DOCSLIB.ORG

The History and Politics of Intelligence Politicisation in Australia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The History and Politics of Intelligence Politicisation in Australia View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RMIT Research Repository Spinning the secrets of state: The history and politics of intelligence politicisation in Australia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Justin T. McPhee B Soc. Sci. B Soc. Sci. (Honours) RMIT University School of Global, Urban and Social Studies College of Design and Social Context RMIT University June 2015 Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Justin T. McPhee 12 June 2015 Contents Acknowledgements i. Abbreviations ii. Research summary 1 Part I Introduction Chapter One: Context, history, and theory 6 Part II A history of intelligence politicisation in Australia Introduction: 56 Chapter Two: Agent of empire or servant of the nation: Australian Intelligence (1901–1910) 57 Chapter Three: Loyalty and allegiance: Australian intelligence, political surveillance, and radical politics (1914–1918) 110 Chapter Four: Systems error: Intelligence inquiries, politicisation, and administrative ruination (1940–1948) 169 Chapter Five: Red revelations: ASIO and the Australian Parliament (1949–1972) 217 Chapter Six: From the shadows to the spotlight: Intelligence leaks, subversion, and media intercession (1972–1975) 273 Part III Discussion and conclusion Introduction: 322 Chapter Seven: The means, forms, and conditions of intelligence politicisation: An assessment 323 References: 360 Acknowledgements For their role in providing supervision, support and encouragement during my candidature I am grateful to many people who have contributed toward the completion of this thesis. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Doctor Binoy Kampmark, my senior supervisor, for his consistent guidance, erudite counsel and genuine encouragement throughout the project. Binoy critiqued and commented on the draft chapters and was always generous with his time and knowledge to which I benefited tremendously. I am indebted to you for your assistance and engagement with my research. A special thank you to my secondary supervisor, Professor Joseph Siracusa, for his advice and support during my candidacy. I am especially grateful to Richard Trahair for reading various chapters and offering constructive criticism, but also for the positive impact his support and encouragement had on my candidacy. I would like to acknowledge the Australian Research Council and RMIT University for generously funding the research through the Australian Postgraduate Award program. Thank you to the staff of the Australian National Archives in Canberra and Melbourne for their assistance, and the staff of the Australian National Library; the Victorian State Library; RMIT University Library; The British Library and the British National Archives. A special thank you to those who assisted with finding specific documents that were particularly difficult to locate, especially: Christine Bryan at ANU Archives; Katie Wood at Melbourne University Archives and Randy Sowell at the Truman Library. Many other academics provided invaluable advice and guidance that helped clarify and inform aspects of the research to which I am very grateful. Thank you: Paul Battersby, Kim Humphery, Julian Lee, Pavla Miller, and Aiden Warren. I would also like to thank Professor Mark Finnane and Doctor Robert Imre. Lastly to my family, especially my wife Sarah, you have been a constant source of support, encouragement and patience from the beginning to the end of this project, thank you. i. Abbreviations ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation AICD Association for International Cooperation and Disarmament ALP Australian Labor Party APL Australian Protective League ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASIS Australian Secret Intelligence Service CEB Counter Espionage Bureau CIB Commonwealth Investigations Branch (Attorney General’s Office) CPA Communist Party of Australia CSS Commonwealth Security Service DSD Defence Signals Directorate IWW Industrial Workers of the World NA National Archives (UK) NAA National Archives of Australia ONA Office of National Assessments PJCAAD Parliamentary Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD SIB Special Intelligence Bureau WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions ii Research Summary Australian security intelligence organisations collect, analyse and disseminate information relevant to the security of the nation and the protection of its citizens. Ideally, the intelligence function should be politically neutral, and detached from the policy objectives of the government it serves. Its purpose is to supply impartial advice to political leaders to assist with the development of national security policy. But what happens when intelligence ceases to be impartial and is used as a political means to support a policy preference? More significantly, what happens when intelligence is manipulated to achieve this aim? The short answer is that intelligence becomes politicised. But findings in this study show that the term ‘politicised intelligence’ is perhaps a simple way of describing a complex process. Questions remain about what this process involves, how it occurs, and what function it serves that require a more detailed explanation. For example, how does intelligence become politicised? What constitutes politicisation, and in what forms can it appear? And, what are the general preconditions that are likely to invoke such actions? Spinning the secrets of state answers these questions by providing a history of intelligence politicisation in Australia from 1901 to 1975. While a growing body of research explores the history and functions of the Australian intelligence community, little is known about the problem of intelligence politicisation in Australia. Remarkably, the variety of forms that constitute politicisation, and the conditions under which it can occur are even less clear. 