NDEX

Apollo 15 Basin nlaterials-Continued Apennine Bench Formation samples, 197, 224, 278, 279 Inibriiin, 178, 179, 195, 279, pis. 3, 8, 12. See also In~briufn Abbe, pis. 4, 9 crater frequency and Dl values, 136, 197, 230, 231, 252, 262, basin, Orientale basin, Sclirodinger basin Abulfeda, 41, 180, 111. 7 271-273 impact melt, 66-70, 73, 76, 77, 82, 203, 211, 212, 270 Abulfeda cliiiin, 41, 115 landing site, ii, 8, 9, 12-15, 22, 88, 91, 99, 101, 193, 200, pis. knobby, 73, 81, 82, 168, 171, 172, 276 Adams, 167, 180, pi. 7 2-4, 8, 9 lateral transitions, 66, 67, 72, 73, 81, 82, 163, 164, 190, 204, Aeon, defined, viii, 19 mare samples, 19-23, 101, 102, 237, W,276-279 205, 214, 215, 218, 219, 224 Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, 124 massif samples, 19,23,49,82, 140-144, 195, 198,224,276-279 lineate, 66, 67, 80-82, 127, 147, 150, 163, 164, 179, 180, 188, Age, meaning, 19-22, 49, 129, 139, 163, 277 objectives, 88, 198 189, 204, 206, 209 Ages, relative, 121-136. Sec also Crater dating, Crater frequencies, sampling stations, 201, 237, 243, 244 mapping conventions, 127-129, pi. 6 I),, method, Dl, values, Superpositions, and niditfidual spectral reflectance, 96, 99 massifs, 6-1 1, 49,66-73, 76-82, 105, 127-129, 145, 146, 152, se-rirs and systems Apollo 16 155, 171-178, 181, 193, 198-203 Agglutinates, 95, 96, 256, 266, 279. Sec also Regolith crater frequency, 197, 219, 222, 230 Neclariaii, 161, 276-278, pis. 3, 7, 12 Agrippa, 205, 253, 266, pi. 10 crustal thickness, 12, 143 pre-Nectarian, 139, US, 178, 180, 277, 278, pis. 3, 6, 12 Airy, 155, 244, pi. 5 landing site, 12, 21, 22, 101, ISI,, 218, pis. 2, 3, 7, 8 sampling points, 82, 144, 163, 171, 195, 276, pis. 3, 7, 8. Sec Airy model of isostasy, 143 mare samples, 101, 237, 238, 245, 276, 278 ulso Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17, Luna Ailken, 120, pis. 4, 9 objectives, 21, 195 20 A1 Biruni, pis. 4, 9 sampling stations, 165, 168-170, 237 secondary-crater relations. See Basin-secondary craters Al-Kliwarizini, 154, 180, pi. 7 significance, 21, 57, 72, 127, 146, 164, 216 stratip':iphic mapping conventions, 121-129, pi. 6 Al-IAlbategnius, 10, 213, 214, 219, pis. 7, 8 Apollo 17 Basin rings, 57-73, 77, 110, 276, 280, pl. 3. Sec also Basin materials, Albedo, 2, 3, 49, 85, 91,, 256, 265-267 crater frequency and Dl values, 230, 273 iniissifs color, 96, 97 landing site, 9, 12,.&', 93,99, 101, 105, 109, 171,239, pis. 2-4, external, 78-81 magnetism, 215, 256 7-9 Biisin-secondary craters, ;&', 67,74,81,137,151,159,160,181-186, rays, 94-96, 249, 250, 256, 265-267, 279 mare and dark-mantle samples, 101, 102, 237, '289, 245, 196, 213-215, 276. Sec also Imbriuni basin, secondary slopes, 48, 49, 96 276-279 craters; Nectaris basin, secondary craters; Orientale Aliacensis, 48, 127, 180, 189, pi. 7 massif samples, 21, 46, 49, 82, 140-144, 156, 157, 163, 17.1, basin, secondary craters Alkalis, mare basalt, 101, 276 190, 195, 201, 270, 276, 278 distribution and extent, 32, &}, 1'27, 163, 171, 213-215, pis. 3, Alpes Formation, 15, 73,81,82, 119, 168, 171, 174,200,20,'1, pi. 8 objectives, 173 6-8 Al~~lionsus,10, 89, 90, 94, 96, 128, 213, pis. 5, 7 sampling stations, 174, 176, 178, DO, 237, 239, 2-10 ejrclii relation, 42, 66, 67, 72, 81, 82, 211-213, 217-220, 276 Alpine Valley, 113-116, 119, 204 spectral reflectance, 96-99, 240 linearity and radiality, 8,8-2, 67, 80, 81, 127, 147, 161-170, 179, ALSEP, defined, 23, 165, 240 Apollonian metamorpliis~n,212 186-188, 196, 213-216, 225 Altai scarp, 164, 233 Apparent crater, 43 mapping conventions, 127-129, pl. 6 Altimetry, Apollo and Zonil, 77, 120, 145 Arago, 28, 114 plains relation, 67, 71, 72, 128, 146, 164, 190, 215-220, 224 Alumina (aluminum) Aratus CA, !)0 provenance of material, 42, '13, 81, 82, 129, 211, 212, 217-220, Apollo 16 units, 165, 168 Archimedes, 8, 15, 19, 21, 113, 124, 125, 156, l9J, 216, 221, 231, 276 mare basalt, 101-103 pi. 9 "rays," 74, 75, 82, 127 orbital sensing, 98-103, 139-1'14, 165, 168 Archimedian Series, 123, 124 stratigraphic relations, 127, 145-151,158, 161-167, 175, 179, terra crust, 139-144 Arcliylas, 204, pi. 10 isti, pis. 6-8 Amundsen-Ganswindt basin, 7, 65, 148, pis. 3, 6 Ariadaeus B, 220, 221 Basins (ringed biisins, multi-ringed basins), 3, 19-23, 55, 276, pis. Anaxagoras, 51, 204, pi. 11 Aristarchus, 50, 91, 121, 125, 126, 156, 252, 253, 262, pl. 11 3, 6-8. Sec also other hasi-ii headim/s and basins listed Andfel M, 218 Aristarehus Plateau, 86, 89, 91, 125, 233, 240, 244, pi. 4 OH 7). 64, 65, 148, 179. Anorthite, 140 Aristillus, 8, 9, 2'2, 48, 253, 269, pi. 11 iintipodes, 67, 76, 82, 181, 215-217, 279 Anorthosite and anortliositic norite, 140-143, 156, 165, 168 Aristoteles, 9, 202, 252, pi. 10 craters, comparisons, 57, 58, 65, 66 ANT suite, 140-143, 171, 201 Artamonov, pis. 4, 9 crater-uplift control, 145, 149 Antipodes, basins, 67, 76, 82, 181, 215-217, 279 Arzaehel, 10, 128, 221, pis. 5, 8 crustal composition, 143-145 Antoniadi, 7, 58, 65, 81, 231, pis. 4, 9 Asdepi, 41, pi. 6 lefined, 3, 57, 65 Apennine Bench Formation, 8, 73, 113, 193, 197, 231 Ash-flow tuft, 21, 85 deposits. Sec Basin materials age, 198, 212, 224, 243, 278 Asthenospliere, 115 tiepth, 77, 80, 143-145 geologic niiips and sections, 15, 19, 200, 243, 270, pi. 8 Astroblemes, 77 e,jecl:~.See Basin materials samples, 197, 224, 278, 279 Aslrogeology, vii exciiviition cavity, 66, 77-81 Apenninian Series, 123-125 Atlas, 9, 32, 166, 231, pis. 5, 9 gravity, 77, 79, 117 Aphanitic texture, 23, 174, 177, 178 Augite, 140, 143, 243 inventory, 57, 64, 65, 81, 148, 179, pl. 3 Apianus, 189, pi. 7 Australe basin, 7, 112, 64, 103, 145, US, 179, 245, pis. 3, 6 mare-extrusion control, 102, 103, 145, 229, 238-245 Apollo basin, 55, CO, fi,79-82, 103, 145, 147, 160, 178-181, pis. 3, 6 Autolycus, 8, 9, 22, 200, 253, 26.9, pi. 11 Moho control, 77, 80, 102, 103, 115, 120, 143-145, 229, mare filling, 103, pis. 4, 9 240-245, 276 Apollo missions, IS, 19-23, 82, 101, 140, I&%,195, 329, 235, 249, rings. See Basin rings 277-280, pis. 2-4, 7-11. Sec also iiidit~iilitalmissions secondary-impact craters. Sec Basin-secondary craters unvisited sites, 125, 131, 254, 265, 258, 259 size series, 59-65 Apollo photographs, types, 41, pi. 2 Baco, 75, pl. 6 topographic rim, defined, 66 