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Language Shift and Cultural Policing Among the Ogu of Southwestern Nigeria

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Language Shift and Cultural Policing Among the Ogu of Southwestern Nigeria LANGUAGE SHIFT AND CULTURAL POLICING AMONG THE OGU OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA BY SENAYON, ESTHER ONOISEDEBA MATRIC NO. 159583 B.A. Linguistics (Benin), M.A. Linguistics (Ibadan) A Thesis in the Department of Linguistics and African Languages Submitted to the Faculty of Arts In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY MAY, 2017 CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out under my supervision by Senayon, Esther Onoisedeba with Matric. Number 159583 in the Department of Linguistics and African Languages, University of Ibadan. .................................. ........................................................ Date Supervisor Professor H. S. Igboanusi B.A. (Abia), M.A., Ph.D. (Ibadan) Department of Linguistics and African Languages, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii DEDICATION To God Almighty To whom I owe My very Being; To My husband, Dr Senayon Olaoluwa, An Ogu Cultural Police, And to All Ogu people of Southwestern Nigeria, Who speak Ogu with pride. UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God be the glory, great things He has done! For the grace to be alive and complete this work, I give God the glory, honour and adoration. Him alone will I serve for the rest of my life. Special thanks to my supervisor, Professor Herbert Igboanusi, for being a supervisor extraordinaire. Your uncommon supervisory skills helped to put this work in the right perspective. You gave me unlimited access to your office and your rich library which helped, in no small way, in providing me with the right environment to work. Your mentoring helped in equipping me with the rudiments of paper publication, grant and fellowship winning and participation at conferences. You are truly a supervisor in a million. May you live long to enjoy the fruit of all your labour of love. I am grateful to all my lecturers and administrative staff of the Department of Linguistics and African languages, whose combined assistance helped to bring this thesis to fruition. To Mr Kelim Olenlua, former secretary to the Head of the Department of Linguistics, many thanks for little titbits that helped immensely. To Professor Adenike Akinjobi, Dr Adesina Sunday, of the Department of English and Dr Osaro Edo of the Department of History, many thanks for always asking ―I hope you are making progress?‖ Your words of encouragement helped to spur me on. I am also indebted to Emeritus Professor Ben Ohi Elugbe, who encouraged me at the very beginning when I was unsure that I could do it. Thank you Prof. for your motivating words. I must not forget to appreciate Emeritus professor Ayo Bamgbose whose initial interaction with my topic gave it the right perspective. I enjoyed the comradeship of nice friends and fellow Ph.D students, interactions with whom, helped in one way or the other, to shapen this work. Amongst them are Dr Tope Ajayi, Dr Odoje Clement, Gerald Nweya, Dr Patience Solomon-Etefia, Violet Evbayiro, Bode Abimbola, Tella Samson, Yeseera Oloso, Tayo Babatola, Mike Oyediji, Titi Onadipe-Shalom and others too numerous to mention. I appreciate your friendship. To Pastor and Mrs M. K Oyedeji and all members of Foursquare Gospel Church, Isagunna, Moniya, I say many thanks for supporting me with prayers. UNIVERSITYI am immensely grateful to my OF field assistant, IBADAN Mr Mewhenu LIBRARY Hosu, who assisted in the collection, transcription and translation of the data used in this work. You worked tirelessly as if the research was your personal endeavour and painstakingly handled all the details. Words alone cannot express my gratitude for your good work. May the Almighty reward your labour of love. Special thanks also go to all my key informants, the discussants in the three focus group discussions and those who obliged me with indepth iv interviews. I cannot but mention a few of them: Professor M. B. M. Avoseh, Dr Pius Fasinu, Dr Jendele Hungbo, Mr B. Olaide-Mesewaku, Pastor Hunsu, Mr Denagan Azinmagba, Mr Kodeyon Hungbo, Dr Henry Hunjo and Mrs Grace Poviesi. Thank you so much for sparing your time and for your invaluable contributions to the success of this work. I am also indebted to the authorities of Toyon High School in Ado-Odo Ota LGA, Ogun State for permission to video record the rendition of the Nigerian National Anthem in Ogu by the students of the school at the assembly ground. Again, many thanks to Dr Onipede Wusu of Lagos State University for supplying the exact figure of Ogu people in Southwestern Nigeria. