coleoids 402 Dumbleton Bed 297, 300 collinite 341 Dunans Shale 294 conodont rich debris 247,261-2 dysaerobic copepods 31, 102, 103 defined 3-4, 187, 201,210, 390, 392 coprolites 402 zone model 189-91 Corbula gibba 125 dysoxic defined 5 Corbulomima spp. 370 C. suprajurensis 382, 386, 387, 388 Echinarachnius parma 30 Cornbrash Formation 365 echinoderms and oxygenation 30, 121,123 Cossura chilensis 146 Eh and oxygen status 6 Cotinguiba Formation E1 Nio environmental impact 131,132, 148-51 geochemistry 435-8 deep water micropalaeontology 438-9, 444 benthos 141-3 stratigraphy 428-9 oxygen 141, 142 Cretaceous studies temperature 141 Niobrara Formation 205-6 shallow water Sergipe Basin benthos 137, 138, 139 Cotinguiba Formation 435-9 oxygen 136, 137, 138 Riachuelo Formation 429-35 temperature 136, 137, 138 Vocontian Basin 415-16 Elefsis Bay 12, 126 glauconite occurrence 416-18 Emerita analoga 131 palaeoenvironment interpretation 419-21 England Crurithyris 261 Jurassic black shales crustaceans and oxygen stress 7 biofacies 299-302 Adriatic 121, 123 depositional model 302-6 New York Bight 30 palaeoecology 298-9 Peru/Chile shelf 131,139, 141,144, 145, 148 stratigraphy 291-8 cryptophytes 88 Oxford Clay Cucumaria planei 123 diagenesis 373-6 cyanobacteria 87-8, 342 facies descriptions 365 cyclothems palaeoenvironment interpretation 368-72 causes 263 sedimentation rates 366-8, 372 development 259 stratigraphy 293, 297,364-5 environment of deposition 263-7 Engraulis ringens 131 model for deposition 267-9 Entolium corneolum 388 sediment sequences 260-2 epeiric sea model 2, 16-18,266 Cylindroteuthis 369 Epistominella spp. 66, 77, 79 Cymatiosphaera 339 E. vitrea 77 Epizoanthus erinaceus 122, 123, 124 Dasybranchus caducus 122, 125 erosion events density stratification see halocline, pycnocline, causes 248-9,252 thermocline effects desmocollinite 341 chemical 250-1 detergent and eutrophication 97, 98 mechanical 249-50 Devonian studies 221,227, 228,235, 240, 250 lag deposits 242-8 diagenesis 197,373-6 recognition 233-4 diastems Essequibo River 70 464 INDEX estuarine salinity stratification model 15 chemistry 421-2 Eunice aphoditois 122, 125 defined 415 Euphylax spp. occurrence 416-18 E. dovii 148, 149 palaeoenvironment 419-21 E. robustus 148, 149 Gobius niger 121,122 euryoxic defined 6 Golfingia elongata 122 euxinic defined 5 Goniadella gracilis 30 exaerobic Goniomya 297,300 characterization 210-12 Grammatodon 370, 372 defined 4, 390 Greenland Permian Basin studies palaeoenvironments 266, 301-2 macrofossils 278-9 zone model 189, 190, 191 organic matter measurements 280 Exshaw Shale 237,247 palaeoenvironment 284-9 palynomorphs 281-2 faecal pellets sedimentology 276-8 identification 226-30, 250 setting 275-6 use 224-6 sulphide levels 282-4 fertilizers and eutrophication 97, 98 greigite 197 fish and oxygenation Grey Shales Formation 292, 297 palaeoenvironments 369, 402 Gryphaea 368 Recent environments 7, 121, 122, 131 Gulf of Mexico hypoxia Foldvik Creek Group 275 benthic community 30-2, 75-6 foraminifera and oxygenation current dynamics 12, 27, 28-9, 74 benthic Louisiana Shelf 30-2, 36-8 Adriatic 67-70 morphological effects 28-9 Gulf of Mexico 75-6 nutrient loading 43-4 modelling of habitat 76-9 organic matter effects 41-3 palaeoenvironments 370, 432, 438, 444 salinity effects 38-41 Gulf of Paria 71-3 wind effects 38 planktonic 432,438,444 Texas Shelf 49-50 France oxygen levels 53, 60-3 Kimmeridgian facies 381,384 salinity effects 53, 60-3 Vocontian Basin 415-16 species composition 53-60 galuconite occurrence 416-18 temperature effects 51-3, 60-3 palaeoenvironment interpretation 419-2 l Gunflint Chert 192 Fursenkoina spp. 66, 75, 76, 79 Gyrochorte 389 fusinite 341 halocline 11, 12, 13, 15, 268 Gammaridae 146 Halosphaeropsis liassica 340 gas chromatography 156 