A1~ollo8, 12, 145, 152, 160 Bailiy basin, 11, 59, El,, 80, 179, 180, pis. 3, 7 topography, 77, 100, 280 Apollo 10, 12 Balmer-Kapteyn basin, 7, 65, 148, 165, 167, 190, pis. 3, 6 Bedrock, 12, 13, 21, 45 Apollo 11 Barbier, 149, 151 Beer, 8, 113 crater frequency and Dl values, 230, 235, 238 Barocius G, 37 Bench Crater, 259, 261 crater morphology, 135 Barringer, 181, ill. 7 Berosus, 166, pi. 7 landing site, 12, 13, 99, 101, lli9, 227, 285, pis. 2, 4, 9 Barrow, 149, 199, 204, pi. (i Berzelius, 175 mare samples, 19, 85, 101, 224, 23.5, 245, 276-279 Basalt. See Fra Mauro basalt, KREEP l~asalt,Mare-basalt saniples Bessarion B, 39 regolith, 235 terrestrial, 101, 102 Biancliini, 34, pi. 9 spectral reflectance, 96, 99 Base surge, 43 Big Backside Basin. Sec South Pole-Aitken basin terra samples, 140, 142 Basin-mare distinction, 3, 19, 85, 86 Birklioff basin, 59, 64, 147, US, 158, 179, 188, 293, pis. 3, 6 Apollo 12 Basin materials, 55,276-279, pis. 3, 6-8, 12. Sec also basins listed Birk11oSS X, 159 crater frequency zind Dl values, 230, 259, 271-273 on p. 64, 65, 148, 179 "Blaclr-and-white rocks," 2:1, 165, W,224, 278 crater niorphology, 135 ages, relative, 64, 65, US,157, 179, 190, 224, 276-279, pis. Blancanus, pi. 7 landing site, 12, 99, 101, 132, 207, 259, 272, pis. 2, 4, 10 3, 6-9, 12 Blanchinus, 149, 189 mare samples, 19, 23, 101, 102, 249, SS9, 276-279 ages, absolute, 157, 160, 168-171, 177, 178, 186, 190, 191,200, Blocks, ejected, 29, 46, 47, 99, 168, 258, 265 objectives, 259 201, 212, 224, 276 Bo~~pland,22, 189, 208 spectral refleetiifice, 96, 99, 261 asymmetry, 66, 81, 82, 127, 171, 173, 179, 276, pis. 3, 6-8 Bonpland D, 112, 221 terra and Copernicus-ray samples, 140, 269, 270, 278 crater frequencies, 148, 149, 160, 179, 186, 293 Boscovich Formation, 205 Apollo 13, 12, 195 degradation, 65, 81, 82, 145, 146, 163-165 Boulder tracks, 174, 178 Apollo 14 dunelike deposits ("deceleration dunes"), 67, 71, 130, 204, 218, Bowen's reaction series, 140, 142 crater frequency, 136, 230 219 Boyce-Diiil crater-dating technique, 133. Sec also Dl, method, Dl, Fra Mauro Formation samples, 82, 195, 200, 204, 276-279 ejection angles, 67, 73, 80, 81 v:lllles landing site, 10, 12, 32, 82, 144, W,pls. 2, 3, 8 emplacement, 66-82, 174-177, 195, 202-204, 210-212, Brayley, 253 mare-basalt clasts, 101, 190, 200, 278 218-220, 276 Breccia, 12, 45-47 objectives, 195, 204 excluded zone, 66, 164, 165 complexities, 21-23, 45-47, 177 sampling stations, 190, 200, 204, 205, 209 extent, 64-82, 123, 127, 129, 145-147, 171, 179, 190, 195, dating, 22, 47, 156, 169, 177, 178 terra samples, general, 19, 23, 140-144 213-215, 218, 276, pis. 3, 6-8, 12 dikes, 44, 46 THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY 011' THE MOON

Brrccm-Coiit niiied Coulomb, 158, 159, pi 7 ililithologic (iliinicl), ~lli,Kin, ICi8 ('oiili~iiili-S:~itonbasin, 00, 115, 72, 7!1, 115, 148, lA<, 1741, pis 3, 0 I'ri:il~lciragnicnt~il icldsp:ithit~, lli5 - I7 1 Cr:ltlT li.'ii mi;, la!)- 136 graniilitic, 105, 108-170, 17 1 "~'llilli~'1" iS<'l*('fiiflxI' ~~l'l~iil'ii~il'~ lCxrlh, l'I71t~r-flliilr,~1:i I), nu-tliuil, it;.;, l;iii, 216, 50, 53,'1W>, Wl,273 iielt-lioor, 40, -17, 165, 11% iiiorplioloi;if l);ihis, 13;, I 15, Hi), 180, 222, 232, 2 I!], 25:: 2:>7 nu~ll-ncli,17, iS2, 157, 165, 168 l'oliii Ol'licld nivtliud, 12;)-131, 1 I:*, 115 iii\mg ;in11 rrcyrliiig, 21-23, 1 B!I- 1 13, I 57, l (i;i siij~erpusitioiiiilInihis, 17, 27, 117, 125 .Sci II?SII Siipi'i l~iisitioiis provt-ii:iiii.'e, 22, 23, 17, 205, 21 1, 212, 217-220, 2711 lillitlii~i,131-i:~, 2:<(i, ai;~,25;i ¥l~gl.)lilll45 ('raliv l'r~pi~iicic%,IS, 19, 12!I-l:!(i, 115-117, 180, Dl, 2;40-2;i2 hiunpli's, 45~17 "+c (tlw nafi imlunl Apolh~i.!.n11 l21ini1 i~fisstoi~s,fiii^i~i\, sliurk gr.itk~s,'Ill-117 /orin~tt~~~iis,nutria, sf~ic\,mu1 syslrws tl'l~t'strial,45 ~lbl~ls,1311, 1 $A', IMI, KÈIS6, .'!A! textiirl~h,23, IB-/I?, 171, 17'1 ~ii:~nidt~rde~~.~iiik~iico, 129, 132, Ktii, 257 "l-iriglit swirls," 76, 215, 210, 256, 38. 2(i!à 11, correliit ions, 130, l:ili, 21 (i, 2;iO, 25(i, 27;i l-iuili:ildi~s,252, 253, 250, 111 10 t~i111og~~niccr:itcrs, 29 Hunk' I-stratii;r:ipliir coi~fl:~tioiis,l30, lXi Cratrr iiiatrriiils, 3, 17-I!), 25-58 .Src id\n t111/11~~i11111lwuft'rs, ^ii~~f~s,titid s~t~fc~ifi, ti)id ci'itf~'r^ Iisfid on 11 149, 180, 221, 231, 25:!, 265 asyirinielric, 32, 38, :$!I, 258, 21>(i,207 ~liinelil~v,27, 28, 268 rnilugriiif iiiU'ri)rd:ilinns, 17-1:) 1~ioii~iii:ildl-i;roil:itioii, 19, 31, 27, -17, 48, I,'!), 145, 1 I!), 180, 185, 189, 222, 232, 2-19, 253, 25d, 2G5-207 i.-xd.-nt,27, 127 Hour, 27. 28, 13, 45, 50-52, 113, l Id, I17 geologic iii:ippiiig, 15, 27, 47-50, 07, 125, 127, pis li-12 hel~li~glioiil~,2s-:Vi, '17, u,67, 125, 21 1 iiii\iili;, 'l-l-'ls inorpliology, 3, 27, 14!1, 180, 222, 223, 232, %ti-Wi irigiii, 17-I!) lwik, 27, 13-51, 58, 65, 77-81), 280 roiii~tc-s~i~h~~ii;propi~tu's, !lCi-!)!I, 21;s-207 run, 27-?!I, 42, 45-48 shark /uiiiiig, 11 1, 12, -15 ¥ sui~iimts,27, 3,45-53 wall, 27-?!I, 15-51 Crater 1iriwesscs iScc dso K~~t.*tionprowss floor uplilt, I!], 58, (15, 93, !)!I, If,!, 129, 145, 1-I!), lil(i, 245, pi 5 i'ori~i:itioiiniechiinics, 33, "HI- I5 I'orni:itiiin tinn's, 43, I5 inp:icl ii~~-ILnig,44 Srr nlvi lrnpact iiivlt iiitfrl'wrnc'e, 29-32, 35, 37, 48, 220 ongin, g~iit-ral,17-1:). 2'7, 32, 33, 11, 17 iviil, Soriii:ilion, 43, 4-1, 49, 50, 77 "ptisti" am1 "pull" iiiet'li:iiiisnis, 43 Lcn'iife funniitio~~,43, 44, 48, 77 lliriisliiii;, 12, 47 ('rater proper! ifs, S, 17- I!), 27-3:! ciiv~ilarily,29 tIc~illi-ili;ii~ii.~t~~rnitios, 27, 21, -12, I:<, ti&, 80 exciiv:itiori wvity, ll-'l:! n~irphiilo~~,3, 27-29 siii~~It.~-to-i~oiiijiloxtransit ion, 3, 27-2:)' 43, ii5 sizr rl:isses, 27-29, 57, 58 h~/c~-frv~iiei~'y~listriliul~iiis St'e ('ratt-r Sruquriicic~s sp:i(ial ilistnli~iiitins,17-19, 29, 32, l:!!~, Ilia, 2(ir>,27(i, 111s (i-12 largrt iiil'ui~in~~,13, -1 1, 17, 133, Xi!l, 24 l ('filter types ;~lypii':ll, 111, <12, 'il coll:ipse, 87-!I2 roiiiplr\, 3-29, 'I:+, 11, 47-;i:i, 77, 78, 280 1:irk-li:ilo~~dSt~c 1I:irk-1i:ilocil rraters (h-lta-nni,32, :Ci, $12 dimple, 2:W I~tililc-niii;,113, l Id oiitlo~n~cSfp(' Kiulo~ymr i'fiikvs explosion, 32, 77-81 gravity, -IS, 81 hybrid, :!:< 11 I ci;ttlar, 32 labofiitory, 31-33, 38, :