1 This study identifies the forms and clarifies its emergence. Drawing on archival documents, political manuscripts, Hansard publications and historical newspaper accounts the study presents several case histories of politicised intelligence in Australia. The study develops an empirical framework in which to theorise about how politicisation occurs, and pays close attention to identifying and explaining the conditions enabling this behaviour to arise. To develop this framework, the thesis is divided into three core sections. Section one begins by establishing the context of the study, outlining the research questions, and introducing the central argument. It then reviews some of the major studies and theoretical perspectives in the academic literature that guide the subsequent analysis. Section two provides several historical case studies. Each case study presents evidence of politicisation in Australia identifying and explaining the means, forms, and conditions under which politicisation occurred. The final section presents the answers to the principal research questions and offers an assessment of the overall findings. In this thesis, findings indicate that when political leaders face strong opposition to a policy choice they are sometimes tempted to politicise intelligence to overcome that resistance. In doing so, the politicisation of intelligence is often used as a means of promoting a policy goal by selectively disclosing secret information to support that goal. In this way, intelligence is used to persuade a sceptical audience toward the wisdom of a policy decision either through targeted leaks, public disclosure and the publicisation of secret information. 2 Additional findings indicate that secret intelligence can be an effective means of discrediting political opposition and the intentions and authenticity of activist political groups. In short, this study argues that politicising intelligence offers a means of advancing preferred policy interests through promotion and persuasion while also offering a means of undermining the authority and legitimacy of opposition groups. The findings of the study suggest that intelligence organisations might also engage in acts of politicisation, but for different reasons. For instance, intelligence organisations may use their own resources to undermine the political leadership, or subvert a desired policy goal of a government, if they believe that policy or administration is a threat to their organisational interests. In this context, politicisation is a means of political subversion. The study shows that politicisation can take on several different forms ranging from direct political intervention, where intelligence is forced to conform to policy preferences, through to more subtle variations occurring through unintended analytical biases. Explanations as to what conditions cause intelligence to be used for political purposes can be grouped around three variables: turbulent political and social circumstances, and conditions relating to the amount of ministerial oversight and control exercised over the intelligence service. 3 In the following chapters, this study describes in greater detail the way in which these means and forms can facilitate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • House of Representatives
    1954-55. THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. No. 75. THURSDAY, 15TH SEPTEMBER, 1955. 1. The House met, at half-past ten o'clock a.m., pursuant to adjournment.-The Deputy Speaker (Mr. Adermann) took the Chair, and read Prayers. 2. MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS.-Mr. Menzies (Prime Minister) informed the House that Senator Spicer (Attorney-General) had been appointed Minister for Shipping and Transport. 3. PAPERS.-The following Papers were presented, pursuant to Statute- Northern Territory (Administration) Act-Ordinances-1955- No. 1-Police and Police Offences 1954. No. 2-Mining 1954. No. 3-Special Purposes Leases 1954. No. 4-Crown Lands (No. 2) 1954. No. 5-Stock Routes 1954. No. 6-Aboriginals 1954. Public Service Act-Appointments-Department- Health-M. W. Corden. Works-D. R. Carter, R. J. Casse, L. H. Gleig, G. Mitchell, L. M. Schneider, E. C. M. Symes, G. A. Waddell. Seat of Government (Administration) Act-Variation of plan of lay-out of City of Canberra and its environs, dated 7th September, 1955. War Service Homes Act-Annual Report for year 1954-55. 4. PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE-REPORT.-Mr. Cramer (Chairman) brought up the following Report from the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works :- Report relating to the proposed erection of Accommodation for Local Administration Staff, Darwin, Northern Territory. Ordered to be printed. 5. DISCUSSION OF MATTER OF URGENCY-AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY-NEGOTIATIONS WITH BANKING INSTITUTIONS.-Mr. Peters having proposed to Mr. Deputy Speaker that a definite matter of urgent public importance be submitted to the House for discussion, namely, " The failure of the Government to inform the House of the details of the negotiations and of the measures designed in co-operation with the Banking institutions to safeguard the Australian economy "- Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • House of Representatives