Haploceras 403,405 gastropods and oxygenation hardground 316, 365 palaeoenvironments 297,298, 370, 387 Harrington Sound 12 Recent environments 30, 59, 101,122 Hepatus chilensis 140 gelocollinite 341 Heteromastus flliformis 125 Genesee Formation 233, 234, 250 Heterostrophus 369 Geneseo Shale 236 Hiatella arctica 123, 124 Genundewa Limestone 237 Hibolithes 403 geochemistry Hils Syncline 311 organic geochemistry Homalaspis plana 143 Permian 280 Hopkinsina 77 Jurassic 314, 318, 319, 324 horse mackerel 131 Cretaceous 430, 435 Hudson Bay 266 Tertiary 452 Huledal Formation 275~5 Quaternary-Recent 156, 159-61, 164 Humboldt current 131 inorganic geochemistry huminite 341 major elements 228, 354-5 Hungary Palaeogene Basin study 449 trace elements 355-8 Huron Shale 247 water Hybodus 369 dissolved organic matter 110-15 Hydrobia spp. 226, 228 inorganic species 29, 43--4, 85, 86, 97, 111, 114 hydrocarbon generation 322 Germany see Posidonia Shale studies hydrogen index glacial eustasy and cyclothems 263, 267 Permian 280 glauconite lag debris 249, 253 Jurassic 314, 318, 319, 324 glaucony grains Cretaceous 430, 435 INDEX 465

Tertiary 452 significance 221,222 Quaternary-Recent sediments 156, 159-61,164 Lansing Group 261 hydrogen sulphide 320, 328, 390 Ledyard Shale 236 hydroids 101 Leicester pyrite Member 240, 244 hydromedusa 101 Leidsichthys 369 Hyne (Ine), Lough 12 Leiosphaera 339 hypoxia Leitoscoloplos chilensis 146 case studies 28-32 Lembos brunneomaculata 56, 58 defined 5, 27-8 Lepidotes 369 369 369 Levanna Shale 236, 240, 242, 249 ichnology and oxygenation 202-5 Libidoclaia granaria 143 Idefjord 28 Liepers Limestone 247 illite 303, 315 limestones Inaperturopollenites nebulosus 281 coccolith 381-2 inertinite 315,318, 34t cyclothem components inertodetrinite 341 regressive 260 Inoceramus 316 transgressive 261 lschyodus 369 Limfjord 28, 125 lsocyprina spp. 297 Lingula 298 1. minuscula 382, 386 Liopleurodon 369 Isognomon bouchardi 388, 389 Liostrea spp. 297 isotope analyses L. plastica 387 liptinite 341 Java Formation 238 liptodetrinite 318, 341,342 jet 341 Lithacoceras 405, 409 Jet Rock 292-3,297, 306, 311-12 Long Island Sound pellet study 226-30 Jurassic studies Louisiana Shelf see Gulf of Mexico Antarctic 397-411 Luderitz Shelf 175-6 Britain Luehndea spinosa 337 black shale facies 291-306 Lunulidia 338 Kimmeridgian facies 381-93 Lytoceras 409 Oxford Clay Formation 364-76 Germany see Posidonia Shale studies macerals 315, 318, 325, 340-3 Magelona spp. 146 Kansas City Group 261 M. phyllisae 31, 56, 57, 58, 136, 139, 141 Karstryggen Formation 277, 286, 288 maghemite 197 Kattegat 27, 28 magnetic susceptibility Kellaways Clay 365 measurement 187-9 Kellaways Sand Formation 365 results 193-6 kerogen analyses results discussed 196-7 Permian 280 magnetite 187-9 Jurassic 321,345,399 magnetotactic bacteria 187, 191-2 Cretaceous 399, 430, 435 Malacoceros fuliginosus 10 Tertiary 454 Mancodinium semitabulatum 337 Recent sediments 159, 166 Marcellus Shale 236 Kiel Bay 28 Mariae Clays 365 Kimmeridgian facies marine snow 121, 126 facies analyses 235,297, 381 Marmaton Group 261 bituminous shale 294-6, 382-5 Marries Bleues Formation 415 coccolith limestone 381-2 mass balances 114-15 oil shale 382 mass mortalities sandstone 389 palaeoenvironmental events 300, 390 siltstone 388-9 Recent events 8, 125 silty shales 385-8 Mecklenburg Bay 28 palaeoenvironment analyses 392-3 Mecochirus 370 Kinoryncha and oxygenation 31 Mediomastus brandiferus 143 Kosmoceras 369 Meleagrinella 297, 370, 372 Menilite Beds Laevicardium oblongatum 124 geochemistry 452 lag deposits 242-8 sedimentology 449-50 |amalginite 341,342 Merluccius gayi peruanus 149 laminations 381,382 Mesodesma donacium 131 causes 296, 324-5 Mesomiltha concinna 387 466 INDEX

