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Les Événements D'indochine, Septembre 1944 – Décembre 1946

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Les Événements D'indochine, Septembre 1944 – Décembre 1946 Les événements d’Indochine, septembre 1944 – décembre 1946 : entre discours et contre discours Louis RAYMOND Mémoire de 4e année Séminaire :Histoire contemporaine Sous la direction de : Gilles RICHARD, professeur des Universités Juin 2013 Le bateau de feu des Poils-Rouges Un panache de fumée s'élève jusqu'à cent pieds, Serpentant comme un dragon en vol. Le vent a beau souffler, Notre timonier s'est levé, hagard, comme nos matelots. Je leur dis : «C'est un bateau d'Occident qui vient vers nos contrées ; Son mât est d'une hauteur vertigineuse, la rose des vents reste immobile ; De sa cheminée, la fumée sort en tourbillons Deux roues tournent, frappant les vagues dans un bruit de tonnerre ; Le bateau vire à droite, à gauche, rapide comme un coursier, Sans rame, sans voilure, sans haleurs ; Il file à cent lieues, dépassant les Cavernes rouges, les Dents du Dragon Hop ! Le voilà chevauchant les plus hautes vagues ! Des nuages noirs couvrent le ciel de Singapour ; À la passe du Roc blanc, la marée monte à toute vitesse. Ils hèlent les enfants, s'attroupant autour du mât : Pantalons blancs, chapeaux de parade, ils parlent, plaisantent, Étrangers, le savez-vous ? Là où l'abîme des mers entoure le Roc Ardent, Des colonnes de feu s'élèvent jusqu'au ciel. Si la boussole vous conduit vers l'Est, prenez garde ! Ce n'est pas comme en Occident où les marées ne sont guère méchantes. » Cao Ba Quat (1809-1853) Remerciements Mes remerciements vont à Monsieur Lacouture, pour m'avoir reçu à son domicile ; à Madame Lavallard et à Monsieur Copin, pour leur aide précieuse ; au personnel de la bibliothèque de l'IEP de Rennes pour m'avoir permis d'accéder à la revue Indochine française ; à l'équipe du service des archives du Musée de la Résistance Nationale à Champigny ; à Monsieur Richard pour son suivi ; à Paul Caudan, premier lecteur de ce mémoire ; à Théo Dupleich qui m'a aussi relu ; à Julien Renon pour m'avoir accueilli à Paris ; à mes parents et à ma famille, à mes tantes Thérèse, Marie et Lân, à mes oncles Thierry et Roger ; à Jean-Baptiste, Solène et Simon ; à mes amis. Sommaire Liste des sigles et des abréviations.........................................................................................5 Introduction............................................................................................................................7 Chapitre I : Jeux de massacre et reconfiguration ................................................................17 Chapitre II : Le difficile retour des Français........................................................................35 Chapitre III : La paix n'aura pas lieu....................................................................................59 Chapitre IV : Le tournant vers la guerre...............................................................................80 Chapitre V : La revue Indochine française.........................................................................101 Chapitre VI : L'idéologie coloniale dans la revue..............................................................117 Chapitre VII : Étude d'une représentation coloniale..........................................................150 Chapitre VIII : Les contre-discours....................................................................................174 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................199 Table des sources................................................................................................................203 Bibliographie......................................................................................................................204 Annexes..............................................................................................................................208 Index des personnes............................................................................................................218 Table des matières..............................................................................................................221 4/223 Liste des sigles et abréviations 3 Ky : les trois « pays » qui composent historiquement le Viêt Nam : le Tonkin (Bac Bô), l'Annam (Trung Bô) et la Cochinchine (Nam Bô) AEF : Afrique Équatoriale Française ANIF : Association Nationale pour l'Indochine française AFV : Association France-Viêt Nam CEFEO : Corps Expéditionnaire français d'Extrême-Orient CNF : Comité National Français COMININDO : Comité Inter-ministériel pour l'Indochine DB : Division blindée DMH : Dông Minh Hôi – Parti nationaliste Vietnamien pro-chinois EFEO : Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient FFL : Forces Françaises Libres GPC : Gouvernement provisoire de la