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Evaluation on Sustainability of Urban Logistics Planning: Case of One Belt One Road Project, Thailand

www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 1 บทความพิเศษ เรื่อง/ภาพ : รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร.ระหัตร โรจนประดิษฐ์, Google

โครงการ One Belt One Road ของประเทศจีน เป็นโครงการระดับโลกที่แผ่เครือข่าย ไปทั่วเอเชีย ทั้งในรูปแบบของ Formal and Informal Corporations ประเทศไทยก็เป็น ประเทศหนึ่งที่เกี่ยวข้องกับโครงการนี้ และสามารถกล่าวได้ว่า มีความส�ำคัญเป็นหัวใจของ เส้นทางสายไหมในยุคโลกาภิวัฒน์ คือ “โครงการคลองไทย” ดังปรากฏการเผยแพร่ออกสู่ สาธารณะในหลายรูปแบบแล้ว (CONS July 2017 - บทความพิเศษ OBOR) ด้วยวิสัยทัศน์ของผู้อ�ำนวยการหลักสูตรวิทยาการจัดการโลจิสติกส์และซัพพลายเชน จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ท�ำให้หลักสูตรฯตอบรับความร่วมมือกับมหาวิทยาลัยนานาชาติ ที่มีมหาวิทยาลัยประเทศจีนเป็นเจ้าภาพ เข้าร่วมกิจกรรมการประชุมนานาชาติ Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) Conference ด้วยวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อปกป้องผลประโยชน์ของประเทศชาติ เพราะ ทราบดีว่ากิจการคลองไทยที่มีประเทศมหาอ�ำนาจต้องการบริหารจัดการแบบเบ็ดเสร็จนั้น จะสร้างปัญหาแก่ประเทศไทยมากมายเพียงใดหากไม่มีการป้องกันอย่างรอบคอบรัดกุม แม้จะไม่ต้องการให้เกิดโครงการ Mega Project Thai Canal ในลักษณะเช่นนี้ แต่ประเทศไทย จะต้านทานได้นานเพียงใด รวมทั้งจะแก้ปัญหาการแสวงหาอาณานิคมยุคใหม่ของสอง มหาอ�ำนาจปัจจุบันครั้งนี้ได้อย่างไร เช่นเดียวกับปัญหาที่เคยเกิดขึ้นกับคลองคอดกระในอดีต

รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร. ระหัตร โรจนประดิษฐ์ ปริญญาตรี สถาปัตยกรรมหลัก, ปริญญาโท การวางแผนภาคและเมือง จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย และ ปริญญาเอก การออกแบบชุมชนเมือง Joint Centre for Urban Design, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom ปัจจุบันด�ำรงต�ำแหน่ง ประธานหลักสูตร การออกแบบชุมชนเมือง คณะสถาปัตยกรรมศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย และรองผู้อ�ำนวยการ หลักสูตรวิทยาศาสตร์มหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาการจัด การโลจิสติกส์ ดุษฎีบัณฑิต และมหาบัณฑิต จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 2 www.consmag.com สมัยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้า - Ocean College, Zhejiang University เจ้าอยู่หัวที่เคยทรงแก้ไขปัญหานี้กรณี China “อังกฤษ-ฝรั่งเศส” มาแล้ว ดังนั้นเราจ�ำเป็น - RMIT University Vietnam Vietnam ต้องเข้ารับรู้ยุทธศาสตร์ทางวิชาการ เพราะ - Inha University Korea เรื่องนี้เป็นช่องทางหนึ่งที่รัฐบาลจีนมักจะ - RMIT University, Australia ใช้ในการสร้างเครือข่ายความร่วมมือทาง - 24-26 June 2018 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam วิชาการ ที่จะขยายกลายเป็นพื้นฐานการ หลักสูตรฯจึงได้ส่ง Academic เข้าถึงความร่วมมือระดับรัฐบาลต่อไปใน Research เรื่อง Evaluation on Sustain- อนาคต ability of Urban Logistics Planning: ในครั้งนี้มหาวิทยาลัยของประเทศ Case of One Belt One Road Project, จีนเป็นเจ้าภาพจัดการประชุมทางวิชาการ Thailand ในวัตถุประสงค์ที่ว่า “หากจะมี เรื่อง Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) การขุดคลองไทย ตามยุทธศาสตร์ One Belt Conference 2018: International One Road ของประเทศจีนแล้ว Location, Conference on Connectivity in Asia: Characteristics, Rule & Regulation etc. Trade, Transport, Logistics and Business ของคลองไทยจะเป็นอย่างไร จะต้องรักษา ด้วยความร่วมมือของ the Asian Logistics กฎเกณฑ์ของประเทศไทยอย่างไรที่จะ Round Table (ALRT) ที่หลักสูตรฯเป็น ไม่ท�ำลายสภาพเศรษฐกิจ สังคม ชุมชน สมาชิกด้วย https://www.rmit.edu.vn/ สิ่งแวดล้อม ความมั่นคงและผลประโยชน์ belt-road-initiative-bri-conference ของประเทศไทย” ดังแสดงตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้