Mesosaicella 370 nitrites and eutrophication 111 Mesturus 369 Nonion barleeanum 79 methanogenesis 457-9 Nonionella spp. 66, 77, 79 Metriorhynchus 369 N. turgida 69, 72, 77 Micrhystridium 338 Nordenskjld Formation micrinite 341 geological setting 397-8 microaerophilic defined 5 palaeoecology 402-11 microbioturbation 210 palaeoenvironment 411-12 Microcosmus community 121 4, 126 sedimentology 398-402 M. vulgaris 122, 123 normoxic defined 5, 6 micropalaeontology North Sea eutrophication 27, 28, 126, 390 Cotinguiba Formation 438-9, 444 Nostocopsis 342 Oxford Clay Formation 370 Nucula oxia 146 Riachuelo Formation 432-5,444 nutrient ions see nitrates; nitrites; phosphates Milankovitch cycles 15, 16, 263,439 Mississippi River complex ocean anoxic events (OAE) 443 nutrient loading 434 ocean environment characteristics 2 salinity stratification 29, 38-41 Octopus fontaneanus 140 sediment transport 74 Ohio Shale 233,234 Mitrell permodesta 190 Onondaga Limestone 236, 242 molluscs and oxygenation 131,139, 141,144, 145 Ophiomorpha 389 Monterey Formation 190, 205-6, 412 Ophiothrix community 121--4, 126 Multiplicisphaeridium 338 O. quinquemqculata 121, 123, 124 Murex brandaris ! 22 Ophiura texturata 122, 124 Mursia gaudichaudi 143 Orange River 177 Musculus spp. Orbiculoidea latissima 387 M. aurissiodorensis 385, 386, 388 organic matter (carbon) M. marmoratus 123, 124 Cretaceous formations 429-32, 435-8 Mya arenaria 125 Permian shales 280 Myophorella spp. 372, 388, 389 Jurassic shales 296, 297, 314, 315,318, 319, 320, 324, 325, 340-5, Namibian Shelf 12, 176 399 Nannoceratopsis spp. Recent sediments N. gracilis 337 Adriatic 68, 98, 103 N. senex 337 Benguela Shelf 172, 175-82 Nanogyra nana 386, 388, 389 Gulf of Mexico 41-3 Nassarius spp. Peru Shelf 156-68 N. gayi 143, 150 Tertiary beds 452, 453 N. trivittatus 30 Orinoco River 70 Natica pusilla 56 Ostrea expansa 389 nektonic community Oatka Creek Shale 236 palaeoenvironments Owenia collaris 139 Jurassic 297, 299-301,369 Oxford Clay Formation Jurassic/Cretaceous 402 diagenesis 373-6 Recent environments 7, 121, 122, 131 facies descriptions 365 Nematoda 136 palaeoenvironment 376 Nemertia 146 bioturbation 370 Neochetoceras 403 fauna 369, 370-1,372 Nephtysferruginea 146, 150 substrate 369 Nereis spp. temperature 368 N. diversicolor 125 water depth 368 N. micromma 53, 57, 58 sedimentation rates 366-8, 372 N. virens 125 stratigraphy 293,297, 364-5 New Albany Shale 233,234 oxic defined 4-5, 6 New York Bight oxygen isotope ratios 303, 368 eutrophication 27, 28, 30, 126 oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), 38, 189, 193 morphology 28-9 model 16, 302 Nicaniella extensa 382, 385,386 problems of recognition 221-3 Niobrara Formation 205-6 oxygen-related biofacies models 201-2, 213-5,299, 382 nitrates and eutrophication oxygen depletion Adriatic 97, 111 factors affecting 171-2 Chesapeake Bay 85, 86 salinity 12 Gulf of Mexico 29, 43-4 sea level 18 nitrification and OMZ 7, 193 temperature 12 INDEX 467

topography 11 Phoronis 139 modelling 99 phosphates oxygen minimum penetration 16 palaeoenvironments 247, 262, 267,416 salinity stratification 15 Recent environments seasonal 16-17 Adriatic 97, 98, 111, 114 zonation 391,392 Chesapeake Bay 85, 86 palaeoenvironments 14-15 Gulf of Mexico 29, 43-4 Jurassic/Cretaceous 409-11 phytoplankton 3 Recent environments 12-14 Permian 280-2 Adriatic 96-8, 126-7 Jurassic environment 390, 392 Chesapeake Bay 88, 90-1 Recent environments Gulf of Mexico 60-3 Chesapeake Bay 85-90 Peru/Chile Shelf 133, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142 Gulf of Mexico 41-3 oxygen effects on fauna 6-11 Piacabuca Formation 429,444 oxygen terminology 3-7 picoplankton 87 Oxytoma 371 Pinna spp. 123, 124, 125, 371 P. poustaui 389 Pachymylus 369 Pisidia longicornis 121,123 Paguristes oculatus 122 Plagiostoma spp. 297 Palaeonucula 370 P. tumida 