Explorer 35, 12 Geologic units-Coiitir~ucil Explosions, 41 correlalion of fypcs, 121-125 Exposure ages, 235, 238, 209, 270 correlation wiili samples, 21-23, 101, 139, 143, 276, 280 interfiri~ri~ig,27, 121, 12'1 kitera! cor~limiity,17, 21, 27 iioti~c~iu-l:iturr,121-125 s~qierpositioiis,17, 21, 125-127. Scr nlsu Superpositions Fabricins, 1.17, 253, pl 10 tliree-diinc~~isiorialiiy,17 Fabry, 4, pi. 61 Giordiiiio Bruno, 191, 265 I*':irsiile Ghiss. Sec also Dark-mantling ni:it eri;il cruslal and litliosplierir tkii~li~irss,12-14, 115, I45 Apollo 15, green, 101, 237, 244, 245, 278 defined, 2, :i Apollo 15, rod, 101, 244 niaria, 3, 10;i, 11 5, 233, 245, WO Aliollo 17, oniiigc and black, 101, 237, 2-10, 241, 2-15, 278 southern, :i t'oatiiigs, 4C) structures, 107, 112, 115, 245, pi. 5 d:irkeilillg, 95, '.Hi, %iO Faults, 107. Scr ulso Friicturrs, Rilles ilevitrif~catioii,240 craters, 42, 47, l l:i-I 18 regolitli, 95, ¥È 101 marr ridges, 110- 1 12 iioi.'lenius, 119, pi. 7 solitary, 113, 115 Giitiihiril A, 70, 205 ttirust, 11 5, 269 Goilin, 205, 253, 26(i, pi. 1 1 l~'wuri(litiitisl):isiii, -10, 65, 117, 1.15, 146, 1.18, 179, 235, '^,I, 243, "Gold dust," 85 ~lh.ti, (i Goldscliinidt, 49, 204, pi. 6 Keldspar, crustal v:i~ietit.~s,140 Gosses Blul'f, Australia, 43 Felsile, 177, 178 (inibc~is.See Rilles Feniii, 5, pi. (i Granile, 140, 223, 269 Karly liiil)ri:in Epoch Siv hiLower 11iihri:iii St~ic~, l'\'wo:tii :inortliositr, 1-12, 14H, IWi Gnu~Hercules, 9, 32, JOB, pi. 10 ISndogeiiic craters, 87-93, 239 Funierius, 149, 167, pis. 11-6 Ileroclotus, 91, pi. 9 i~~ilia~t-craU'rtlistirictioii, 19, 27, 2!), :i2, 33, 47, 88, 89, 113, 2W Ilerscliel, 128, 253, {il. 10 size-~m~uency(lislnbutioii, 29 Ilcrtzspru~igbasin, SO, 64, 79-82, 148, 149, 158, 159, 178-183, 188, I~ndymion,199, 166, 180, pls. 4, 7, $1 pis. 3, 7, 8 Energy coupling, 41, 43, 81, 212 crater fri~qi~eiicy,179, 180, 186, 293 Eiicrgy ~artilioniiig,43, 44, 157, 2l'i Uakillro, 140 ek~v:ition, 120 Energy scaliiig. Sec St*aling hiws Galil~ro~iont~142 ~laiiis,190, 245, pi. 8 ICiigelliardt, 184, 111 8 Giijqwni, ti, 31, 58, 120, 149, 191, 1)1 ti Ilrvelius, 67, 71, 120, 180, pis. 5, 7 Epigeiics, 204, 111. 7 (ialois am1 (;.iluis Q, 1 83, pi G Ilevel~usIJorniation, (i(i-7:<, 75)-82, 111s. 3, 8. Sec utso Orieiitaie ISlx~cli,~lcfincd, 123 (;:iniifiirt, 40, 92, 208 bus111 Equilibrium. Src StciiiJy state Gamliart A, 268 crater analogy, 57, (it;, 79 I3ratostlieiies, 8, M, I%, I!):$, 231, W,111. 10 Gamma-ray spect ronieter, 97-$19, I 5G water I'rcquciicy, 210 Kratostlieni:~~~I't~riod G~irgaiituai~basin. .Ycc IJroCdl:iruiii l~:isin d~-t'~tiitiotiam1 lypf arra, 66, 67, 71, 196, 197 ~lerii~erl,121, 125 Gassendi, 113, 116, pis. 5, 7 cxteiit, 66, 67, 76, 79-82, pi. 8 duration, 249, 262, 280 Gasscudi A, 253, 111. 11 FraMauro Formation an:~lo~y,73, 82, Ml,, 212,213,216,218 impact rate, 246, 271-273, 280 Gaudiberl, 113, 117, pi. 5 inner facies, 66, 76, 81, 197 I~ratostheiiiiinSysten~, 247, 279, pi. 10 Gauss, 58, Kid, pis. 5, 7 Monies Cordillera relation, 67-71, 79, 232 chronology, 262, 279, 280 Geminus, 166, pi. 10 r~onliiieatetlfacies (member), 70, 72 crater frequency, 130, 136, 230, 249-253, 256, 957,265, 272, Geo-, vii outer facies, 67, 76, 82 280 Geochronology plains relation, 67, 164, 190, 215, 218, 219, 224 crater materials, 180, 236, W,265, 280, pi. 10 breccia dating, 22, 47, 156, 16!), 177, 178 slratigrapl~icsignificance, 66, 121-125, 196 defined, 121-126, 249, 250 decay coiislaiits, 19, 168 transverse fades, 67, 71, 73, 76, 204 D,viilues, 125, 130, 136, 229-231, 247-250, 253, 256, 259, exposure ages, 235, 238, 269, 270 "Highland basalt," 1-10, 141, 156 269, 273 mare-basalt dating, 101, 235-244, 261, 269, 270 IIilbert, 4, 5, 154, 191, pi. 7 mare materials, 15, 121-125, 131-135, 207, 230, 231, 234, 243, methods, 156, 177, 235-238, 269 IIipparchus, 19, 37, 213, pis. 6, 8 244,247-256,S58,265,269, 272,278, 279, pis. 10, 12 model ages, 156 Horrocks, 253 samples, 2-19, 259-262, 276-279 pyroclastic dating, 241, 244 13orleiisius-Milichiusdomes, 86 structures, 279 Geologic cross sections. See Cross sections IIubble, pis. 4, 7, 9 Escape velocity, 29 Geologic mapping, vii, 17-21, 123-129 Humboldl, 7, 58, 102, 113, 167, 223, 226, 231, pis. 4, 5, 9 Esiiault-l'elterie, 149, 159 basins, 15, 66, 67, 73, 76, 127, 129, 169, 174, 207, pis. 3,6-8, 12 IIuinboldtianum basin, 61, 61,, 79-81, 117, 148, 166, 179, 186, 199, Eudoxus, 9, 202, 252, 253, pi. 11 craters, 27, 47, 50, 176, pis. 6-12 pis. 3-5, 7 Euler, 8, 49, 121, 125, l'26, 250-253, pi. 10 niziria, 86, 94, 95, 174, 236, pk. 4, 9-12 crater frequency, 179, 186, 293 Europium anomaly, 101, 142 systern:itic prograin, vii, 123-125 impact, 79, 82, 171 Excavation cavity Geologic maps stratigraphic relations, 148, 171,175, 179, 186,199,204,pi. 7 basins, 23, 66, 77, 80, 280 local, 176, 236 Humorum basin, 57, 61, 67,, 82, 148, 153, 179, 1S7, 192, 214, pis. defined, 43 regional, 15, 76, 94, 95, 169, 174, 207, 217, pis. 3-12 3-5, 7 depth and volume, 42, 43, 66, 77, 80 Geologic units, vii, 17-23, 121-129. See also Rock-stratigraphic crater frequency, 179, 186, 293 excavation and growth, 41-43 units, Time-stratigraphic units, Time units mascon, 117, 244 THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE MOON

Ilinenite, 95, 101, 140, 2% Iliiieiiite l~:is:ilt, 101, 235, Xis, 2ti l I~i~hri:iii-Ii~il~ri~~iiiilistinctioii, 124 11ribn:in Peritxl. Sec n1.w Early Imhri:in Kpocli, Liite iiii!>riiiri Epoch Miiiml, 124, 125 luratititi, 245, 279 iml~ictrate, KiO, 191, ¥W, 246, 279 Inibrian Syst~~iii.Sec ~1~11Lower liiibri:iii Sc~ries,ijppor Iiiii>ri:in Series crater frcqiieiiry, lX, 186, l!)7 crater iii:iteri:ils, 15, JBl-ISC, ISli, 221, 222, 232 ~lefirieti,124, 125, I!);{, 196 extent, 195, 22!1, 279, pis. 8, !i pliiiiis ~niiterials.Scc I1laiiis lypi- area, lilli, 208, 231 Imhriinii basin, 8, I!), 2 1, 36, 57, /!,'i, 65, 79-82, HllS, pls. 3, 8, 12 age, ISG, 191, 201, 212, 224, 277, 279 antipixle, 21 5-217 ci-nter, 103, 198, 202, 204 coiiiposition, 143, 144, 168, 201, 211 crater Sr~~~~uency,135, l:!li, 100, 191, 1È7'iW-222, '£W2!)B ~li-~l~~sits,19, 57, 65, 127, 129, 164, 165, 108, 17-1, 175, 190, I!!