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Automatic Residual Current Devices Ahmad Khairuddin

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Automatic Residual Current Devices Ahmad Khairuddin View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository AUTOMATIC RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES AHMAD KHAIRUDDIN BONARI A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree Master of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Tun Hussein OnnMalaysia JULY 2015 v ABSTRACT Power system protection is the most important requirement in the industrial or domestic electrical to prevent equipment from damage cause by leakage current. The RCD is an important equipment to install at each of house, hospital, factory, or every place that need the power supply. The device monitors input current from power line by using current sensor and send the signals to the mechanical switch to trip the circuit breaker. Industrial operation requires protection of their equipment from the lightning short circuit and also over-current, thus the RCD will serve the purpose as the protection of their system .This researchwill attempt to improve the exciting RCD design using PIC microcontroller to automatically switch it back to normal when the RCD tripped in home during instantaneous over current or short circuit. This system provides a convenient way for house’s owner especially during absences in home. In this research PIC 16F877A microcontroller is used to control overall flow operation and operate the relay, thus replacing the current mechanical switch. The outcome of this research after several testing process shown that the average sensitivity valuefor RCD against leakage current is 76mA better 24% than 100mA set by manufacture. vi ABSTRAK Perlindungan sistem kuasa adalah keperluan yang paling penting di dalam indusrtri atau pun sambungan domestic elektrikal bagi mengelakan kerosakan peralatan disebabkan oleh arus bocor. RCD adalah salah satu peralatan penting yang di pasang di setiap rumah, hospital, kilang atau pun tempat yang memerlukan bekalan kuasa. Peralatan ini bertindak sebagai pemerhati arus masukan dari talian kuasa oleh pengesan arus dan kemudianya ia menghantar isyarat tersebut ke suis mekanikal untuk terpelantikkan pemutus litar. Operasi industry memerlukan perlindungan mesin mereka daripada kilat, litar pintas dan juga lebihan arus, maka RCD ini akan di gunakan bagi perlindungan kepada sistem mereka. Projek ini adalah bertujuan untuk menambahbaikan rekabentuk RCD yang sedia ada menggunakan PIC pengawalmikro untuk menyambung kemba lilitar RCD yang telah terpelantik kepada keadaan asal apabila berlakunya litar pintas dan lebihan arus. Sistem ini memberikan manfaat kepada pemilik rumah apabila tiada di rumah. Didalam projek ini PIC16F877A pengawal di gunakan untuk mengawal keseluruhan sistem pengoperasian dan Geganti yang manatelah di tukarkan kepada suis mekanikal asal. Hasil di akhir projek ini, setelah beberapa kali di uji didapati kepekaan RCD terhadap arus bocor adalah 76mA di mana 24% lebih baik daripada 100mA telah ditetapkan oleh pembuat. TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABCTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii LIST OF APPENDIXS xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project background 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Objective 4 1.4 Scopes of project 4 1.5 Report outline 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Residual Current Devices (RCD) 6 2.3 RCD features 7 2.4 RCD design 9 2.5 Operation of RCD trip situation 11 2.5.1 Permanent failure or permanent damage 11 2.5.2 Temporary failure or temporary damage 11 2.6 Electrical faults 12 2.6.1 Over-current fault 12 2.6.2 Short-circuit fault 12 2.6.3 Lightning fault 13 2.7 Literature review of previous report 14 2.7.1 Automated electrical protection system for domestic application 14 2.7.2 Development of earth leakage circuit breaker with an auto re-closer 15 2.7.3 Automatic earth leakage circuit breaker with backup supply 16 2.7.4 Automatic RCD integrated with arduino 17 2.8 Conclusion for previous report 18 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.1.1 Phase 1: Project planning 20 3.1.2 Phase 2: Circuit diagram 21 3.1.3 Phase 3: Software development 22 3.1.4 Phase 4: Hardware design 22 3.1.5 Phase 5: Testing 22 3.1.6 Phase 6: Maintenance 22 3.2 Prototype design 23 3.3 Overall system 24 3.4 Software development 25 3.5.1 Block diagram description 26 3.5 System operation 27 3.6 Circuit stage 29 3.6.1 Voltage regulator circuit 29 3.6.2 LCD circuit 30 3.6.3 Relay driver circuit 31 3.6.4 Current sensor 31 3.7 Proteus software 32 3.8 MPLAB software 33 3.9 SketchUp software 34 3.10 Microcontroller (PIC 16F877A) 35 3.11 Current sensor 36 3.12 LCD display 37 3.13 Relay 37 