DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Resources Survey of the Eastern Portion Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Resources Survey of the Eastern Portion Of CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE CULLASAJA GORGE PROJECT, HIGHLANDS RANGER DISTRICT, NANTAHALA NATIONAL FOREST CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 406 CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE CULLASAJA GORGE PROJECT, HIGHLANDS RANGER DISTRICT, NANTAHALA NATIONAL FOREST Prepared By: Michael Trinkley, Ph.D., RPA Sarah Fick and Nicole Southerland Prepared For: Ms. Linda Erdmann, Project Manager Mangi Environmental Group 7915 Jones Branch Dr., Ste 2300 McLean, VA 22102 CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 406 Chicora Foundation, Inc. PO Box 8664 Columbia, SC 29202-8664 803/787-6910 Email:[email protected] www.chicora.org June 24, 2004 This report is printed on permanent paper ∞ ©2004 by Chicora Foundation, Inc., Mangi Environmental Group, and the U.S. Forest Service. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of Chicora Foundation, Inc., Mangi Environmental Group, and the U.S. Forest Service except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publisher, and project sponsor. ABSTRACT This study reports on a cultural resource utilities. In addition, there is consideration being survey of four project sites along US 64 on the given to increasing the number of camp sites at Highlands Ranger District of the Nantahala the facility. This work would require clearing, National Forest in Macon County, North Carolina. grubbing, grading, construction of underground This work, conducted for Mangi Environmental utilities, and the above grade bath facilities. Group through an IDIQ with the U.S. Forest Creation of new camp sites would likewise require Service, is meant to assist the Forest Service in some degree of clearing, grubbing, grading, and complying with Section 106 of the National road construction. Historic Preservation Act and the regulations codified in 36CFR800. Further north of US 64, at the Cliffside Lake Recreation Area the Forest Service desires to The project, located in western North install new waterlines, running close to the Carolina, includes four tracts situated along an existing bath house and along existing walkways approximately 1-mile stretch of US 64 about 1.3 to existing rock and timber shelters. Construction miles northwest of Highlands, in the southeastern activities would be more limited here, consisting portion of Macon County. of the placement of underground utilities. On the west side of US 64 at the Dry Falls No archaeological or architectural studies Overlook, the Forest Service desires to change the were conducted at a fifth location, Lower Cullasaja parking configuration, perhaps with a pedestrian Falls, since that area consists entirely of steep bridge across US 64 to the McCall Cabin area, as slopes, likely created by blasting rock for the well as to add an additional handicapped access construction of US 64. route. Work here would include potential modification of the existing parking area, In addition, it is likely that there would be including its grade and elevation and additional short-term construction impacts, clearing/construction associated with a new including increased noise and dust levels, and walkway. increased construction related traffic. This study, however, only evaluates the primary affects of the On the east side of US 64, directly across project and does not include any evaluation of from the Dry Falls Overlook, on the McCall Cabin potential secondary affects that might result from property, the Forest Service desires to create a new increased visitation or use of the facilities. parking area, with pedestrian access to Dry Falls by a bridge across US 64. On this parcel the work For this study the area of potential effect would include clearing, grubbing, and grading (APE) includes the historic 737-acre Highlands associated with the parking lot and pedestrian Recreation Area (which contains the project tracts bridge construction. and an associated section of US 64). On the north side of US 64 at the Van An investigation of the archaeological site Hook Glade Recreation Area the Forest Service files at the Highlands Ranger District revealed that desires to construct a new restroom, probably no archaeological sites were identified within the located by the side of the existing structure. This APE, although the presence of two possible graves work will entail the laying of new waterlines and was noted for the Cliffside Lake Recreation Area. i There were no previously recorded architectural We have completed US Forest Service sites listed on the Forest Service’s Cultural forms for CCC sites, and Intensive Survey forms Resource maps, although the Dry Falls, Van Hook, for McCall Cabin, the Recreation Lots, and Bridal and Cliffside Lake project areas were each Veil Falls. These forms provide sufficient recognized to have Civilian Conservation Corps information for National Register evaluations and (CCC) structures located on them. US 64 through may be revised by the Forest Service as additional the project area is listed on the State Study List for information becomes available. the National Register of Historic Places (effectively meaning that the corridor is potentially eligible for We recommend the 737-acre Highlands inclusion on the National Register). In addition, Recreation Area eligible for the National Register we discovered that the Cliffside Lake Recreation of Historic Places as a district which possesses a Area has been recorded as an architectural site by significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of the State Historic Preservation Office and that the sites, buildings, structures, or objects united Cliffside Lake Bath House has been determined by historically or aesthetically by plan or physical the SHPO as eligible for inclusion on the National development. The Highlands Recreation Area Register. Historic District is significant under National Register Criteria A (association with events that Given the very tight time frame of this have made a significant contribution to the broad project detailed historical research was not patterns of our history) and C (it represents a possible. Our work relies primarily on secondary significant and distinguishable entity whose resources available at the Highlands Ranger components