$, 279, pis. 3, 8. S(Tc11s11 Alpt-is Formation, Apc'ti- line Bench Forni:ilion, Fra Miiuro Forinatum, "Material of Montes Apeiiiiiiiiis" depth, 143, 240 cxciivatimi cavity, 81, 197, 198, 204, 21 1 Sissuml plains, W3 J tlrrscliel, 111s 5, t; impact angle, 82 ,Jans;!t-11, 37, I4!), lti2, lti4, pls 5, (i impact melt, 1!)8, 203, 211, Wi Jaiissi~nFoniiiitioii, 73, 12 1, 143, 1(;;!-167, pi 7 m:ipping conventions, 127, 129 Jwiier, 5, 7, 223, 2211, 231, pi !I wire I'ill, 103, 240, 243-245, 258, 259, 2(i!l, 279. S'cc uh11 hfaro ,JcbUiiig, 4 1-46 Ii~ihriiiin Joliot, 76, 166, 191, PIS 4, (i, 9 in:~sl~oii,1 I7 Jiilrs Vrrnc~,ti, 111s GG, 9 Orientale hisin, conipansons, 1!K, 197, 202, 203, 213, 218 Julius Carsir, 9, $15, 218, 111 fi plains, 3, 21, 16-1, 213,215, 279, 111. S..Scc~~IsoApeiiii~~ieI~ncli I<:inl Pliilrau, 164, IG5, '21K Formation, Cayley Formation Karpniskiy, PIS. 5, 8 pl:iins/sccoii~l:iry-crater relation, 215-219 Keelw, ti, 25, 120, 150, p1 8 radials. St'i Iinliriuin sc~~lpturr lk~i4cr-Hravis~li.~li:isin, li, 25, (;I, !J$, 146, 1-18, 150, 179, pls 3, ti rimand rings, 57, US, 79, Sl, 110, 117, 193, 1'16, 207, 211, 2W, Kepler, 121, 125, 253, 255, 265, pi 11 240, mi, 111. 3. Sw also Montes Alpes, Montes Apon- Kil~il'clndi, 180, 183, pi. 7 riinus, Montes Arcliiinedes, Montcs Carpatiis, Montes KIH~,4, 4(i, 50, 53, 154, 2(i5, pi 11 Caucasus I{ipuk:i~, 86, 110 samples, lit, 21, 82, 192, 200, 276, 278. .See ~clsoApennirie Kirflilioff, 173, 175 Bench l~oniiiitiori,samples; Fra Mauro I~'urin:ition, Kohlschutler, 85, 2/15, pis 4, 7 sample;!; Montc~sApenninus, samples KupSf, Xi, 40, pls 5, !I secuii~hirycraters, 32, .'Hi, '10, 41, 05, 718, 1Hi, 127-131, 155, Korolev hnsin, 59,04, 79-82, 1.18, ITS, 179, IN, 190, 245, pis 3, 156, 164-168, 172, 175, 187, 189, 196, 205, 206, 223, 7, 8 232, 2;i:i, 2'l:i, pis. ti, a, I2 Korolev M, 182 secoiitlary ~*r:itfrs,sampling, I64, 105, 173, 174, 204, 205, $11, Kov:iIevsk:iy:~, 158, pi 9 218 KmSSt, 197, 231, 23.1, pi 9 stratigmpliic rehitioiis, 15, lil, 21, 121, l27, 121, 148, 173, 17'1, KKEEI' 179, 196, I!)!), 204-209, 21;i-21il, 233, 243, 271;-279, l~ihalt,140, 156, DO, 198, 202, 21 1, 224, 27(i-279 pis. 3, 8, 12 cuiiqiosition, I40 st~*:itigr:i~liicsigiiil'icai~ci.~, 19, 21, 121- 125, D5, l !Hi, 20-1, 221, crusliil roiiipoii~~it,140, 143, 1-14, 150, 21 1 279 ~Irlini-[I,HO striiclures, exkni;iI, 81 Iiidi-I< (UKIQI), 1.10 striictiires, tectonic, 112, If.;, 117, 111. 5 low-I{ (LKI-'M), HO, 141, KM, 171, 17-1, 201 Iiiibriuin sculpture, 10, 19, 37, 41, 57, 89, IlJ, 115, 118, 13, 187, iii~~diuin-K(MKFM), 1.10, 198 I'Xi, 199, 204, 208, 2I.i orl~iL:ilclie~~iislry, I I:{, 156, li10, 1!IS, 245 Iinpiu-t lircrei:i .Set Iirracia IJrI~lli,142, lo8 Impact molt sii~nplcs,165, KiS, 171, 174, I$)O, 198-203, 211, 20!l, 270 basins, (iG-70, 73, 70, S2, 164, li18, 203, 211, 27-1-27(1 volranic, I l I, 15d, 198, 21 l cooling linie, 45 Kriegcr, 121, 125, 2;{1-2:!;{ ejected, $11, 47, 48, I I:!, 117, 17-1, 177, 212 I!)-170, 174, 177, 27s !ii:iri~-bas:ilt s:impIvs, ~*oinp:irison,101 )oikililic, 46, 168, 174, 177 texture, 'a, -I(;, 140, Iti5, 174, 177, 178, 201, 203, 210 1lliwrtain souiws, 22, 23, His-170, 174, 177, 211, 21!), 220 Iinparl rak'b Copcri~i~anan11 Er:itostli~ii:in, 246, 271-273, 280 Inil~ri:in,ll;O, lill, 245, 246, 279 INDEX

Miiiitle-Coiitinin'il mare-source zones, 101, 238, 240, 259, 261, 276, 280 origin, 102 samples, 73, KO, Idc;, 278 structure, 12, 13, 102, 103 uplifts, 77, 102, 115, 120, 1/15, 240, 274-27fi Marakli, 11 1, 172-175, 111 7 Marakli 13, 87 M:ire (pi., ~iiiiria),3, 19, 21, AV, 117. 229, 232-245, 2-19, 258-262, 2fi!), pis. 4, 9-12, Siv also Mare-basalt sainplc~s,Marc units, ççlacits, martJ, 11m1SIÈH, Itcadi~ti~s area, 3, 85 basin relations, 3, 85, 100-103, 115, 117, 145 Mined, 3, 85, 86 elevations, 77, 78, 100, 115, 117, 120, 241 iiiorphology and liiinlfori~is,85-iwcia,101, 156, 190, 200, 210, 212, 278 compusit~ms,!Hi-103 tlel'irie(i, 85, 101 Icllsity, 12 I~r:~Lostlieniaii.SIT Apollo 12 (above) europium anomaly, 1-12 Seldspatliic, 101, 237, 2.11, 2-12, 245, -W, 278 high-I{, liigli-Ti, 101, 237, 238, 245, 278 ili~~enite,2S5, 238, 2ii1, 262 KREEP-rich, 156, 190, 198, Wi low-I(, liigli-Ti, 101, 235-24 1, 245, 278 luw-K, low-TI, 101, 235-238, 278 Lower (Early) Imbri:~~~,224, 279 Luna Id, 96, 101, 237, $41, 245, 276-279 Luna 24, !I(;, 101, ^,1, 245, 276-279 mantle sources, 102, 103, 238, 240, 25'1, 261, 27(i, 280 Mg-nch, 242 iniiieralogy, 10 1 olivine (olivi~le-iionii:ilive),237, 239, 243, 245, %!)-Mia, 278 pigeoiiite, 2;!7, Xi-245, 25:)-262 ire-Iriibriaii (Neetariaii and pre-Nectariaii), 190, 200,212, 2:W, m, 280 ~~uarl~-~ior~ii:iiive,243 mli~tion,101 terra-melt-rock samples, comparison, 101 tfxturrs, È'!; 101, 102, 235-244, 259, 201 'Si-poor (low-Ti), 9(i, 101-10;5, 2%-KW, W,278 Ti-rich (liigli-Ti), 90, 101-103, 235-241, 2-15, 259, 2li2, 278 IJi~prr(1,:ik') ~lliliriiillSet A~iOllo~1 1, 15- 17 il itil ~~1111:lsHi, 24 (ifbour} vtyy low titanium (VLT), Hll, 102, 237, 242, 278 Marc Gogniluni, 86, 112, 120, 2114, pis. 4, 9 Mare Crisiuni, 4, lLY, 78, 100, lO:i, 165-lli7, IZ, JJ,1, 111s '1, 5, 9 zlge, XÇ) 241, 245, 279 ('olor (spectral reflcct:~nce)an11 roniposilto~i,9G, 99,2-1 1, 242, 111. 4 crater frcqi.ient.'y and I), vakies, 230, 2:il cross section, 100 (kirk-tn:irilling i~iah~rnil,HE) (liariieter, 103, 117 elevation, 77, 78, 100, 117, IW M:ire Imbriuui, compiirison, 243 inascon, :)!I, 117, 24 1 periplu~ral"hlces" aini c~rupLionsite's, 78, 103, 24 1, 259 sampleb, ¥2!,1 245, 276-279 stratign~iliy,100, 241, 2ll:i, pi !) structures, 117, 2/11, pi. 5 tliickiiess, 99, 100, 103, 117, W , Wi Mare Fecuiitlilatis, 119, 167, 241, n\h 4, i) nge, 24 1, 245, 279 color (spectral rel'k-ctain'ts), '16, !)!I, 241, pi 4 coinposit ion, 24 1 crater freqiieiny, 2:iO iliiinwter, 117, 241 elev:ilioi~,78, 117, 120 ni~seoii,absence of, 99, 117 samples, $41, 245, 276-279 striitigriipliy, 233, -21,1, pi. 9 structures, 115-1 19, 241, 111. 5 thickm-ss, !I!), 100, 103, 117, 242 Mare Figoris, 8, W, 99, 125, 199, 204, 224, 243, 258, 279, pls 4, 9, 10 basiii-related trough, HI, 198, 243 Mare Humbol~lti~ir~iiiii,9, 61, 103, 117, l(i6, pls. 4, 9 Mare IIumoril~i~,til, 112, 117, 187, Wi,pis. 4, 5, 9, 10 color (speclml refleclaiice), 96, !)9, 244, pi 4 dark-itiantling itiatenal, 89, 116 II~:ISCUII, 99, 117, 244 structures, 107, 112, 116, 117, 244, pi. 5 THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY 011' THE MOON