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my parents, Pastor Paul Utomi and Mrs Comfort Oriakpono for all their love and care for me since childhood. Your labour of love over me will not be in vain. I say thank you to my parents-in-law, Mr and Mrs Kodogbo Azinmagba, for accepting me without reservations into their family. The peace of mind I have enjoyed in my new family has contributed, in no small way, in giving me the much needed concentration to complete this work. May you continue to enjoy peace in your old age. To all my siblings – Pastor Courage Oriakpono, Pastor Kingsley Oriakpono, Pastor Esele Oriakpono, Miss Mabel Oriakpono and Miss Omoise Oriakpono – many thanks for your love and care and for keeping the family bond tighter over the years. Also to all my brothers and sisters-in-law, thank you for making me feel at home. My children-Maupeawhanji, Maumehmaganthen and Onutitengbe-have been an unending source of joy and inspiration to me. They went through a lot throughout the period I was at school. For all you had to endure for ―Iya‖ to earn a Ph.D, I say many thanks. Iya will have more time to be a real mother to you now. Mi bayi gbau to vikevue! And to my great pillar of support, friend, soulmate, confidant, lover, permanent boyfriend, my husband, Dr Samuel Senayon Olaoluwa, words alone cannot express my deep gratitude for the gigantic role you played for this work to come to fruition. You have been a great source of inspiration, a role model, a mentor, a teacher, an embodiment of strength, etc. Many thanks for believing in me and encouraging me to go for further studies at a time when I UNIVERSITYwas unsure; yet you kept telling OF me I could IBADAN do it. You did notLIBRARY stop there; you went ahead and gave me ―everything‖ I needed to complete this work. You were there all through the difficult moments, provided hope when I was on the verge of despair and endured the times when I became irritable due to the stress of research. You stood by me when I was weak from ill health and took care of our children when I had to be away at school. You are truly a husband in every sense of the word and I pledge, once again, my unending love and support for you. Mi bayi Owin, tosu depo, tosu devivi! v .TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of contents vi Abstract xi CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The language of study : Ogu 3 1.1.1 Historical background of the Ogu 9 1.1.2 Communal life of the Ogu 10 1.1.3 Economic activities of the Ogu 10 1.1.4 Ogu religious practices 11 1.1.5 Education among the Ogu 12 1.1.6 Controversies surrounding the identity of the Ogu 13 1.2 The linguistic situation in Nigeria 14 1.3 The linguistic situation in Southwestern Nigeria 18 1.4 Statement of the problem 19 1.5 Aim and objectives of the research 20 1.6 Research questions 20 1.7 Significance of the study 20 1.8 Scope of the research 21 1.9 The limitations of the study 21 1.10 Summary of chapter 22 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW UNIVERSITY2.0 Introduction OF IBADAN LIBRARY 23 2.1 Language contact and bilingualism 23 2.2 Language shift 25 2.2.1 Ogu and experience of language shift 28 2.3 Language endangerment 32 2.4 Previous works on language maintenance 36 vi 2.4.1 Language maintenance and the case of Ogu 40 2.5 Language activism 40 2.5.1 Language activism and Ogu language maintenance 42 2.6 Literature related to professional policing 44 2.7 Theoretical framework 46 2.7.1 Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) 46 2.7.1.1 Ogu in the GIDS' perspective 49 2.7.2 Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory (EVT) 53 2.8 Summary of chapter two 58 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction 59 3.1 Research design 59 3.2 Area of study 59 3.3 Population of the study 59 3.4 Population sample 60 3.5 Sampling technique 60 3.5.1 Inclusion criteria 60 3.5.2 Exclusion criteria 60 3.6 Method of data collection 60 3.6.1 Justification for the triangulation of methods approach 61 3.7 Instruments of data collection 61 3.7.1 Observation 61 3.7.2 Key Informant Interview (KII) 62 3.7.3 Indepth Interview 62 3.7.4 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) 62 3.8 Method of data analysis 63 3.9 Validity and reliability of instruments of data collection 63 UNIVERSITY3.10 Ethical consideration OF IBADAN LIBRARY 64 3.11 Summary of chapter 64 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.0 Introduction 65 4.1 Participant observation 65 4.1.1 Case 1 67 vii 4.1.2 Case 2 69 4.1.3 Case 3 71 4.1.4 Case 4 73 4.1.5 Case 5 78 4.1.6 Case 6 79 4.1.7 The concept of cultural policing 82 4.1.8.
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