    1954-55. THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. No. 49. TUESDAY, 10TH MAY, 1955. 1. The House met, at half-past two o'clock p.m., pursuant to adjournment.-Mr. Speaker (the Honorable A. G. Cameron) took the Chair, and read Prayers. 2. PAPERS.-The following Papers were presented, pursuant to Statute- Australian Imperial Force Canteens Funds Act-Thirty-fourth Annual Report by the Trustees, for year 1953-54. Bankruptcy Act-Twenty-sixth Annual Report by the Attorney-General, for the year ended 31st July, 1954. Lands Acquisition Act-Land, &c., acquired for- Defence purposes-Tumbi Umbi, New South Wales. Department of Air purposes-Hobart, Tasmania. Postal purposes-Burra, South Australia. Public Service Act-Appointments-Postmaster-General's Department-I. C. Lawson, A. E. Liubinas, A. Ozolins. Public Service Arbitration Act-Determination of the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration (Miscellaneous No. 11 of 1954)-Australian Air Pilots' Association. Repatriation Act-Repatriation Commission-Report for year 1953-54. 3. POSTPONEMENT OF GOVERNMENT BUSINESS.-Ordered-That Government Business be postponed until after Notice of Motion No. 1, General Business. 4. MR. SPEAKER-WANT OF CONFIDENCE MOTION.-Mr. Calwell moved, pursuant to notice, That this House has no confidence in Mr. Speaker for the reasons- (1) That, in the discharge of his duties, he has acted in a partisan way by displaying bias against Members of Her Majesty's Opposition; (2) Many of his decisions have been arbitrary and unjust; and (3) That he fails to interpret or apply correctly the Standing Orders of the House.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rifle Club Movement and Australian Defence 1860-1941
    The Rifle Club Movement and Australian Defence 1860-1941 Andrew Kilsby A thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences February 2014 Abstract This thesis examines the rifle club movement and its relationship with Australian defence to 1941. It looks at the origins and evolution of the rifle clubs and associations within the context of defence developments. It analyses their leadership, structure, levels of Government and Defence support, motivations and activities, focusing on the peak bodies. The primary question addressed is: why the rifle club movement, despite its strong association with military rifle shooting, failed to realise its potential as an active military reserve, leading it to be by-passed by the military as an effective force in two world wars? In the 19th century, what became known as the rifle club movement evolved alongside defence developments in the Australian colonies. Rifle associations were formed to support the Volunteers and later Militia forces, with the first ‘national’ rifle association formed in 1888. Defence authorities came to see rifle clubs, especially the popular civilian rifle clubs, as a cheap defence asset, and demanded more control in return for ammunition grants, free rail travel and use of rifle ranges. At the same time, civilian rifle clubs grew in influence within their associations and their members resisted military control. An essential contradiction developed. The military wanted rifle clubs to conduct shooting ‘under service conditions’, which included drill; the rifle clubs preferred their traditional target shooting for money prizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Howard Beale, 1958–641 Matthew Jordan
    5 ‘Mr Necessity’: Sir Howard Beale, 1958–641 Matthew Jordan Howard Beale was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 1957 at a critical time in American and indeed world history. The Cold War was well underway and tensions between the US-led West and Soviet Russia made the prospect of a ‘hot war’ with all its awful consequences a real possibility. Moved mainly by the inherent strategic limitations of ‘massive retaliation’, the US increasingly focused on winning ‘hearts and minds’ in former colonial territories in the Middle East, Asia and Africa during the 1950s and thereby stopping the spread of global communism.2 This broadening of the policy of containment, based on a continuing belief that communism was monolithic, found its most pertinent manifestation for Australia in the signing of the Manila Pact in September 1954. The pact, which established the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), committed the US to the defence of signatory countries in the event of communist aggression or subversion. Taken together with the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS), signed three years earlier, SEATO reinforced Australia’s identification of the US as its primary great power protector. 1 For their comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this chapter, I would like to thank David Lowe, David McLean, Neville Meaney, Colin Milner and especially James Curran, who was kind enough to give me a large number of key documents from the John F Kennedy Library in Boston. 2 See John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982, chs 6–8.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Volume 1 the Senators, the Senate and Australia, 1901–1929 by Harry Evans, Clerk of the Senate 1988–2009
    Introduction to volume 1 The Senators, the Senate and Australia, 1901–1929 By Harry Evans, Clerk of the Senate 1988–2009 Biography may or may not be the key to history, but the biographies of those who served in institutions of government can throw great light on the workings of those institutions. These biographies of Australia’s senators are offered not only because they deal with interesting people, but because they inform an assessment of the Senate as an institution. They also provide insights into the history and identity of Australia. This first volume contains the biographies of senators who completed their service in the Senate in the period 1901 to 1929. This cut-off point involves some inconveniences, one being that it excludes senators who served in that period but who completed their service later. One such senator, George Pearce of Western Australia, was prominent and influential in the period covered but continued to be prominent and influential afterwards, and he is conspicuous by his absence from this volume. A cut-off has to be set, however, and the one chosen has considerable countervailing advantages. The period selected includes the formative years of the Senate, with the addition of a period of its operation as a going concern. The historian would readily see it as a rational first era to select. The historian would also see the era selected as falling naturally into three sub-eras, approximately corresponding to the first three decades of the twentieth century. The first of those decades would probably be called by our historian, in search of a neatly summarising title, The Founders’ Senate, 1901–1910.