389 palaeosols 260, 316 planktonic studies Palliser Limestone 237 palaeoenvironments 381,382, 390, 432, 438,444 palynomorphs 281-2, 335-40 Recent environments Pamlico-Neuse Rivers 28 Adriatic 101-4 paper shale 296-8,416 Chesapeake Bay 85-90 Parainoceramus 297 Gulf of Mexico 41-3 Paraprionospiopinnata 31, 50, 53, 56, 57, 58, 136, 141, Planolites 241,385,401,409 143, 146 Platystrophia 247 Paratethys 449 Platyxanthus orbignyi 140 Paria Shelf 70 Pleasanton Group 261 biofacies 71-3 Pleuromya spp. 297, 300 particle sizes of sediments P. uniformis 388, 389 Adriatic 67, 70 Pleuroncodes monodon 132, 143, 147, 150 Paria Shelf 71 Pleurozonaria 339 particulate nitrogen (PN) 108 Po River 66, 96, 98, 100 particulate organic matter (POM) (carbon, POC) 107, poikiloaerobic defined 17, 391,392 108 poleward undercurrents 181 Parvocysta 337 pollution and oxygenation 13 Pecten jacobaeus 122, 124, 125 polychaetes and oxygenation 4, 8, 10 Pectinaria koreni 125 Adriatic 122, 123 pelagic fauna see nektonic also planktonic Gulf of Mexico 53, 56, 59 pellets New York Bight 30 identification 226-30, 250 Peru/Chile Shels 141,144-5 use 224-6 Polydora spp. 123 Penaeus spp. Port Hacking 28 P. californiensis 148 Porters Creek Formation 208 P. stylirostris 148 Portunus spp. P. vannamei 148 P. acuminatus 148 Penilia avirostris 102 P. asper 148 Permian studies see Ravnefjeld Formation Posidonia Shale (Posidonienschiefer) Peru Shelf 12, 131-3 biomarker ratios 322-4 bnthic community studies 133-6 bioturbation 206 deep water macrobenthos 140-3 chemistry microbenthos 143-8 major element 354-5 shallow water macrobenthos 136-40 Oxford Clay compared 374 E1 Nio impact 148-51 trace element 355-8 magnetic susceptibility studies 193-6 contacts 316-17 organic matter studies 156 depositional model 311-13 depositionai environment 168 environmental interpretation 329-31,347-8, 360-1 results 159-68 laminations 324-5 sample sites 156-8 lithology 315-16 sediment characters 158-9 macerals 340-3 Phallocysta 337 organic matter Phallusia mammilata 123 content 313-15 468 INDEX

geochemistry 317-22 Retroceramus 403,408, 409 maturity 343-5 Reutlingia 337 Recent sediments compared 358-60 Rhizocorallium 370 palynomorphs 335-40 R. jenese 389 sulphide content 325-9 Riachuelo Formation 428 Posidonia spp. geochemistry 429-32 P. bronni 316 micropalaeontology 432-5,444 P. permica 277, 279 Rio Grande River 74 prasinophytes 14, 246, 278,280, 281,338-9, 342 rip-up clasts 382 Pre-Planorbis Beds 291 river flow and stratification 12, 15 Procerithium 297, 370 Mississippi 29, 38-41 prokaryotes 143-8 Orinocco 70 Prorocentrum micans 102 Po 66, 96, 98, 100 Protocardia spp. 297 Susquehanna 83, 85, 88, 91 P. morinca 382, 385, 387,388, 389 Rocellaria dubia 123, 124 Psammechinus microtuberculatus 124 Pseudocorystes sicarius 143 Sabella spp. 146 Pseudolimia 297 Sabellaria spp. Pseudomytiloides spp. 297 S. bella 141 P. dubius 316 S. nanella 146 Pseudorhytidopilus 297 St Helena Bay 177-8 Pseudunciola obliquua 30 salinity stratification 12, 15, 28, 268, 303 Psiloceras planorbis 291 Chesapeake Bay 88 Pterosphaeridia 339 Gulf of Mexico 29, 38--41, 53, 60-3 puddle model 304 Saltkallefjord 28 pycnocline 3, 11 sandstone facies 389 geological significance 234, 263-6, 303 sardines 131 Recent significance 11-14, 99 Sardinops sagax 131 pyrite accumulation Schizaster canaliferus 121, 122, 124 Palaeozoic 233,234, 243, 244-7 Schuchert Dal Formation 276, 288 Permian 282-4 Scotland 293, 304 Jurassic 300-1,325-9, 355,373, 374 sea level change and oxygenation 18, 266, 288 Tertiary 452 seasonal stratification model 16-17 Recent environments sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) 114-15 Adriatic 111 sedimentation rates 103, 108-10, 111 Gulf of Paria 71-2 Semele spp. 140 pyrite diagenesis 197 Semuridae 297 pyritization, degree of (DOP) 297,298 sequence stratigraphy 253 pyrolysis Sergipe Basin Jurassic shales 343 Cotinguiba Formation Cretaceous formations 430, 435 geochemistry 435-8 Tertiary beds 452 micropalaeontology 438-9 Quaternary-Recent sediments 156, ! 