may lack individual distinction). District. We have attempted to synthesize available information on CCC activities relating to Within the district are buildings, sites, the US Forest Service. We have, however, structures, and objects that contribute to its developed a context that specifically addresses the significance. Elements that do not contribute are Forest Service’s involvement the CCC and the generally those that were originally constructed Forest Service’s post-CCC recreation philosophy. after 1949. The district includes three areas which themselves are considered historic districts: Van The archaeological survey of the four Hook Glade, Cliffside, and Dry Falls, as well as the tracts incorporated shovel testing at 100-foot complex of natural and constructed features at intervals on transects laid out at 100-foot intervals Bridal Veil Falls. It also includes the McCall except where slopes were evaluated as steep (over Cabin, although final evaluation is not possible 15%) . All shovel test fill was screened through ¼- until a planned reassembly is complete. inch mesh and tests were generally 1-foot in depth where the soil permitted. Additional close- The section of US Highway 64 adjoining interval shovel tests were conducted in several the Highlands Recreation Area is a contributing locations where cultural remains were found on resource to the historic district. the surface. A total of 208 shovel tests were excavated in the four project areas. It is our belief that the actions proposed by the Forest Service will have an adverse affect As a result of these investigations, three on this historic district and should be submitted to archaeological sites were identified (31MA630 - the SHPO for comment. New construction such as 632). All three sites are scatters of lithics and only a pedestrian bridge or new restroom facilities one contains a diagnostic specimen (dating to the should be located in such a way as not to impact Middle Archaic). These sites are recommended not the landscape, viewshed, or historic resources. eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places given their sparse data sets and Finally, it is possible that archaeological lack of integrity. We recommend no additional remains may be encountered in the project area management activities for these sites. during clearing activities. Crews should be advised to report any discoveries of ii concentrations of artifacts (such as bottles, ceramics, or projectile points) or brick rubble to the project engineer, who should in turn report the material to the District’s Staff Archaeologist (the process of dealing with late discoveries is discussed in 36CFR800.13(b)(3)). No construction should take place in the vicinity of these late discoveries until they have been examined by an archaeologist and, if necessary, have been processed according to 36CFR800.13(b)(3). iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Introduction 1 Natural Environment 7 Physiography and Geology 7 Climate 9 Floristics 9 Prehistoric and Historic Background 13 Prehistoric Overview 13 An Euro-American Historic Synthesis 22 The Forest Service, the CCC, and a Context for the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
    The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION of the SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(S): David G
    THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(s): David G. Anderson, David J. Hally and James L. Rudolph Source: Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Summer 1986), pp. 32-51 Published by: Allen Press on behalf of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40713472 . Accessed: 02/10/2013 09:25 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Allen Press and Southeastern Archaeological Conference are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Southeastern Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY David G. Anderson chronologicaland culturalsequence forthe period David J.Hally along much of the drainage;(b) the publicationof and major surveyand excavationreports from several areas of the workat several L. basin, including major James Rudolph moundand village sites; (c) the linkageof ethnoh- istoricand archaeologicalsite records;and (d) the initiationof diachronicanalyses encompassing both drainage-specificand regional political evolution, 1970, in the Before knowledgeof Mississippian occupations subsistencetrends, mortuary practices, and settle- SavannahRiver came isolated, re- Valley from oftenbrief mentpatterning.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2013 Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina Gabrielle Casio Purcell [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Purcell, Gabrielle Casio, "Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2447 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Gabrielle Casio Purcell entitled "Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Kandace D. Hollenbach, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Schroedl, Michael Logan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) i Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Gabrielle Casio Purcell August 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 by Gabrielle Casio Purcell All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • A Household Approach to Reconstructing the Townsend Sites in East Tennessee, U.S.A.: Foodways and Daily Practice Within a Mississippian Settlement
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2017 A Household Approach to Reconstructing the Townsend Sites in East Tennessee, U.S.A.: Foodways and Daily Practice within a Mississippian Settlement Jessie Luella Johanson University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Johanson, Jessie Luella, "A Household Approach to Reconstructing the Townsend Sites in East Tennessee, U.S.A.: Foodways and Daily Practice within a Mississippian Settlement. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4630 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jessie Luella Johanson entitled "A Household Approach to Reconstructing the Townsend Sites in East Tennessee, U.S.A.: Foodways and Daily Practice within a Mississippian Settlement." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. Kandace D. Hollenbach, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: David G. Anderson, Barbara J. Heath, Sally P. Horn Accepted for the Council: Dixie L.