www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 3 effects of environment and social communities by Sea Evaluation on Freight Traffic. At present, Thai Government has pro- Sustainability of moted situation of Logistics HUB to Thailand, as Sea Air and Land Logistics Trans- Urban Logistics portation (SEAL). Many sea freight routes both Planning: Thai and foreigners come to our country. The Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Case of Coastal are the attractive sea logistics destinations, which One Belt One Road made economic profit and urban development along Project, Thailand these coats, at the same time sea traffic congestion, sea resource, communities and environments are Introduction disturbed. Thus in term of green logistics perception, it needs to This paper aims to under- prevent and solve these problems. standing key issues of configuration logistics perception of One Belt One Logistics and Supply Chain Road (OBOR) Project in case of its Management Program, Chulalongkorn evolution and effectiveness which University is one organization which it’s passing the precincts of Thailand. interested in these complication Thailand is located between South problems, without effective knowledge China Sea and Andaman Sea in and high technology of logistics Southeast Asia Region, which are and supply chain management suitable location and surrounded with and urban planning, this canal plenty of Asian sea logistics routes. route of One Belt One Road (OBOR) With the high economic growth and could made serious problems to potential of logistics procedure, at social communities and environment the same time, there are many areas and it will not be successful.

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 4 www.consmag.com Figure 1: The Freight Routes in One Belt One Road (OBOR) Project

Figure 2: Thailand Sea Freight Routes in One Belt One Road (OBOR) Project www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 5 Location Analysis cities in the Asian context. The potential is there, and it requires only for Port and Industrial the national will and determination to Potential 5 sections make the developing project a practical reality. Such an urbanization process Such is the Ranong port, now with environment consideration can in the process of development and only be viable or successfully expansion. In reality, therefore, it can implemented with the over-all be regarded as an important gateway support of the following essential or or link between countries in the vital service network: environmental east and those in the west. With the planning, transportation integration-road combined working efforts and and rail, essential services like strategies and planning both from education, health-care services, all of the private as well as the government which constitute a firm supporting sectors, and the necessary infrastructure base or foundation for the successful provided. The port city exemplified evolution of a prosperous and vibrant in the Ranong project can be further port city. These concepts and principles developed and expanded to enable form the main body of discussion or it to become one of the leading port deliberations in this research.

Figure 3: Ranong Survey in 5 sections

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 6 www.consmag.com Figure 4: Ranong Survey in Section 1

Figure 5: Ranong Survey in Section 2 www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 7 Figure 6: Ranong Survey in Section 3

Figure 7: Ranong Survey in Section 4

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 8 www.consmag.com Figure 8: Ranong Survey in Section 5

Port City Planning and Design

Program analysis in Port Planning: (case study of Bangkok Port 2015) Cargo throughput 1,300,000 TEUs / year Ship passing through 2,550 Vessels / year

Figure 9: Survey Thai Canal Route 4006 www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 9 Figure 10: Thai Canal Proposed Model

Figure 11: Thai Canal City Proposed Model

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 10 www.consmag.com Figure 12: Thai Canal Port Proposed Model

The research outlines the The conclusion pertaining to the summary of the main conclusions of ambitious port city development program port city environmental planning, and are valid if we take into consideration the port and city relationships. The the urban environmental ideal geographic characteristics, which are embodied and strategic position in the in the environmental guidance, form the basis of discussion in respect of urban planning and design, and they Urban Logistics determine the main guidelines formulated for the port city strategy. Planning Guideline The findings based on relevant data from Workshop and reliable and accurate information sources in respect of world-wide Thai Canal will become the port operation systems outlined in new economic sea route in Asia, will this chapter can be considered as an derive many economic advantages adequate and accurate representation and the nation will generate enormous of what port city can hope to achieve revenue for country. Thai Canal in term of the modern urbanization opponents have raised several process currently being implemented. objections to the construction of a canal: www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 11 1. Environmental concerns and objectives are aimed at preventing and the excavated soil will need to be dealt. minimizing pollution from ships - both 2. The canal will divide the accidental pollution and that from country physically and pose a security routine operations. risk. It is feared that a canal would 2. Safety for operation and separate the four southern-most controlling, which are deal with provinces from the rest of Thailand the vessels standards including the and allow secessionist movements to equipment in the vessels are depend further develop on the standards’ manual and ship 3. The millions foreign workers registration legally. The main objective will migrate to the country which is to specify minimum standards for might take over all the job from Thai the construction, equipment and workers. operation of ships, compatible with The purpose of the research their safety. And Flag States are studied the related issues such as: responsible for ensuring that ships under 1. The significant impact to their flag comply with its requirements. Thailand from digging Thai Canal. 3. Human resources management 2. Economic and Political was the main point to improve all aspects will have studied how to create of procedures and regulation all of defensive measure in order to protect Crews. All of crews were expected to country benefits and the intervened certify the competency-based training affairs. programs and assessment. This 3. Creating law and regulation regulation included the guidance of for protect country benefits and to training organization and appropriate maintain standard of all activities of working schedule individually. Thai Canal in the future. 4. The carriage of good by sea, goods dispatching was approached In terms of Maritime Operation the rules of vessel inspection, import- Control, the major aspects as export documents, shippers’ respon- following: sibilities including final inspection to 1. Environment issues were meet the highest standard. the regulation to protect and prevent 5. Vessels permission and the marine environment, covering navigation allowance, this point was prevention of pollution of the marine initiate the effects for the various environment by ships from operational aspects, for examples, type of the or accidental causes. The main vessels, dimension limitation, rules and