61-6, 169 geological setting 428-9 palaeogeography 439-42 Quadrinervus mosensis 386, 387, 388 Riachuelo Formation quasi-anaerobic 4, 209-10, 427-8 geochemistry 429-32 Quaternary studies micropalaeontology 432-5 Mediterranean 15 Shales with Beef 292, 297 Peru Shelf 156-9 shaly facies Quinqueloculina seminula 77 bituminous 382-5 oil 382 radiolarians 399 silty 385-8 Ragactis pulchra 122 see also black shales Ravnefjeld Formation Shawnee Group 261 environmental interpretation 284-9 shelf sea characteristics 1-3 macrofossils 278-9 Sicyoria spp. organic matter 280 S. aliaffinis 148 palynomorphs 281-2 S. disdorsalis 148 sedimentology 276-8 siltstone facies 388-9 sulphides 282-4 Simolestes 369 redox potential discontinuity (RPD) 8-1 I 'sphaericals' 339--40 palaeoenvironment interpretation 211-12 Spheripollenites subgranulatus 340 trace fossil evidence 202-5 Spiophanes bombyx 30 Reniera community 121-4, 126 Spisula 29, 30 INDEX 469

Spiteceras 409 Texularia 77 sponges and oxygenation 121 Thais chocolata 140 sporinite 341 Thalassinoides 370, 385, 416 sporomorphs 339 thermal stratification 3, 12-4, 28 spring blooms see algal blooms thermocline 3, 11, 13, 14, 266 Squilla spp. Thioploca spp. 133, 143, 145, 146-7, 149, 150 S. armata 143 T. araucae 143 S. mantis 121,122 T. chileae 143 S. panamensis 148 Thracia depressa 389 Stainforthia 77 Thyone fusus 121 Steinmannia radiata 316 topography and oxygenation 11, 12, 304 stenoxic defined 6 Torquatisphinctes 403, 405,408 storm currents 249-50 total organic carbon (TOC) storm events Permian 280 Jurassic 382 Jurassic 314, 318, 319, 324 Recent 50, 53, 391 Cretaceous 430, 435 stratification see salinity; thermal; halocline; pycnocline; Tertiary 452 thermocline Quaternary-Recent sediments 156, 159-61,164 stratified basin model 303--4 total suspended matter (TSM) 108-10 Subdichotomoceras 403 trace elements 355-8 suboxic defined 4-5 trace fossils substrate effects on fauna 125 environmental interpretation 370, 389 sulphur and sulphur compounds oxygen modelling 202-9 Permian shales 282--4 Trachurus murphyi 131 Jurassic shales 320, 325, 326-7, 328, 373 Trachyteuthis 403,408 Tertiary beds 452, 453-5,456-7 Trenton Group 236, 242 Recent environments 6, 8 Trieste, Gulf of 28 Adriatic 111 see also Adriatic Benguela Shelf 178 Trunculariopsis trunculus 122 Mexican Gulf 50 Tully Limestone 236 Peru/Chile Shelf 148 Turitella communis 101 see also pyrite Sunbury Shale 237, 240, 242, 247 Upogebia tipica 121,122 Susquehanna River 83, 85, 88, 91 upwelling Sutneria 300 Carboniferous environment 267 Syndosmya alba 125 Recent environments 14 Benguela Shelf 173-5, 180-2 Tagelus dombeii 140 Gulf of Mexico 38 Tampa Bay 28 New York Bight 38 Tard Clay 450-1,452 Peru/Chile Shelf 131,148-51 Tasmanales 342 uranium in shales 297, 298 Tasmanites 246, 278,280, 281 USA telalginite 341,342 palaeoenvironment studies telinite 341 see Appalachian foreland; Catskill complex; Clayton Tellina felix 146 Formation; telocollinite 341 cyclothems; Monterey Formation; Niobrara temperature and oxygenation Formation; Porters Creek Jurassic environment 368 Formation Recent environments Recent studies Chesapeake Bay 90 see California; Chesapeake Bay; Long Island Sound; Gulf of Mexico 30, 51-3, 60-3 Gulf of Mexico; New York Bight 30 New York Bight Peru/Chile Shelf 136, 137, 141 Utica Shale 234, 236 Tertiary studies Uvigerina spp. 76, 79 Hungary U. peregrina 66, 72, 73, 79 Menilite Beds 449-50, 452 Tard Clay 450-1,452 Valvaeodinium punctatum 337 USA Valvulineria spp. 66, 77, 79 Clayton Formation 208 V. complanata 69 Monterey Formation 190, 205-6, 412 Varicorbula operculata 53, 57 Porters Creek Formation 208 vertebrate communities 369, 372, 402 Tethya aurantium 123 see also fish Tetraserpula 297, 298 Veryhachium 281,337 Texas Shelf see Gulf of Mexico Virgatosphinctes 407, 408,409 470 INDEX