    [Show full text]
  • North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication 14
    ADDENDUM I: A GUIDE TO RESEARCH PAPERS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA ON FILE WITH THE ARCHAEOLOGY BRANCH OF THE NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY Thomas H. Hargrove Compiler NORTH CAROLINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COUNCIL PUBLICATION NUl{BER 14 Published Jointly by the North Carolina Archaeological Council and the Archaeology Branch Division of Archives and History North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources Raleigh, 1981 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 AUTHOR INDEX 3 INDEX 65 CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTIONS 71 ii Introduction In 1980 the North Carolina Archaeological Council published a bibliography of archaeological papers on file with one of its member institutions. Appearing as Publication 13 in the Council Series, "A guide to research papers in the archaeology of North Carolina on file with the Archaeology Branch of the North Carolina Division of Archives and History" provided a list of 661 works to those involved with archaeological research or resource management. Most of these works, which cover archaeological projects throughout the state, were unpublished. Since the publication of that bibliography, the Archaeology Branch's file of dissertations, theses, articles, and contract reports on archaeology has grown. In addition, many of the major sources of published archaeological works in North Carolina have been indexed for use in environmental review at the branch. As a result, the number of additional references has led to the compilation of a second bibliography. As in the first bibliography, the works l1sted here represent a wide variety of research interests, techniques, formats, and purposes. The geographical focus varies from excavations of single structures or surveys of one-acre plots of land to overviews of physiographic regions that include one-third of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Smithfield Review, Volume IV, 2000 Sarvis
    Prehistoric SouthwestVirginia Aboriginal Ocrupation, land Use, and Environmental Worldview Will Sarvis Thtive-American land and resource use in Southwest Virginia spans almost the entire scope ofNorth-American prehistory, and includes evidence of early Paleo-Indian hunters all the way up to tribal peoples who met the impact of Euroamerican occupation. Southwest Virginia prehistory shares much in common with archaeological patterns in the Southern Appalachians and greater southeastern United States, but, like any subregion, remains ultimately unique. In fact, some archaeologists argue that the western Virginia highland presents a singular version of an intermontane prehistoric culture distinct even from its neighboring mountain aboriginal cultures. One important feature of prerecorded human occupation in Southwest Virginia entails less human-induced en- vironmental change compared to surrounding lowland areas or even the proto-Cherokee highlands to the south. Long before the Virginia mountains became a Euroamerican fron- tier on the edge of advancing agricultural settlement, the region had functioned as something ofa "natural reserve" for cohesive native groups (later designated "tribes") situated in comparatively larger numbers around the area. While such groups traveled and temporarily camped in the mountains for hunting, fishing, resource gathering, or trading pur- poses, certain smaller groups of aboriginal peoples also lived in South- west Virginia for prolonged periods. All left behind archaeological evi- dence. Following is a synopsis of this evidence, an assessment ofland use and environmental impact, and finally an attempt to appreciate the pre- historic environmental worldview. During the past 20,000 years, both natural and human-induced causes have rendered dramatic changes in the environment of South- west Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • Knoxville South Waterfront, Tennessee Public I Mprovements
    KNOXVILLE SOUTH WATERFRONT, TENNESSEE PUBLIC I MPROVEMENTS Cultural Context, Archaeological Research Design, and Phase I Survey Results for Cherokee Trail Connector/Spring Water Center and Baker Creek Landing, Knoxville South Waterfront Project DRAFT SAN FRANCISCO CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK LONDON APRIL 29, 2008 Cultural Context, Archaeological Research Design, and PhaseISurveyResultsforCherokeeTrailConnector/Spring WaterCenterandBakerCreekLanding, Knoxville South Waterfront Project, City of Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee Report submitted to: Hargreaves and Associates • 118 Magazine Street • Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Report prepared by: New South Associates • 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue • Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 J. W. Joseph, PhD, RPA – Principal Investigator David Price – Historian and Co-Author R. Jeannine Windham, RPA – Archaeologist and Co-Author J. W. Joseph, PhD, RPA – Principal Investigator and Co-Author Hugh Matternes, PhD, RPA – Prehistoric Archaeologist and Co-Author Brad Botwick – Archaeologist and Co-Author April 29, 2008 • Draft Report New South Associates Technical Report #1591 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE i KNOXVILLE SOUTH WATERFRONT PROJECT, KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The City of Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee, has developed a plan for developing and enhancing areas south of the Tennessee River/Fort Loudon Lake. Known as the Knoxville South Waterfront Public Improvement Project, this plan represents a multi-year revitalization effort that will include 12 locations along the riverfront and adjacent uplands. The proposed undertakings require federal permitting from the Tennessee Valley Authority, which serves as the lead federal agency for the project, and US Army Corps of Engineers. As part of the permitting process, New South Associates, Inc., has developed cultural contexts for the Knoxville South Waterfront and compiled information on previously recorded cultural resources in the project vicinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Platform Mounds and Townhouses in the Cherokee Heartland: a Collaborative Approach
    REVISITING PLATFORM MOUNDS AND TOWNHOUSES IN THE CHEROKEE HEARTLAND: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH BENJAMIN A. STEERE Department of Anthropology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA This article describes the development and initial results of the Western North Carolina Mounds and Towns Project, a collaborative endeavor initiated by the Tribal Historic Preservation Office of the Eastern Band of Cherokee and the Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research Program at the University of Georgia. The goal of this project is to generate new information about the distribution of late prehistoric mounds and historic period townhouses in western North Carolina. This ongoing research has produced updated location and chronological data for Mis- sissippian period mounds and historic Cherokee townhouses, and led to the discovery of a possible location for the Jasper Allen mound. Using these new data, I suggest that David Hally’s model for the territorial size of Mississip- pian polities provides a useful framework for generating new research questions about social and political change in western North Carolina. I also posit that the cultural practice of rebuilding townhouses in place and on top of Mis- sissippian period platform mounds, a process that Christopher Rodning describes as “emplacement,” was common across western North Carolina. In terms of broader impacts, this project contributes positively to the development of indigenous archaeology in the Cherokee heartland. KEYWORDS: Cherokee Archaeology, Regional Analysis, Indigenous Archaeology, Townhouses, Mounds Prior to the late nineteenth century, the mountain is not incorporated into broader research frame- valleys of western North Carolina were marked by works (e.g., Riggs and Shumate [] on the dozens of platform mounds and townhouses built Kituwah Mound and Benyshek et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Survey of State-Owned Lands
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF STATE-OWNED LANDS ,II Tennessee Department of Conservation . .;(' Division' of Archaeology Report, of Investigations No. 3 1986 ARCHAEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF STATE-OWNED LARDS conducted by Tennessee Division of Archaeology . 1982 - 1984 by John D.· Froeschauer Peggy S.Froeschauer Charles P. Stripling Tennessee Department of Conservation Division of Archaeology Report of Investigations No. 3 1986 ..~ ", Autho. No. 327129. This, public document was promulgated at a cost of $3.97 ea. 200/1/87 • TN Printing Div .. Nashville, TN 37219-5208. PREFACE TO STATE LANDS SURVEY REPORT NOTICE TO READERS The Division of Archaeology in accord with its legislative mandate to research, investigate, and preserve and' protect the archaeological heritage of Tennessee has conducted a series of archaeological surveys and excavation projects since 1973. The Division, along with the staff of the Tennessee Historical Commission, is also a part of the State Historic Preservation Office which conducts programs of the Department of Interior's National Historic Preservation Act programs. One of the major responsibilities of the SHPO's staff is to carry out comprehensive archaeological and historical resource planning which includes providing written information on such resources and their significance to planners, land managers, and others whose decisions affect or may affect the heritage resources. This report describing the known archaeological sites located on state­ owned lands is one part of a series of studies and documents intended for the use of managers and planners as well as archaeologists and other researchers. Since this report is intended to be used by a variety of readers, it may be helpful to discuss the organization of the information it contains.