"Mug shot," defined, 23 Orieniiile basin-Continucti Plant&,8, pi. 10 Muller chain, 41, 115 dunelilce deposits, 67, 71, 130, 218 Pluto, 8, 125, 221, 224, 231, 259, pis. 4, 9, 10 Multi-ringed basin, tiefineil, 3. Scc dso ~(ISLIIhvo(ii II~Smsd 11(isins exterior, lit!, 81, 82 Playfair and Playfair G, 10, 189, pis. 6, 7 listed on 11. 64, 65, 148, 179 fissured faeics, 06, 73 I'linius, 93, 253, pi. 10 Multispectral inliiges, 99 forniation, 78-82 Plutonic rocks, 140-143, 156, 157, 278 Mutus, 155, pi. 6 geologic maps, 76, pis. 3, 8, 12 Polin-OlTieltl crater cliissificiit ion, 129- 131, 143 Mutiis-Vlacq basin, 65, 145-148, 15.5, 164, 179, 190, 244, pis. 3, 6 global el'fects, 67, 72, 190, 216, 220, 223 I'oikilitic texture, 23, 46, 165, 168, 174, 177 gravity structure, 77, 80, 117 Poincar6 basin, 6, 7, 59, 64, IOS, 146, US, pis. 3, 6 pooved facies, 67, 73 I'ontecoi~l~i~il,167, 180, pi. 7 inip~iclande, 82 I1ositloiiius, 9, 22, 93, 113, 231, pis. 5, 9 inii~idmelt, G6-72, 76, 77, H2, 212 Potassium, 98, 99, 102, 140, 190. Sri- also KREEI~,Mare-basalt Nailsen, 199, pi. 7 interior, 68-73, 76-82 sarnpkq liigli-K, low-I< Nearch, 147, 149, pi. 6 mare fill, 190, 245, 279, pis. 4, !). S(T~nlso Mare Orientale I'ratt model of isostasy, 1413 Ne:irsi(le massifs, 66, 69, 7;i, 79, 80 lire-Irnbrian (niateriiils :in0 time), l'l;i-l45, 196 (lefined, 2, 3 moilel lor basins, 65, ti(>,73, 77-82, 279 I're-Ni~ctariiin period mass offset, 103 pitted terrain, 67, 71 defined, 121- 125, 139, 145 Neciiiriiin Period plains, 3, 71, 128, 164, 179, 182, 184, 190, 197, 204, £13,221, duration, 157, 278 defined, 121, 163 279, pi. 8 geologic history, 156, 157, 277 duration, 157, 190, 278 radial facies, 73 igneous activity, 139-143, 150, 157, 190, 277, 278 geologic history, 190, 191, W7-279 "rays," 66, 7'1, 75, 127 iiripact rate, 151, 157, KiO, 180, 191, 2-16, 277-280 igneous activity, 190, 277-279 rings, (i4-73, 77, pi. S. See iilw Montes Cordillera, Montes Rook Pre-Nec1:iri:in system, 187, 277, 278, pi. 6 impact rate, 151, 157, KiO, 180, l!)O, 191, 246, 277-280 secondary craters, 32, ,'15, ti6, Xfi, 127, 128, 151, 158, 159, ):isin materials, 139, Ui.1, 178, 180, 277, 278, pis 3, G Nectarian System, 161, 278, 279, pi. 7 181-183, 188, Hie, 205, '224, 226, 2;W, pls. 3, 8 rhroiiology, Isti, 277, 278 Iiiisiii inaterials, ICI, 276-278, 111s. 3, 7 stratip~iliirrehitioiis, 127, 13, 148, 158, 159, 179-183, 188, crater frvqueney, superposed, l;iO, 136, 145-14!), 186, 197 chronology, 190, 277-279 IUC, 2211, 226, 233, 271, pis. 3, 8, 12 crater materials, 130, 136, 13S), US, 180, 186-189, 278, pi (i crater frequency, 130, 136, l(i0, 178- 180, 186, 1511, 197, 230 stratigrapliic sigiiificaiice, 121-123, 195, DC, 221, 229, 279 defi~ieci,121-123, 125, 139, 143, 145 crater materials, 130, 136, 149, 180, 246, 2T&, pi. 7 structures, tectonic, 117, 2-IS, 245, pi. 5 distribution, IS!), pl. 6 (iefiiit~d,121- 125, 16S topograpliy, 77, 280 lilutonic rocks, 141-1~IS,156, 157, 278 ilistribution, 103, pi. 7 Orieiitale Group, defined, 66, 72 rewgriitioii criteria, 145- 147 plains materi:ils, IM-IBG, 163-167, 184, 188-191, 217, 219, Origin, meaniiiin,, I!), ¥H IS:), KiS samples, l:3!)-143, 156, 157, l6:i, 1!)5 2S0, pi. 7 Orontius, 10, 20, 149, pi 6 structures, 1139, 278 structures, 278 Ortlio~iyruxene,140- 142 typr area, 146, 147 type area, 146, 147 Oscillatory uplift, 78-81 typical terrain, 137 volcanic rocks, I'm, 243, 278 "Overturned ll:ip," cjecta, 42, 73 volcanic rocks, 156, I'M, 238, 278, 279 Neckiris basin, 1, 3, 62, Gif, 146, 161, 179, 238, pis. 3, 5, 7, 12 I'riniary-inip:u*t crater, defined, 17 age, IliS, 178, 179, 186, DO, 278 I'rinz, 91, 125, pi. 8 composition, 143, 144 I'ristiiit, rocks, 1-11-144, 156, I57 crater fre(1ueiiey, 13G, KiO, 179, 197, 293 Procel1:iriaii System, 124, 125 deposits, 64, /(;I, 189, 219, 220, 232, pis. 3, 7, 12 I'alus, di~finud,3 I'rorell:irum basin, 65, 103, 115, 120, 145, 153, 111s.3-6 impact angle, 82 Palus Putredinis, 8, 22, 113, ZOO, W,pls. 4, 9 as, 157, 277, 278 impact melt, 164 agr, 243, 244 crust and litliosplicw, 77, 103, 115,120, ^A', 235, 238-2-15, 259, knobby terrain, 168 color and c~mposition,24:i 262, 278, 279 in:isc'on, 117, 238 crater freqiieiicy and I), valin~.s,136, 197, 230, 2-13 depth, 80, 120, 143-145, 192 Orientale basin, comparison, It);!, 164, 168 elevation, 120 liei~iispliericusyniiiietry, 103, 143, 145 nidiiils, 7, 131, 143, 18s) samples, 4.1, 276-279 tniiriii, 99, 103, 115, 145, 232-245, 259, 262, 278, 279 rim and rings, 22, 36, 67,, 81, 155, 1U3. 235, pl. S 1'Wry, 22, 208, ~1.7 rings iuul troughs, ($5,81, 10:1, 112, 115, 120, H5, 15.1, 171-173, samples, 82, IBS, 216, 220, 276 Partial melting, 101, 102, 140 207, 227, 240, 2-13, 'W,, 278, pis. 3, 5 secondary craters, 36, 37, 64, 74, 131, 148, 161 I):isclicn, 183, pi. (i structures, tectonic, 107, 112, 115, 145, 238, pi 5 stratigrupliic rehitioris, 121-125, 131, Hit, 11;1, 179, 189, 192, I':lst~ur,4, 120, I'l!), 154, 191, 111 6 volcanic filling, early, 15fi, 190, 211 235, 243, 276-280, pis. 3, 7, 12 I':lllll, 5, pis. 4, 8, i) I1rocc~llaruniGroup, 125 stratigrapliic sigriificance, 3, 121-125, 143, 145, 163, 280 l'ilvlov, 5, pi. 7 I1rodus, 51, 172, 175, 265 structures, tectonii-, 112, 115, 117, 238, pi. 5 Peak rings, 28, 50, 58, 65, 77-81 Projectiles Neper, 166, 180, pis. 4, 7, 9 IJenks. See Basin materials, massifs; Cralcr materials, peak; Craler basin association, 143 Nernst, pis. 5, 7 processes, peak formation density, 43, 47 Nicolai, 37, 164 I'eirrts, 100, 172 cjectioil, 4 1 Nisliiiia, pis. 4, !) I'eirescius, 1-17, 149, pi. 6 mass-frequency distribution, 18, 129 Nomenclature Period, defined, 123 ~tit~ltirif,240 petrologic, 12, 101, 102, 139-142, 156 'etavius, 32, 58, 102, 1-13, 167, 232, pis. 4, 5, 8 multi~lf,19, 30-33 selenofniphic, li I'elavius B, 252, 265, 207, pl.11 penetration, 40-44, 81 stratigraphic, 12 1- 125 lletrogenesis, <-'arlyimparts, 157, 277 present-day, 280 Nonproportional growth, of craters, 43, 44 I'etrolofic nomenclature, 139, 140, 1% secondary, 29, 21 1 Norite, 140-142, 157, 174, 201, 203 Pliilolaus, 252, pi. 11 size ('fleets, 43, 77, 81, 177 Nornull albedo, defined, 94 I'liocylides, pi. 7, 8 velocities, 17, 18, 29, 177 Normative mineral (norm), defined, 10'2 I'liotogcolofy, vii, 17, 72, 139, 