Virginulina 75 wind and oxygenation 2, 7, 12, 14 vitrinite 315, 318, 34 l Adriatic 99, 126 reflectance 343, 430, 438 Benguela Shelf 172-3, 177 Vittatina 281 Gulf of Mexico 38 vivianite 111 Winkler method 5 Vocontian Basin wood fossils 369 geological setting 415-16 glauconite occurrence 416-18 X-radiography of bioturbation 222,223 palaeoenvironment interpretation 419-21 Xiphopenaeus riveti 148

Wabaunsee Group 261 Yellow Sea pellet study 226 Walvis Bay 175-6 Wegener Halw Formation 276, 284-5,288 'zebra' facies 234, 235,239, 250, 252 Williamson Shale 236, 239 Zoophycos 385,401,409 Petroleum Migration Edited by W.A. England and A.J. Fleet (BP Research, UK)

Petroleum Migration follows petroleum from its generation in source rocks through migration to the reservoir or the surface. The book is divided into 4 parts: 1) deals with both the generation of petroleum by the thermal breakdown of kerogen and the expulsion of the petroleum from the source rock; 2) considers secondary migration: the processes which control petroleum behaviour during its movement through relatively permeable carrier beds from the mudrock sequences, which contain source intervals, to the reservoir in the structural culmination of the carrier bed or other trap; 3) shows how understanding of generation, expulsion and secondary migration can be used to explain the distributions of oil and gas in a basin and, therefore, predict the nature of the petroleum in an undrilled prospect; and 4) highlights leakage from accumulations.

Principal A uthors Outline of Contents Understand and quantify expulsion A.S. Pepper (BP, UK) Generation and expulsion (primary driving forces and processes so that D. Leythaeuser (KFA, Germany) S.J. D0ppenbecker (KFA, Germany) migration) - Estimatingthe petroleum composition and phase of petroleum B.S. Mudford (Gr:eenstoneGeophysical Research, expulsionbehaviour of source rocks: a novel from a given source rock can be Canada) quantitativeapproach Expulsionof petroleum J. Burrus (IFP, France) from Type III kerogan source rocks in predicted ~. Sylta (IKU, Norway) gaseous solution:modelling of solubility D.S. Chapman (Utah University, USA) fractionation Numericalmodelling of Understand how generation, expulsion R.W. Davies (Geotechnical Corporation, USA) petroleum expulsionin two areas of Lower and secondary migration can be used S. Lartar (Newcastle University, UK) Saxony Basin, Northern Germany ID B.M. Krooss (KFA, Germany) to predict the nature of petroleum in an P.C. Bamard (Robertson Research, UK) compaction-drivenflow in sedimentarybasins: K.F.M. Thompson (Houston, USA) a comparisonof the Scotian Shelf, Nor~ Sea undrilled prospect N. Piggott (BP, UK) and Gulf Coast. Secondary migration Are R.W.H. Butler (Open University, UK) numerical models useful in reconstructingthe Understand how oil seeps and near- G. Roberts (Durham University, UK) migration of hydrocarbons?A discussion R.H. Clarke (BP, UK) based on the NorthernViking Graben surface phenomenon are used in E. Vik (Statoil, Norway) Modellingof secondarymigration and exploration entrapmentof a multicomponenthydrocarbon mixture usingequation of state and ray- Quantitative appreciation of leakage to tracing modellingtechniques Usingthermal fields to estimate basin-scalepermeabilities estimate volumes of petroleum Integrationof geologicaldata into involved in migration and entrapment hydrodynamicanalysis of hydrocarbon movement Phase-controlledmolecular fractionationsin migrating petroleumcharges Geological Society Special Geochromatographyin