    [Show full text]
  • Repatriation and Demobilisation Generally Reading List
    Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies New South Wales Ursula Davidson Library Repatriation and demobilisation generally Reading List This is a selected list of works on the repatriation and demobilisation of the Australian Imperial Force in 1919. When the Armistice was declared, more than 160,000 men gradually returned to Australia and needed sustenance, housing, medical treatment, jobs and training. Creating the new Repatriation Department was assigned to Senator Edward Millen who had been Defence Minister at the outbreak of war and believed repatriation was ‘an emanation of the heart … worthy of the last shilling’. Demobilisation from the Western Front and Egypt also required a military commander with exceptional energy, experience and intellect. Lieutenant-General Sir John Monash took up his appointment in December 1918, a month after the Armistice. General Monash oversaw the withdrawal of Australian soldiers and established them in England where they took part in education and re-training programs. Using ships he had commandeered from the market, he repatriated an average of 500 veterans back to Australia each day. The books listed below are available in the Institute’s Ursula Davidson Library. The call number (i.e. compactus shelf address) follows the citation in each case. AUSTRALIA - Department of Repatriation (1975) Independent enquiry into the repatriation system: report by the Honourable Mr. Justice P. B. Toose, C.B.E. (appointed by the Minister of Repatriation) (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking Japanese Diplomatic Codes David Sissons and D Special Section During the Second World War
    Breaking Japanese Diplomatic Codes David Sissons and D Special Section during the Second World War Breaking Japanese Diplomatic Codes David Sissons and D Special Section during the Second World War Edited by Desmond Ball and Keiko Tamura ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH 4 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Breaking Japanese diplomatic codes : David Sissons and D Special Section during the Second World War / edited by Desmond Ball and Keiko Tamura. ISBN: 9781925021073 (paperback) 9781925021080 (ebook) Subjects: Sissons, D. C. S. (David Carlisle Stanley), 1925-2006. Allied Forces. Southwest Pacific Area. Allied Intelligence Bureau World War, 1939-1945--Cryptography. World War, 1939-1945--Secret service--Australia. World War, 1939-1945--Electronic intelligence--Australia. World War, 1939-1945--Military intelligence--Australia. World War, 1939-1945--Japan. Cryptography--Australia--History. Military intelligence--Australia--History--20th century. Other Authors/Contributors: Ball, Desmond, 1947- editor. Tamura, Keiko, editor. Dewey Number: 940.548694 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: David Sissons about 18 years old before joining the Army in 1944. Photo courtesy of Mrs Bronwen Sissons. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2013 ANU E Press Contents Preface . ix Acknowledgements . xi Acronyms and Abbreviations .
    [Show full text]
  • Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States
    HOMELAND SECURITY PROGRAM and the INTELLIGENCE POLICY CENTER THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Homeland Security Program RAND Intelligence Policy Center View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reference Guide to Selected Historical Documents Relating to the National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) 1931-1985
    Description of document: A Reference Guide to Selected Historical Documents Relating to the National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) 1931-1985 Requested date: 15-June-2009 Released date: 03-February-2010 Posted date: 15-February-2010 Source of document: National Security Agency Attn: FOIA/PA Office (DJP4) 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6248 Ft. George G. Meade, MD 20755-6248 Fax: 443-479-3612 Online form: Here The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. A REFERENCE GUIDE TO SELECTED HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY/CENTRAL SECURITY SERVICE 1931-1985 (U) SOURCE DOCUMENTS IN Compiled by: CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Gerald K.