Cochinchine GPRF : Gouvernement provisoire de la République Française Kempetai : Police Politique Japonaise Komintern : Internationale communiste Kuomintang : Parti Nationaliste Chinois MRP : Mouvement Républicain Populaire ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies OSS : Office of Strategic Services – Bureau des services stratégiques, ancêtre de la CIA 5/223 PCF : Parti Communiste Français PCI : Parti Communiste Indochinois PCV : Parti Communiste Vietnamien RDVN : République Démocratique du Viêt Nam RIC / RMIC: Régiment d'infanterie coloniale SEAC : South East Asia Command – Commandement pour l'Asie du Sud-Est, basé à Ceylan (Sri Lanka actuel) et dirigé par l'amiral anglais Louis Mountbatten SFIO : Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière Tông Bô : Comité directeur du Parti Communiste Tu Ve : Miliciens d'auto-défense URSS : Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques Viêt-Minh : Viêt Nam Dôc Lap Dông Minh Hôi – Ligue pour l'indépendance du Viêt Nam VNQDD : Viêt Nam Quôc Dân Dang – Parti Nationaliste Vietnamien 6/223 Introduction Comment pouvais-je ne pas m'intéresser à cette Histoire ? Il ne serait pas exagéré de dire que j'en étais hanté, lorsqu'essuyant le soleil d'un pays qui en est inondé en remontant en moto le boulevard de la Révolution d'août à Hô Chi Minh Ville, je me suis rêvé l'affrontant. Le nom et le prénom que je porte viennent de cette entité montée de toutes pièces qu'était l'Indochine française. J'imaginais parfois que mon grand-père, enfant métis abandonné, élevé à la pagode, puis devenu au hasard de cette Histoire un médecin auquel l'on avait reconnu la nationalité française, arborant une mystérieuse croix de guerre, bourlinguant entre le Cambodge et le Viêt Nam, me toisait depuis les longues années qui séparent sa mort de ma naissance. Peut-être souhaitait-t-il que je cherche à savoir ? Puis, retournant là-bas, pour la première fois en étant adulte, au Sud Viêt Nam où habite ma famille, au Cambodge où mon père est né, j'ai ressenti à quel point cette guerre de trente ans avait déraciné des âmes, séparé des familles ; j'ai compris à quel point nous étions assujettis et impuissants devant l'engrenage qui s'impose au temps, que toutes nos petites histoires ne sont que résiduelles au regard de celle, la grande, qui s'affole. Je ne suis pas l'homme secret, mystique et généreux qui prodiguait ses soins dans une cabane sur pilotis au milieu d'un village de pêcheurs ; je suis son petit-fils. Je ne suis pas l'enfant arraché à sa mère et à son village sur le Mékong, un matin de 1968, pour être jeté à l'autre bout du monde dans un orphelinat ; je suis son fils. Pour tout cela, j'ai voulu comprendre : cette Histoire est la mienne. Je me suis heurté pourtant à l'impression tenace que les jeunes Vietnamiens et Vietnamiennes étaient dépris du parcours de leur nation. J'ai cru quelque temps, naïvement, qu'il s'agissait là d'une condition de la résilience ; c'était en tout cas le discours que l'on servait à l'étranger un peu trop curieux que j'étais au début. A mesure néanmoins du temps et des progrès linguistiques, l'on me confiait que la vérité était dans ce pays en constante recomposition. Qui imaginerait, devant les statues de propagande grandioses à la gloire de « l'oncle Hô », qu'il fut traité en 1946 de Viêt-Gian (traître à la nation) par les membres de son propre parti, le Viêt-Minh, et par une partie de son peuple ? La difficulté réside en ce que cette Histoire n'est pas apaisée, et devant un pouvoir autoritaire qui a la main-mise sur la vérité historique et politique, les Vietnamiens évaluent leur interlocuteur, pèsent chacun de leurs mots. Ainsi, l'étude de la période 1944-1946 me fut passionnante pour deux 7/223 raisons : d'abord parce qu'elle est la racine d'une guerre qui, s'ouvrant avec le coup de force japonais du 9 mars 1945, ne se termina que trente ans plus tard, le 30 avril 1975, lors de la prise de Saigon ; ensuite, parce qu'elle est la clef de compréhension de la légitimation du pouvoir du Parti Communiste Vietnamien (PCV), qui en a constitué une mythologie. C'est en effet la pierre d'achoppement d'une historiographie en tension : considérant le PCV et la manière dont il tient depuis plus d'un demi-siècle sans discontinuer les rênes du pouvoir, l'on a tendance à porter un regard téléologique sur les faits historiques. L'historien vietnamien Nguyên Thê Anh écrivait ainsi que, du fait de la persistance de tensions entre le Nord et le Sud, entre les Vietnamiens du pays et ceux en exil, les Viêt-Kiêu, « les batailles d’historiens ont pris très tôt l’aspect de batailles politiques»1. L'on ne sera par exemple pas d'accord sur le sens, entendu ici dans sa double définition, (d'une direction et/ou d'une signification) de la Révolution d'août. Certains y voient les prémices d'une stalinisation du Viêt Nam, refusant ainsi au Viêt Minh la
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