petroleummigration: a Publication No. 59 review Case studies Petroleum generation migration, alteration,entrapment and mixingin 280 pages, 168 illustrations, hardback the North Contrastingcharacteristics Sea. ISBN 0-903317-66-4 attributed to migration observedin petroleums reservoired in elasticand carbonate December 1991 sequencesin the US Gulf of Mexico Region A case study of migration from the West List price s Canada Basin Hydrocarbonmaturation, migration and thrustsheet loading in the Western Alpine foreland thrust belt- Structural controls on fluid migrationthrough the Please send your order to: Rencurelthrust zone, vercors, Frenchsub- Geological Society Publishing Alpine Chains Trap leakage and House, Unit 7 Brassmill Enterprise subsequent migration Petroleumseepage Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath BA1 and post-accumulationmigration. Leakage 3JN, UK. Tel: 0225 445046. Fax: from deep reservoirs:possible mechanisms I Please add 10% of order total 0225 442836 and relationshipto shallowgas in the Haltanbankenarea, mid Norwegianshelf for overseas postage

Discounts are available to members of the Geological Society of London and American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Please contact ordering address for details. United Kingdom Oil and Gas Fields, 25 Years Commemorative Volume Edited by lan L. Abbotts (Clyde Petroleum)

The United Kingdom Oil and Gas Fields has been produced to Primary benefits: provides a commemorate the first 25 years of hydrocarbon exploration and reference source of data relevant to production in the United Kingdom North Sea. The result of this the discovery and optimum exploration has produced many benefits for the UK, its government development of the next generation and industry but above all for geologists and geophysicists. of North Sea fields Articles on the 64 oil and gas fields discovered on the United Format provides a succinct Kingdom Continental Shelf are given in a standardised layout to description, including relevant provide an easy to use databook for the petroleum geologist and figures, of the petroleum geology of geophysicist. each field The producing oil and gas fields have been arranged into: the Viking Graben, the Central Graben and Moray Firth, the Southern Primary audience: production Gas Basin and the Morecambe Basin. geologists, geophysicists and Also included are two introductory articles, the first sets the fields managers, exploration geologists in a historical perspective and the second places them in a stratigraphic framework. Secondary audience: oil service companies, oil consultants, academic libraries Outline of Contents Part 1: Introduction 25 Years of UK North Sea Exploration (Enterprise Oil) - Stratigraphy of the oil and gas reservoirs: UK continental shelf (Petroleum Science & Technology Inst., Edinburgh) Part 2: t Large format 230mm x 305mm The Viking Graben The Alwyn North Field (Total) The Beryl Field, Block 9/13 UK North Sea (Mobil) -.The North Brae Field, Block 16/7a, UK North Sea (Marathon) The Central Brae Field, Block Geological Society Memoir No. 14 16/7a, UK North Sea (Marathon) The South Brae Field, Block 16/7a, UK North Sea (Marathon) The Brent Field, Block 211/29, UK North Sea (Shell) - The Comorant Field, Blocks 211/21a, 211/26a, UK North Sea (Shell) The Deveron Field, Block 211/18a, UK North Sea (BP) The Don Field, Blocks 574 pages, 400 illustrations, 57 211/13a, 211/14, 211/18a, 211/19a, UK North Sea (BP). The Dunlin Field, Blocks 211/23a, 211/24a colour plates, hardback UK North Sea (Shell) - The Elder Field, Blocks 211/16a, 211/21a, UK North Sea (Shell) The Emerald Field, Blocks 2/10a, 2/15a, 3/11 b UK North Sea (Sovereign) The Frigg Field, Block 10/1, UK North ISBN 0-903317-62-1 Sea and 25/1, Norwegian North Sea (Elf) The Heather