    [Show full text]
  • An Abbreviated NAGPRA Inventory of the North Carolina Archaeological Collection
    An Abbreviated NAGPRA Inventory of the North Carolina Archaeological Collection by R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. Patricia M. Lambert Vincas P. Steponaitis Clark Spencer Larsen and H. Trawick Ward Research Laboratories of Archaeology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1998 An Abbreviated NAGPRA Inventory of the North Carolina Archaeological Collection by R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. Patricia M. Lambert Vincas P. Steponaitis Clark Spencer Larsen and H. Trawick Ward Research Laboratories of Archaeology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1998 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This inventory of archaeological collections at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the culmination of a concerted effort that began in 1990, even before the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed by Congress. Its successful completion would not have been possible without the help of many individuals and institutions, whose contributions the authors wish to acknowledge here. First and foremost, we thank the many student assistants who worked tirelessly on this project over the past six years. Robyn Astin, Dean Foster and Heather Pearcy began the project by organizing the collections in preparation for the inventory. Later, Elizabeth Monahan assisted in the identification of the skeletal remains, while Jane Eastman identified and described the funerary objects. Thomas Maher and Timothy Mooney carried out all the digital photography. Patricia Samford helped arrange the visits by tribal representatives, and, along with Arlena
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 64, No. 152/Monday, August 9, 1999/Notices
    43222 Federal Register / Vol. 64, No. 152 / Monday, August 9, 1999 / Notices Chippewa) may begin after that date if was identified. No associated funerary and clay pipes, stone disks and celts, no additional claimants come forward. objects are present. objects of worked animal bone, and a Dated: August 2, 1999. Based on historical documents and clay pot. Francis P. McManamon, archeological evidence, the Townson Based on the archeological context Departmental Consulting Archeologist, site has been tentatively identified as a and funerary objects, these individuals Cherokee village burned by the have been identified as Native Manager, Archeology and Ethnography Rutherford expedition in 1776. These American. Artifacts recovered at the Program. human remains were found within the Coweeta Creek site have been attributed [FR Doc. 99±20369 Filed 8±6±99; 8:45 am] remains of a burned house at the site. to the Qualla phase which has been BILLING CODE 4310±70±F Artifacts recovered at the Townson site identified with both the protohistoric have been attributed to the Qualla phase and historic Cherokee in western North which has been identified with both the Carolina. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR protohistoric and historic Cherokee in In 1882, human remains representing National Park Service western North Carolina. five individuals from the Nununyi During the early 1880s, human Mound (31Sw3) in Swain County, NC Notice of Inventory Completion for remains representing seven individuals were excavated by E.P. Valentine for Native American Human Remains and from the Cullowhee Mound (31Jk2), Mann S. Valentine of Richmond, VA. In Associated Funerary Objects from Jackson County, NC were excavated by 1969, these human remains were North Carolina in the Possession of G.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Variation in Qualla Pottery at Coweeta Creek
    TEMPORAL VARIATION IN QUALLA POTTERY AT COWEETA CREEK by Christopher B. Rodning Abstract The archaeological manifestation of protohistoric and historic Cherokee material culture and settlements in southwestern North Carolina is known as the Qualla phase. This phase, and the Qualla ceramic series, has generally been dated from A.D. 1450 to 1838. This paper reconstructs temporal trends in Qualla pottery based on quantitative analyses of sherd assemblages from several independently dated contexts at the Coweeta Creek site. Results of these analyses enable us to differentiate Middle Qualla (A.D. 1500–1700) and Late Qualla (A.D. 1700–1838) pottery, and they also enable us to propose at least an outline of the major characteristics of Early Qualla pottery, which is provisionally dated from A.D. 1300 to 1500. This proposed Qualla ceramic chronology—which should be tested with data from other sites and revised as necessary—enables us to assign dates to sherd assemblages, and the sites and proveniences from which they are derived, with greater precision than has been possible in the past. The characteristics of and the dates of Early Qualla pottery from Coweeta Creek also encourage us to reconsider our understanding of the relationship between the Pisgah and Qualla phases in southwestern North Carolina. The material culture, architecture, settlements, and lifeways of protohistoric and historic Cherokee groups in southwestern North Carolina are typically attributed to the Qualla phase, which is conventionally dated from A.D. 1450 to 1838 (Cable and Reed 2000:112–124; Dickens 1976:200–201, 206–214, 1978:118–119, 1979:22–27; Keel 1976:214–216; Purrington 1983:148–151; Ward and Davis 1999:178–190, 267–272; Williams and Thompson 1999:97–99).
    [Show full text]