143, 280 S'roniontoriu~~i,defined, 3 Norlli Complex, 9 1 I'liotograplis Proportional powtli, craters, 43 North Massif, 174, 175 identification scheme, 4, 5, 111s. 1, 2 Protagonis, 204 North Ray Crater, 165, 168-171, 2(ii), 270, 273 Iiglit~iif fffwts, 2, 86, 94, 110, l:i:J-l:35, 173, 219-221, 250 I'tolemaei~s,10, 32, 128, 155, 213, 219, pis. 6, 8 Nubi~ii~ibasin, S.5, 103, I'Ki, 148, 15:1, 179, 244, pis. 3, 6 ~uality,145, 265, 280, pi. 2 I'urhacli, 10, 128, 149, pi. (i resolution effects, 12, 13 I'yroclastic material. Sec Dark-mantling material, Glass I'icard, 100, 172, 241 I'yroxeiie I1icculomim, 231-233, pi. 9 tiugite, 140, 143 I'ictet, 20 clinopyrox~~iie,10 1, 102, 140 Oceanus Procellarum, 11, 103, 115, 145, 153, W,pis. 4, 5, 9-12 l'igwnite, 101, 102, 140, 243, 25!) liigh-Ca, 97, 1-10 color (spectnil refli~ctaiice),96,99, 232,244, 268, 25!), 269, 111 -1 Pigeonite basalt, 101, 102, 237, '2I,:i, W.I, 278 low-Oil, 97, 102, 140 crater fre~~uency,250-252, 26ti I'iligr6-Ilausen basin, 65, 1'18, 179, pis. 3, 6 orthopyroxene, 140-142 cliirk-iiiantliiig material, 89, 2:SlI Pitiitus, 10, 116, 180, 215, pis. 5, 7 Mgeonite, 101, 102, 140, 243, 259 elevation, 120 IJitisrus, 1(ill, 180, pi. 7 textures, 23, 46, 141, 171, 177 lanclforn~s,86, 89, 110 I'liigioclase. Sec also Aitortliosik- Pytliagoriih, 8, 196, 26S. pi. 10 localization factors, 103, 115, 145 fon~o.sition,140, 142 I'ytl~eas, 30, 121, 125 mascons, 99, 115, 244 mare basalt, 101 stratigraphy, 121-127, 135, 196-198, 232-234, 250, 265, terra crust, 12, 140, 142 269-271, pis. 9-12 textures, 23, 46, 141, 171 structures, 107, 110, 115, 118, 196, lil. 5 Plains (light plains, terra plains), 8,4, 10, 11, $1, 71, 113, 128, 131, thickness, 99, 100, 153 154-156, 164, 172, 184, 188, 197, 200, 204, 213, 215, Quartz, 140 Olbers and Olbers A, 197, 265, pis. 5, 7, 11 276, 279, pis. 7, 8, 12 Quartz moi~~odiorite,140, 223, 269 Olivine, 101, 102, 140-142, 259 crater frequencies, 191, 197, 216, 219, 222, 230 Quartz-normative basalt, 102 Olivine (olivine-normative)basalt, 101, 237, 239, 2-12-244, 261, 278 distribution, 3, 15, 21, 169, 190, 215, 217, 276, pis. 7, 8 Rabbi Levi, 232, pi. 6 Ophitic texture, 23, 46, 174, 235 DL values, 136, 216 Radar, 99, 100 Oppenheimer, 160, pis. 5, 7 Ii~ibriaii,15, 156, 191, 198, 208, 213-224, 279, pi. 8. See also Radioactivity, 98, 99, 143, 190, 198, 212, 259, 280 Orbital geochemistry. See Chemistry, orbital Apennine Bench Formation; Cayley Formation; Ranger missions (U.S.A.), 12, 90, 125, pl. 2 Orientals basin, 3,11,55, 196,279, pis. 3,8, 12. See also IIevelius Imbriuni basin, plains; Lower Imbrian Series, plains; Rare-earth elements, 101, 140, 142. See also Europium anomaly, Forniation, Maunder Formation, Montes Rook Orientale basin, plains KREEP Formation Nectarian, 154-156, 163, 164, 167, 184, 188-191, 217, 219, Ibaspletin, 31 age, 178, 186, 196, 224, 245, 277, 279 230, pi. 7 Rays, 249-257, 265-267 antipode, 67, 76 pitted, 146, 164 albedo, 94-96, 249, 250, 256, 265-267, 279 central uplift, 69, 81 pre-Nectarian, 146, 154, 156 asymmetric, 32, 38, 39, 266 concentric facies, 66, 73 secondary-crater relations, 67, 71, 72, 128, 146, 164, 190, basins, 74, 75, 82, 127 corrugated fades, 73, 76 213-220, 224 fading, 95, 96, 249, 256, 279 crater frequency, 135, 136, 197, 216, 219-222, 230, 293 volcanic, buried, 139, 146, 190, 191, 243, 245, 279 length, 3, 29 DL value, 216, 230 Planck basin, 5-7, 59, 64, 103, 147, US, pis. 3, 4, 6, 9 offcenter relation to primary crater, 29, 30 domical facies, 73 Planetology, defined, vii origin, 29-32, 42, -18 INDEX

lkiys-Continued Samples (nuiterial from Moo~i)-Co~iti~i~~e~l Screnitiitis li:isi~i-Coiitin~~ed primary-eject!! ronte~it,48, 269, 270 ~iitirt,basalt, 101, 102, 276, 278 :intipode, 181, 215 samples, 269, 270 iiuml~erii~gsystem, 23, 168, 177, 1!)0, 200 cross section, 82, 192, 240, 243, 276 stratigr:~pliicrelations, 125-127, 249-252, 265-267 terra breccia, 21-23, 45-47, 1:1 rim and rings, ç!,81, 110, 117, 171. 218, pi. :! Sri'itlso Nortli Apollo 11 liintli~igsite, 13, 235, 238 12032, 269 Massif, South Massif Apollo 12 landing site, 259, 261, 26:) 12033, 269 samples, 82, 143, 1-14, 157, 163, 173, 201, 278 Apollo 14 laiidiiig site, 205 120;W, 261 secondary craters, 172, 175 Apollo 15 hi~~li~lgsite, I:{, 198, 243 12051, 3 stratigrapliic relations, 148, I(j4, 173, 175, 179, 192, 235, 238, Apollo I6 kiiidii~gsite, 165, 168, 219, 220 120155, 261 2-13, 276, )]IS. 7, 12 Apollo 17 lamliiig site, 240, 241 1405;i, 190 structures, tectonic, 108, 109, 112, 117, pi. 5 bedrock substrate, 12, 13, 21, 45 14063, 101, DO Series, (Jel'iried, 123 l~loclcincss,99, 258 14066, 212 Sli:lrolli~v, pi. 11 brrecia, 45 14072, 190 Sharp, 34, pl. 9 ~irieil,238 MOTS, 21 1, 212 Slierlock Crater, 270 cratws, 78, 132, IS:!, 258 14161, 212 Shield volc:inos, 80 (Iraina@, 269, 271 'll(i7, Wi Sliirakalsi, 47, pi. 10 form:if ioii:i! nite 280 I'ICTG, 211, 212 Shot-k coniprc~ssion;mil decompression, 40-42 gl:issw, 95, $6, 10 1, 280 I'l:iot;, 26:) Shock pile, in c,ject:i, 41, 42, 45-48, 211, 212, 219 Luna 16 l:i~itling site, 101, 241 1-1310, 23, 211, 212 Shock iiielti~ig.Sec Impact melt Luri:i 20 lanili~~gsite, 171 14:i21, 190, 210, 2Gi) Shock pressures, 40, 211 Luna 211 I:~~i(lingsite, 101, 241, 242 15016, 244 Shock waves, 40-42, 45, 80, 81 ii:1turity, 95, i)li 15382, 198, 200 Shot-maker, E.M., vii, viii origin, 17, 277 I5S86, 198, 200, 202 Slioei~~:~l~er-Il:iclc~ria~~stratigrapliic sclieme, vii, 19, 123-125, 143, s:impliiig, 21, 24!) 5405, 269, 271 249, 265 Surveyor 1 1:uulitig site, 258 15445, 23, 200, 201 Shorty Crater, 237-2'10, 269, 270, 273 tlii~-l~ness,12, 165, 205, 235, 239, 240, 258 15455, 156, 200-203 Suleropliile elements, 101, 141, 143, 157, 198, 202 Reinianis It, 147, 149 155;i8, 23 Sikorsky-Hitte~~liousebasin, 7, 65, 148, 179, 180, 278, pis. 3, 7 lteiner, 258, pi. 10 15555, 244 Silbersclilag, 118 Rt-iner gamma, arid, 258, 26!) 