    [Show full text]
  • With the End of the Cold War, the Demise of the Communist Party Of
    A Double Agent Down Under: Australian Security and the Infiltration of the Left This is the Published version of the following publication Deery, Phillip (2007) A Double Agent Down Under: Australian Security and the Infiltration of the Left. Intelligence and National Security, 22 (3). pp. 346-366. ISSN 0268-4527 (Print); 1743-9019 (Online) The publisher’s official version can be found at Note that access to this version may require subscription. Downloaded from VU Research Repository https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15470/ A Double Agent Down Under: Australian Security and the Infiltration of the Left PHILLIP DEERY Because of its clandestine character, the world of the undercover agent has remained murky. This article attempts to illuminate this shadowy feature of intelligence operations. It examines the activities of one double agent, the Czech-born Maximilian Wechsler, who successfully infiltrated two socialist organizations, in the early 1970s. Wechsler was engaged by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. However, he was ‘unreliable’: he came in from the cold and went public. The article uses his exposés to recreate his undercover role. It seeks to throw some light on the recruitment methods of ASIO, on the techniques of infiltration, on the relationship between ASIO and the Liberal Party during a period of political volatility in Australia, and on the contradictory position of the Labor Government towards the security services. In the post-Cold War period the role of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) no longer arouses the visceral hostility it once did from the Left. The collapse of communism found ASIO in search of a new raison d’étre.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagereal Capture
    ARTICLES The Hon Justice Michoel Kirby AC CMG* BLACK AND WHITE LESSONS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN JUDICIARY ABSTRACT Using the 'celluloid metaphor' of the new Australian film Black and White, the author describes the features of the case of Rupert Max Stuart that reached the High Court in 1959. He outlines the imperfections of the legal process and acknowledges that the prisoner's life was ultimately saved not by the legal system or the judicial process but by a dedicated group of journalists and other citizens who shared the High Court's expressed 'anxiety' about the case but were more determined to give effect to that 'anxiety'. The author describes improvements in the criminal justice system since 1959. These include legal protections for indigenous people; the requirements of legal representation as expressed in Dietrich; the rigorous rule for confessions to police adopted in McKinnej.; the stricter rules governing criminal appeals: the larger insistence on prosecutorial impartiality; the enforcement of requirements for competence of lawyers; and the advent of DNA and other scientific * Justice of the High Court of Australia. This article is based on a lecture given at the Law School, The University of Adelaide, 12 August 2002. 196 KIRBY - BLACK AND WHITE LESSONS FOR THE JUDICIARY evidence to reduce the risks of miscarriages of justice. The author suggests that the Stuart affair illustrates how cleverness is not enough in the law. There must also be a commitment to justice. t seems that everyone who lived in South Australia in the late 1950s and 1960s was touched by the Stuart affair.' Most have a story to tell.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins of the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security
    Origins of the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security CJ Coventry LLB BA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW Canberra at ADFA 2018 i Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Introduction & Methodology 1 Part I: ASIO before Whitlam 9 Chapter One: The creation of ASIO 9 Chapter Two: Bipartisan anti-communism 23 Chapter Three: ASIO’s anti-radicalism, 1950-1972 44 Part II: Perspectives on the Royal Commission 73 Chapter Four: Scholarly perspectives on the Royal Commission 73 Chapter Five: Contemporary perspectives on ASIO and an inquiry 90 Part III: The decision to reform 118 Chapter Six: Labor and terrorism 118 Chapter Seven: The decision and announcement 154 Part IV: The Royal Commission 170 Chapter Eight: Findings and recommendations 170 Conclusion 188 Bibliography 193 ii Acknowledgements & Dedication I dedicate this thesis to Rebecca and our burgeoning menagerie. Most prominently of all I wish to thank Rebecca Coventry who has been integral to the writing of this thesis. Together we seek knowledge, not assumption, challenge, not complacency. For their help in entering academia I thank Yunari Heinz, Anne-Marie Elijah, Paul Babie, the ANU Careers advisors, Clinton Fernandes and Nick Xenophon. While writing this thesis I received help from a number of people. I acknowledge the help of Lindy Edwards, Toni Erskine, Clinton Fernandes, Ned Dobos, Ruhul Sarkar, Laura Poole-Warren, Kylie Madden, Julia Lines, Craig Stockings, Deane-Peter
    [Show full text]