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 39 4.1 Result of automatic residual current devices 39 4.2 Result of programming for ARCD 41 4.3 Result Stability, durability and efficiency testing 43 4.4 Analysis 44 4.5 Analysis of time sequence 44 4.6 Analysis of current sensor detection 44 4.7 Analysis during normal and fault condition 45 4.8 Calculation percentage between theories with the actual voltage 46 4.9 RCD test using relay test unit 48 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51 5.1 Conclusion 51 5.2 Future recommendation 52 REFFERENCES 53 APPENDIXS 55 LIST OF TABLES 4.1 ARCD Sequences 43 4.2 Stability, durability and efficiency testing 44 4.3 Time sequences 45 4.4 Measuring voltage and current using differences equipment 48 4.5 Result for RCD test 49 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Short circuit 1 2.1 Home RCD/RCCB with Housing 8 2.2 The System inside RCD 8 2.3 Residual current devices 9 2.4 Residual current devices design schematic 10 2.5 Operation of the ZCT 11 2.6 Prototype of automatic electrical protection system for domestic application 14 2.7 Prototype of ARCD with backup supply 16 2.8 Prototype of automatic RCD integrated with arduino 18 3.1 Project planning 20 3.2 Phase planning 21 3.3 Prototype sequence event 23 3.4 Internal Prototype 24 3.5 Flowchart of Overall System 25 3.6 System block diagram 26 3.7 Flowchart of system operation 28 3.8 Overall circuit of RCD 29 3.9 Voltage regulator circuit 30 3.10 PIC microcontroller and LCD circuit 30 3.11 Relay Driver 31 3.12 Current sensor circuit 32 3.13 Proteus Interface 33 3.14 MP Lab interface 34 3.15 Main Application windows of SketchUp 34 3.16 Microcontroller overview 35 3.17 Current sensor 36 3.18 JHD 162A (16x2) structures 37 3.19 Relay 38 4.1 ARCD model 40 4.2 Control circuit 41 4.3 Program sequence 42 4.4 Current sensor sensitivity 44 4.5 Differences of voltage normal and fault without load 45 4.6 Measuring voltage and current using differences equipment 46 4.7 Test RCD at current 40mA (No trip) 48 4.8 Test RCD at current 77mA (ELCB trip) 48 4.9 Result for RCD test 51 LIST OF ABBREVIATION PIC Programmable Integrated Circuit ELCB Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker ARCD Automatic Residual Current devices AEPSDA Automated Electrical Protection System for Domestic Application RCD Residential Current Device GFCI Ground fault Circuit Interrupted vRCD Voltage Residual Current devices iRCD Current Residual Current devices ZCT Zero Current Transformer LED Light Emitting Diode LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix A 55 Appendix B 58 Appendix C 67 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project background In Malaysia, from years 2005 until 2011, there are 405 accidents due electrical fault event, and 191 people are died due to the accidents [1]. Therefore, instead of giving awareness on electrical safety and hazard to the public, a proper protection device also need to be considered as part of safety. Although single phase system has its own safety protection (i.e. earth conductor), but this is not hundred percent reliable all the time [2]. Figure 1.1 show short circuits occur inside the resident electrical wiring and it cause permanent fault. Figure 1.1: Short circuit Every year, many people are injured in electrical accidents at home. Not everyone knows that many of these injuries could be prevent by having Residual Current Devices (RCD) protection installed in the house’s consumer unit. RCD protection can save lives by protecting ours live and ours family from fatal electric shocks, and can also provide some protection against fire. RCDs switch off the electricity in a friction of a second if you get an electrical shock. Having a modern consumer unit fitted with RCDs give us the best protection because they usually cover all the wiring, sockets and appliances at home [3]. This project is focused on the design and build of Automatic Residual Current Devices using PIC 16F877A where the system can auto switch the RCCB. Nowadays RCD is manually controller by mechanical switch and have a limited function which are cannot distinguished and notify either permanent or temporary fault accorded. The problem come when there is no resident at house whenever the fault or tripping occurred. The electrical equipment power is disconnected because some trouble for the resident [3]. Power reliability and continuity is very important and critical to a domestic building. There are electrical equipment and appliances which need to be continuously turned ON even when the occupants leave the building for a period of time such as security system, refrigerator and aquarium ventilation system [3]. When the system in the resident is disconnected cause some trouble for the owner to manage the equipment.
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