60025, 141 Silica lteinliold, 253, 272, pi. 10 60315, 170 mare basalt, 101, 102 Reinut<~sensing, 94-09. Sec u1.w Alliedo; Chemistry, orbital; Color, 62195, l(i8 orbital detection, 98 Radar; Spectral reflectance (i70i5, 171 terra rocks, 140 def~~ied,86 67016, 169 Sills, 101, 102, 276 integratioii of types, 91) 67435, 141, 156 Sinuous nlles, 3, 18, 77, 811, 200, 23.4, 247 Repsold and Repsold C, pis 5, (i 67608, 169 Sinus, defined, 3 Resid~iall~(~uiils, 140 67667, 156 Sinus Aesf~i~~iii,92, 244, pis. 4, S) l~lieila,147, 161, 164, 180, pi. 7 li8'l 15, 220 Sinus Amoris, 172, 235, pis. 4, 9 Itliysling Crater, 248 6841(i, 220 Sinus As[~C!rihLis, 120, 235, 238, 244, pis. 4, 9 Kiccioli, 67, 71, 197, pis. 4, (i 72255, 156 Sinus Iriilum, 8, 34, pis. 4, 9. See iilw Iriduni crater Kiccit~s,37, 149, 21-1, 232, pl 6 72275, 190 Sinus Mrclii, 81, 86, 95, 115, 213, 244, pis. 4, 5, 9 l~iclinrdsi~n,156, pis 4, (i,9 72415-72418, 156, 157, 174 Sinus Itoris, !)9, 117, 222, 243, 258, pis. 4, 9, 10 Rk-s Crater, Gerinany, vii, 43, 45, 73, 78, 165 72435, 178 Size-frequency distributions. Sec Crater frequencies 1215, 177 Smytliii basin, 7, 62, 64, 77, 112-1 17, 146, 148, 154, 179, 245, pis. sinuous, 3, 18, 77, St!, 200, 233, 2-17 7G535, MI, 143, 156, 157, 174 3-6 sti-aiglit, 3, 107, 11:!, 127, 145, 167, 168 77215, 156, 174 Soda (sotliuni), mare basalt, 101 Rima (pi., rim:ie), tlefined, 3 78236, 156 SoderL~loi:~-Lebofskycratcr-ilatiiig technique, 13S. Sec iilso I>,, Rinia Bode 11, 90, 115, 111. 5 Sarton, 158, 15!), pi. 7 method Itima Hadley, 13, 88, 91, 200, 201, 237, 243 Satellitic craters, 30. Sec also Secondary-impact craters Soil, defined, 12. Sec çls Itegolitli Rims IIyginus, 9, 50, 88, !)O, 115, 118, 120, 127, 205, pi. 5 S:lusslir~ 20 So~itliMassif, 105, 174, 175, 240, 273 Itinia Sharp I, 117 "Sc:ibla~icls," 86 South Pole-Aitkeii basin, 11, 113, 115, 143-148, 152, 181, 245, 278, 1tiin:ie Ariiiilacus, 115, 118, ViQ, pi. 5 Scaling laws, impacts, 4:i, 81, 211, 212 pis. 3, 6 Kim:ie Caiichy, 115, 119, pi. 5 Scliirlcanl, 11, 128, pis. 4, 6, 9 age, 157, 277, 278 Rimae IIypatia, 39, pi. 5 Schiller, 11, 32, 38, pi. 7 crust and lithosphere, 115, 143, 245, 278 Rimae Stadius, 30, 31 Schiller C, 128 (leposits, 146, 278 Rimae Sulpicius Callus, 93, 108, pi. 5 Schiller-Z~lccliiusbasin, 11, 32, 38, 59, la, 147, 148, 190, pis. 3, (i elevation, 120, 145 Riniae Triesnecker, 115, 120, pi. 5 Schlesinger, 159, pl. 6 mare extrusion, 103, 115, 245, 278 Ringed bitsins. Sec basin headings rind 11asrns listed on p 64, 65, Schluter, 231, 232 , 111s. 4, 5, 9 rim and rings, 65, US, 181, pi. 3 48, 179 Sclirodinger basin, 7, 59, 61., 67, 79-82, 148, 155, 179, 186, 32, stratigrapliic rehiLions, 145, 148 Kilter, 9, 32, 39, UK, ill. 8 225, 279, 293, pis. 3, 5, 8 South Ray Crater, 165, 168, 170, 269, 270, 273 Rocea, 71, 180, 111. 7 Sclnv:irzschild, 58, 65, 180, 199, pi. 7 Spacecraft impacts, 266 Roclie, 5, pis. 4, 7 Sculptured hills, 17-1, 176 Spacelliglits, 12 Rock-stratiflapliic units, 121-129. See also Basin materials, Crater Seclienov, 180, 183, pi. 7 Spalliiig, 81 materials, Mare units, Orinitale Uroiip, aiid nitliinduid Secoii~I:iry-iii~p~~'tt.'r~iters, of basins. St'c Biisin-secoiuhiry cratws, Spectral chisses, 96, pi. 4 jbn~iafio~is Imbriun~ basin, secondary-craters; Nectaris basin, MjG-, 96, pl. 4 k'fined iiiid named, 123- 125 secondary craters; Ork'ntale basin, secondary craters URSA, 96, 99, 258, pi. 4 interfiiigering, 27, 121, 124 Seco~idary-impactcraters, 3, 18, 19, US, 195, 224, 226, 231, 247, IiDSA, 96, 99, 258, 111. 4 1;iter;il conlinuily, 17, 21, 27 256-258, 276 IiDSP, 96, 99, ill. 4 sample correlations, 21-23, 101, 139 eircul:irily, 29, 42, 1:10 IIDWA, 96, 99, pi. 4 tliwe-iliii~~nsioiiiilit~~,17 cratering profess, 29, 31, 32 hDWA, 96, 99, 239, 244, PI. 4 tinie-str:itigniphic relations, 121-125 endogenic hypotheses, 17, 29, 32 LBG-, 96, 99, 244, PI. 4 Romer, 172, pi. 11 I'or~~iationalsequence, 42, 48 LBSP, 96, pi. 4 llomer A, 173, 175 ground-surge relation, 42, 47 LIG-, 96, 99, pi. 4 Rontgcii, 118, pi. 6 impact velocities, 18, 29 LISP, 96, 99, pi. 4 Rosenberger, Iloseiil~ergcr13, Ilosenberger C, 147, 149, pi. 6 laboratory siniulation, 31, 33 mBG-, 96, 99, 238, pi. 4 Rotliniati~i,232, 233, pi. 10 primary-crater size, 29, 32, 21 1, 276 inIG-, 96, 99, 244, 259, 262, pi. 4 Run~ford,pis. 4, 9 prin~ary-ejectucontent, 42, 48, 276 niISP, 96, 99, 239, 244, pi. 4 Runiker liills, 86, 89, 244, pi. 4 projectiles, 29, 42 sampling, 101, 262 llupes, defined, 3 shock grades, 48 symbols, defined, 96 Rupes Altai, 131, 155, 164, 233 size-frequency distribution, 29, 32, 129, 132, 276 Spectral reflectance, 96-99, pi. 4 Rupes Recta, 10, 115, pi. 5 source direction, 125, 255 craters, 266 Rydberg, pi. 10 sp~itialdistribution, 18, 19, 29-35, 125, pis. 3, 6-11 (lark-mantling material, 97-99, 240 superpositions, 125-127. See iilso Superpositions niaria, 96-99, 232, 235, 238-245, 258, 259, 269. Sec also target-structure influence, 29 individual mwifi Seismic velocities, 12, 13, 205, 210 terra soil, 97 Seismicity, 12, 13, 269 Spinel, 140-143 Sabine, 32, 39, 113, pi. 8 Seleno-, vii Spur Crater, 203 Sacrobosco, 131, 149, pi. 6 Selenogr:ipliic coordinates, 2 Staditis chains, 30, 31 St. George Crater, 91 Septa, 29, 32, 33, 37, 39, 214, 220 Steady state, cratering, 129-135, 157, 230 Samples (material from Moon), vii, 17-23, 280. See also sainplrs Serenitatis basin, 3, 8, 61, 64, 93, 108, 109, 171, pis. 3, 5, 7 Steams, 257, pi. 10 listed on p. 168, 177, 200, 237, 253, 261 age, absolute, 177, 190, 191, 278 Stebbins, 149, 159, 111. 6 correlation with stratigraphic units, 21, 101, 139, 143,276, 280 age, relative, 19, 173, 178-180, 190 Steinlieil, 147, 180, pi. 7 THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY 014'TlIE MOON