Field, Block 2/5, UK North Sea (Union) The 1991 Hutton Field, Blocks 211/28, 211/27, UK North Sea (Conoco) - The Northwest Hutton Field, Block 211/27, UK North Sea (Amoco) - The Magnus Field, Blocks 211/71,12a, UK North Sea (BP) The Miller Field, Blocks 16/710 - 16/8b, UK North Sea (BP) The Murchison Field, Blocks 211/19a, UK List price s North Sea (Conoco) The Ninian Field, Blocks 3/3 & 318, UK North Sea (Chevron) The Osprey Field, Blocks 211/18a, 211/23a, UK North Sea (Shell) The Tern Field, Block 210/25a, UK North Sea (Shell) - The Thistle Field, Blocks 211/18a and 211/19, UK North Sea (BP) Part 3: The Central Graben and Moray Firth The Arbroath and Montrose Field, Blocks 211/7a, 12a, UK North Sea (Amoco) The Argyll, Duncan and Innes Fields, Blocks 30/24, 30/25a, UK North Sea (Hamilton Bros.) The Auk Field Block 30/16, UK North Sea (Shell) The Balmoral Field, Block 16/21, UK North Sea (Sun) The Beatrice Field, Block 11/30a, UK North Sea (BP) The Buchan Field, Blocks 20/5a, 21/ la, UK North Sea (BP) The Chanter Field, Block 15/17, UK North Sea (Occidental) - The Claymore Field, Block 14/19, UK North Sea (Occidental) The Clyde Field, Block 30/17b, UK North Sea (BP) ' The Crawford Field, Block 9/28a, UK North Sea (Hamilton Bros.) - The Cyrus Field, Block 16/28, UK NEW North Sea (BP) The Forties Field, Blocks 21/10, 27J6a, UK North Sea (BP) The Fulmar Field, Blocks 30/16, 30/1 lb, UK North Sea (Shell) The Glamis Field, Block 16/21a, UK North Sea (Sun) The Highlander Field, Block 14t20b, UK North Sea (Texaco) The Ivanhoe and Rob Roy Fields, Block 15/21a-b, UK North Sea (Amerada Hess) - The Kittiwake Field, Block 21118, UK North Sea (Shell) - The Maureen Field, Block 16/29a, UK North Sea (Phillips) The Petronella Field, Block 14/ 20b, UK North Sea (Texaco) The Piper Field, Block 15/17, UK North Sea (Occidental) The Scapa Field, Block 14/19, UK North Sea (Occidental) The Tartan Field, Block 15/16, UK North Sea (Texaco) Part 4: The Southern Gas Basin The Amethyst Field, Blocks 47/8a, 47/9a, 47/13a, 47/ 14a, 47/15a, UK North Sea (BP) The Barque Field, Blocks 48/13a, 48/14, UK North Sea (Shell) The Camelot Fields, Blocks 53/la, 53/2 UK North Sea (Mobil). The Cleeton Field, Block 42.29, UK North Sea (BP) The Clipper Field, Blocks 48/19a, 46/19c, UK North Sea (Shell) - The Esmond, Forbes and Gordon Fields, Blocks 43/8a, 48/13a, 48/15a, 48/20a, UK North Sea, (Hamilton Bros.) i The Hewett Field, Blocks 48/28-29-30, 52/4a-5a, UK North Sea (Phillips) - The Indelatigable Field, I Please add 10% of order I Blocks 48/18, 48/19, 48/23, 48/24, UK North Sea (Amoco) - The Leman Field, Blocks 49/26, 49/27, total for overseas delivery 49/28, 53/1, 53/2, UK North Sea (Shell) The Ravenspum North Field, Blocks 42/30, 43/26a, UK North Sea (Hamilton Bros.) The Ravenspum South Field, Blocks 42/29, 42/30, 43/26, UK North Sea (BP) The Rough Gas Storage Field, Blocks 47/3d, 47/8b, UK North Sea (British Gas Corporation) The Sean North and Sear) South Fields, Block 49/25a, UK North Sea (Shell) The Thames, Yare and Please send orders to: Geological Bure Fields, Block 49/28, UK North Sea (Arco) The V-Fields, Blocks 49/16, 49/21, 48/20a, 48/25b, UK North Sea (Conoco) - The Victor Field, Blocks 49/17, 49/22, UK North Sea (Conoco) The Viking Society Publishing House, Unit 7 Complex Field, Blocks 49/12a, 49116, 49/17, UK North Sea (Conoco) The West Sole Field, Block Brassmill Enterprise Centre, 48/6, UK North Sea (BP) Part 5: The Morecambe Basin The South Morecambe Field, Blocks Brassmill Lane, Bath BA13JN, UK. 110/2a, 110/3a, 110/8a, UK East Irish Sea (British Gas Corporation) Tel: 0225 445046. Fax: 0225 442836

Discounts are available for members of the Geological Society of London and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Please contact ordering address for details.