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 12 www.consmag.com regulations of navigation and suitable prevent the interests of the country. routes for shipping beneath protection Whether it should proportion in national benefits. the investment of foreign investors, workers and treatment include green In conclusion from the five areas, so this program disturbs nature aspects, maritime operation control is minimal. The law for industrial area disciplines, were covered all of the and commercial area in such areas operation of marine. Thus, these and various construction. In the area disciplines could be mainly protect- along the canal should be approved ed National security and the entire by the Department of Public Works environment for our people in Thailand. and Town & Country Planning before Urban Logistics Planning: Due start construction. to this enormous excavation required However, the proposed the funding and technology. Thus most concept of measures, regulations, rules of investment received from abroad. and regulations, standard operation Therefore, Thailand should study the in constructing urban and regional benefits to be gained and the effect planning control geographic measures. to cause the project of economic, the concept of the development environment, etc. The urban planning project to help canal with benefits. of canal project is a community With no effect the livelihood of the management, society, city and people in the area. Ecology and utilities and facilities. The development environment as well as to the minimum. consists of systematic regulation. For the benefit of the nation. The Government should have The three components established or legal measures to representing Thai Canal Route Project www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 13 in Ranong Province evolution process and objectives in respect of Thai Canal can be outlined as follows: Firstly, the Project environment, its development conceptual guidelines that determine growth and achievements in the the aim and objective of Thai Canal contemporary context such as Aims development. Secondly, the management and objectives, Characteristics of City controls involved in the urban logistics and concepts of built environment in processes in respect of the city. Lastly, city center. the physical guidelines underlying Thai Aims/Objectives, aims and Canal built environment which form objectives in canal port functions the general structure of the city and its involving the activity of sea transporta- evolution process. Terms of development tion from capital city to provide both are divided as 5 years for short-term economic support and social growth plan, 10 years for long-term plan. in the decentralization process which can do much more than provided the solutions to the problem of city Guideline Principle congestion. Thus, the location of under-developed areas suitable for Plan canal port operation will be considered and selected. The new urban structure 1. Conceptual Aspect Plan will be concerned with related logistics The conceptual guideline will activities, canal port operation and provide the essential guide to the aims industrial estate development. The

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 14 www.consmag.com Thai Canal City will be controlled role the micro scales of Thai Canal Project duty and volume of logistics operation in Ranong Province environmental to be a regional growth depends on and development plans. Efficient of size of those cities. employees both in government and Characteristics features of Thai military sectors in the area should be Canal City; National policy is planned better than normal provinces. As it is to promote urban growth and at the a national security activity, changing same time to solve the environmental of government law and regulation problems arising from the process for increasing logistics activities with of centralization of the prime city by particular environment codes are creating a new hinterland that can be important. independent of the other major centers. Public participation – an essential element of the Thai Canal Project 2. Management Aspect Plan in Ranong Province environment The management guidelines in guideline. It is necessary to consider respect of city logistics planning lie in benefit either direct or indirect to specific characteristics for Thai Canal local people. Established the unit of City as well as urban living. Land use is logistics sectors and public sectors an important consideration in terms of may be get problem at first stage its relevance to help complement the of development, however, at last Thai Canal Project in Ranong Province logistics operation will be the proud evolution framework. activities of the city. Effective of Canal City needed for efficient logistics operations and 3. Physical Aspect Plan other business-related activities; The physical guidelines however, it needs to balance for governing the relationship of Thai environment as quality of people Canal port and city represent essential living. Whether it necessary to increase concepts of port patterns. They are potential of logistics activities for important elements which help higher effectiveness, it need to spread determine both advantage and quality of life for people living in city disadvantage issues. that will make sustainable for urban Improvement of Thai Canal development of Ranong province. Route, port, industrial and city center Co-ordination within various relationship, for service facility and organizations provides an important infrastructure. Balancing efficiency support for both the macro as well as of logistics, port and industrial www.consmag.com CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 15 productivity and people environment Persuading of corroboration facilities by established committee for among whole logistics, port, two-way communication industrial and environmental Keeping quality of infrastructure system organizations such as and facilities in better condition and logistics, government environment planning by government. It could be organizations, industrial, port established independent communities transportation, bus, train related which can decides and control term to behavior of local people, while of work such as construction of new separate some systems such as hinterland will have related to logistics activities from local people electricity, water supply and traffic. telecommunication that can constructed at the same time. Controlling of changing and growth of Thai Canal City in order to planning environment master plan and others detailing system in each organization due in the same direction of development.

CONS-MAGAZINE www.consmag.com 16 www.consmag.com