Steno Crater, 239 Terra (pi., terrae) (highlands, uplands)-Continued Unnamed craters A and 13, 219, 222 Steptoes, 86, 110 lefiiieii, 3 Upper 1nibri:iri Series, ^£7279, pi. 9. Ser tilso Late 1mbri:in Epocli Stevinus, 252, 111. 11 regional iiiKerences, 3 chroiiology, 245, 279 Stiborius, 232, 233, pi. 9 volcanism, 21, 1'1fi, 190, 215, 222, 223, 280 crater frequency, 130, 135, I:%, 160, 221, 222, Stillwater Complex, Mont., 143 Terra plains. Sec Plains crater niiitcri:ils, 130-136, 221, 222, W,246, 254-250, 279, Stofler, 10, 216, pi. 6 Terraces pi. 9 Stone Mountain, 165, 170, 218, 219, 237 kisiiis, 64, 78-81 ~kir1c-ii1anLliiigmaterials, 109, 174, 23:S-241,244, 246, 269, 278, Straight Range, 224 craters, 27-29, 43, 44, 48 279 Straight Wall, 10, 115 Tcxtures Oefiiiition :ind type iirea, 121-123, 229-231 Stratigrapllic code, 123-125 nphaiiil~c,23, 174, 177, 178 I), values, 125, 130, 136, 229-233, 243, 245, 249, 250, 273 Stratigraphic column, 121-125, 280 breccia, 23, 45-47, 171, 174 extent, 229, 279 Stratigraphic units, 17. Sec also Rock-stratigrapl~icunits, Tiiiic- cooliiig-rate relation, 46, 102, 174, 259 m:ire materials, 121, 125, 135, 160, 2.27, 252, 254, 256, 278, stnitipaphic units, Time units, and i~~dividualfornia- cumulus, 141-143, 174 279, pis. 9, 12. Scr (flso lams, mure, am1 sinus liritilh~s Itoils, scrim, and s;/stf'ws fragrrieiit-content relation, 'Hi, 165, 174, 177, 212 structures, 245 Stratigraphy, un, 15, 1.21. Sec also Superpositions ~nul~lastieand granulitic, 46, 157 Uranium, 98, 99, 140, 190 basin-marc rlistinetion, 19 igneous, terra rocks, 23, 46, 47, 140, 141, 174, 198 crater interpretation, 17-19 impact melt, 23, 46, 165, 174, 177 defined, vii intergram~lar,165, 168 nomenclature, 121-125 iiitersc~rlal,28, 202, 238 regional context, 21 mare basalt, 23, 101, 102, 235-244, 259, 2(11 Vallis (pi., valles), defined, 3 Slioeiiiiilcer-IIaclcnianscheme, vi~,19, 12:!-125, 143, 249, 2tj5 trietaiiiorpl~ic,'16, 141 Vallis Alpes, 113, 115, 110, 119, 204, pi 5 terra-iniiterial interprolation, 19-21 opliitic, 23, 46, 174, 235 Vallis Rolir, 35 St ratovolcanoos, 80 poikilitic, 23, 46, 165, 168, 17-1, 177 Vallis Bouviird, 70, 73, 163, 187, 213 Strnttoii, 25, pi. 7 seriate, 141, 171 Wallis Palitzsdi, 167, pi. 7 Strength rrater, 43, 81 shock intensity, 45-47, 165, 2l\ Vallis Rlieit:i, 147, 161, l(i3, 164, 167 Structures, tectonic, 105, 277, pi. 5. See ulso Faults, Fractures, subophitic~,23, 46, 105, lti8, 174, 177, 202, 2:% Vallis Schroteri, 91 Mire ridges, Rilles vitrophyric, 243 Van 11c GraiilT, 6, 39, 120, 180, 2 16, pis. 4, 7, 9 Coperiiican, 115, 269, 271 'i'halassoid, defined, 3 Van den Bos, 117 crater-floor, 113-118, pi. 5 Thebit, 128, pis. 5, 9 Vega, 147, 149, pi. 6 distribution, 107, 112-115, pi. 5 Theophilus, 45, 227, 235-238, 252-2r)ti, ill. 10 Venileliiuis, pis. 4, 6 Eratostheniaii, 279 Thorium, 98, 99, 102, 140, 190, 198 "Very high alumina (VIIA) basalt," 141, 165, 168 farside, 245 Tidal bulge and deformation, 115 Very low titanium (VLT) basalt, 101, 237, 242, 278 linbrian, 238, 24 1-245 Tiniacus, 204, pi. 9 Viscous relaxation, 113, 115 IiLliosplu~ricthickness, 115, 277 'Sitiie-stratigriiphic miits, 121-125, 130, 133, 136. Sec HISO Vitello, 113, 116, 187, pis. 5, 8 maria and basins, 107-1 15, pi. 5 iiulwiiittal series and s!lslrnis Vitello Formation, 214 pre-Imbriaii, 139, 278 areal extent, 103, 195, 229, 249, 265, 276-280,pl.s. 3, 4, ti-12 Vitruvius, 86, 175, 221, pi. 9 Struve L, 35 defined, 121-123 Vitruvius front, 171, I75 Stibopliitic texture, 23, 46, 165, 168, 174, 177, 202, 235 Time units, defiiied, 121-123. SWalso ^ndividmsl cpds mid Vlacq, 147, 155, pi. 6 Suevite, 45, 46, 73, 165 pfriods Vol:itiles, 101, 102, 243, 245, 277 Sulpicius Gallus, 93 'i'imiryazev, 180, 183, pi. 7 Volcanic craters. See Eiiilogoi~~ccratc'rb Superpositions (su~)er~)ositionalrelzitioris), 17, 13 Tiniocliaris, 8, 121, 125, 231, 250-253, pl. 10 Volrailic plains, buried, 139, 156, 164, 190, 215, 232, 233, 238, 243, basin-basin, 127, 1&, 175, 178, 192, 196, 199, 222, 225, 235, 'Siss~~iinil,172 245, 266, 270-281 240, 243, 276, [)IS. 3, 6-8, 12 Titanium, 95-10.'}, 243. Scc also Mare-basalt sai~iples,Mare units Volcanic rocks. Scc ulsu KIiEE1' basalt, Marc-basalt samples crater-basin, 127, 135-138, 145-151, 154-168, 172-175, Tranqi~illitatisbi~siii, 227, 238, pis 3, ti Nectarian, 190, 243, 278 179-191, 193-199, 202-208, 213-234, 274, PIS. 6-8, 12 mare fill, 103, 235, 238, 27!), pl. 9 pre-Nectariaii, 156, 190, 243, 278 crater-crater, lX,25-27,31,34,417,48,125, 149, 180, 185,189, iiiascon, 1 15, 1 17 Volcanism, 19. Srr also Magma mil mure heud~~igs 191, 196, 224, 226, 248-253, 256, 266-268, 273 rings, 174, 235, pi. 3 eruptive styles, 86-89 mare-basin, IS, 21, 77, 85, 9-1, 95, 108, 109, 115, 121, 153, samples, 157 rates, 190, 238, 240, 241, 245, 278-280 165-169, 174, 193-200, 209, 223-227, 231-245, 259, stratigr;ipliic relations, 103, 145-148, 179, pi. (i terra, 21, 146, 190, 215, 219, 222, 223, 280 274-279, pis. 4, 12 stri~ctures,tectonic, 112-117, 235, pi 5 Volcaiiotectoiiic craters, 32 marc-crater, IS, 21, 76, 85, 99, 121, 125, 131-135, 191, 197, Transient crater, 43 Volta, pis. 5, 6 200, 204, 205, 223, 226, 231-234, 238, 239, 247-261, Tmslc, N.J., 131-135. See also Crater dating, Traslc's method ., . Von Kdrnian and Volt Kfirnian M, 103, 160, pis. 4, 6, 9 265-272, PIS. 9-12 Iriesnccker, crater ant1 rille systeni, 115, 120, pi. 5 mare-mare, 94,95, 109, 110,226,2:31-245,247,254-2G2,269 Troctolite, 140-143, 156, 157, 174, 201 Surfieial layer. Sec Regolit11 True crater, 43 Surveyor Crater, 259-261 Taiimier, 183, pi. 6 Surveyor missions (U.S.A.), 12 Tsiolkovslciy, 4-6, 47, 48, 120, 188, 231-233, 245, pis 4, 9 eliemiral analyses, 12, 85, 139 Tsiollcovslciy-Stark basin, 65, 148, 245, pis. 3, 6 W. Bond, 9, 199, 204, pi 6 landing sites, 12, 254, 258, 259, pi. 2 Tsunami mechanism, 78 Wallace, 23 1 System, defined, 123 Tycho, 1, 10, 20, 28, 265, 270, pi. 11 Walter, 10, pi. 7 Szilard, 156, pi. 6 age, 269, 270, 273, 278, 280 Wargentin, 11, 72, pis. 7, 8 albedo, 266 Water, 101 crater frequency and I),, values, 252, 253, 266, 273 Wiiterdrop experiii~~~nts,80, 81 impact melt and knobs, 28, 73, 76 Wenicr, 10, &', 127, 128, 155, 189, 253, p1. 10 rays and secondary craters, 1, 20, 29, 32, 72, 125, 176, 240, Werner-Airy basin, $5, 145, 1-18, 155, 179, 244, plh. 3, (i Talus, 89, 93 270, 273, WO West Cratw, 235-238, 270 T;imm, 117 ~Iratigrapl~icrrlatiuiis, 20, 121, 125, 270, 273 Wrinkle ridges. See Mare ridges Taruntius, 113, lit;, 119, Kid, 190, 265, 269, pls. 5, 11 X-ray-fli~orescencespectronieter, 97-100 Tiiruntius 11, 28 Young D, 147, 180, pi. 7 Taurus-LiUrow Valley, 22, 171, 175, 239, 240, 27S, 279 &gut, 232, pi. 6 Tectonism. Sec Siructurcs Zeno, 166, 171, pi. 7 Tektites, 45 Ulcert, 193 Zero phase, 94 Terminator, defined, 2 Unifor~~~itari:inisrii,19, 20, 265 Zl~ulcovskiy,180, 184, pi. 7 Terra (pi., terriie) (highlands, uplands), 3, 12, 19-24, Sec also Crust Unnamed basin A. See Sikorslcy-Rittenhouse basin Zond missions (U.S.S.R.), 12, 145 "backbone," 10, 19, 244, 258, 262 Unnamed basin B. Sec Coulomb-Sarton basin Zuccliius, 38, pi. 11