CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET

Author: Tamara Uldall and Lara C. Rooke, M.A.

Title of Report: Archaeological Assessment for the for Big Rock Park Field and Pedestrian Improvements Project, Duvall, WA

Date of Report: May 22, 2016

County(ies): King Section: 19 Township: 26 N Range: 7 E

Quad: Carnation 7.5” Acres: 9.38

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Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No

TCP(s) found? Yes No

Replace a draft? Yes No

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Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No

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NW Cultural Resource Services Archaeological and Historic Resource Assessments

Archaeological Assessment for the for Big Rock Park Field and Pedestrian Improvements Project, Duvall, WA.

Prepared For:

Alana McCoy, Project Manager City of Duvall 15535 Main Street NE PO Box 1300 Duvall, WA 98019

Prepared by:

Tamara Uldall, B.A. and Lara C. Rooke, M.A., RPA NW Cultural Resource Services 2416 NE 143 rd Street Seattle, WA 98125

May 22, 2016

Project Number 2016-3

NW Cultural Resource Services Seattle, WA W Cultural Resource Services

Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ...... 3 1.1 Project Description ...... 3 2.0 Natural Environment ...... 3 3.0 Cultural Context ...... 2 3.1 Prehistoric Period ...... 2 3.2 Ethnohistoric Period ...... 5 3.1 Historic Period ...... 6 4.0 Previous Archaeological Research ...... 7 5.0 Field Assessment and Survey Results ...... 8 6.0 Summary and Recommendations ...... 10 7.0 References ...... 12

Tables Table 1. Previous Archaeological Investigations within One Mile of the Project Area. Table 2. Shovel Test Results and Descriptions.

Figures Figure 1. Project study area. Figure 2. Area of potential effects. Figure 3. Shovel test probe locations.

NW Cultural Resource Services Seattle, WA W Cultural Resource Services

Archaeological Assessment for the for Big Rock Park Field and Pedestrian Improvements Project, Duvall, Washington.

1.0 Introduction Northwest Cultural Resource Services conducted an archaeological assessment for the City of Duvall for its Field and Pedestrian Improvements project at Big Rock Park in Duvall, Washington (Figure 1). The project is located off Big Rock Road, approximately 1.5 miles east of highway 203 between Novelty and Duvall. It is located in King County on Tax Parcel #2129700250, in Section 19 of Township 26 North, Range 7 East, Willamette Meridian (Figure 2).

The project will receive state capital funding through the Recreation and Conservation Office (RCO); therefore, this archaeological assessment was completed pursuant to the requirements of Governors Executive Order 05- 05. In compliance with these regulations, NWCRS conducted a record search, literature review, and an archaeological field survey to identify whether any significant resources are present within the proposed project area. This report documents the results of the archaeological assessment that was completed to satisfy the Washington State regulations.

1.1 Project Description The City of Duvall plans to make field and pedestrian improvements at Big Rock Park in Duvall, WA. These improvements will include replacing the sod on the ball fields with new synthetic turf, installation of a storm drainage system, construction of a perimeter pedestrian path, installation of field lighting, and parking lot expansion. Ground disturbance associated with this project will include sod stripping and minor regrading of ball fields, excavation for lighting, and drainage elements.

Big Rock Park was originally a non-developed, forested, undulating landscape, until construction of the park began around 1999. An upper terrace and ball field were constructed first, along with the parking area and drainage ponds. Historic aerial photographs show that construction in the park continued through 2010. During this time, the landscape underwent considerable transformation and many areas were excavated, graded or filled to establish stormwater ponds and level surfaces for the ball fields.

2.0 Natural Environment The project area is within the Snoqualmie River Basin, situated off the western slopes of the North Cascades geologic province and within the physiographic region known as the Puget Lowland (or Puget Trough) (Orr and Orr 1996, Tabor and Haugerud 1999). A large portion of this region was glaciated six times during the Pleistocene (Booth 1986, Porter 1976). During the Vashon shade of the Fraser glaciation from 18,000 to 13,000 years ago, the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet pushed as far south as Centralia (Burns 1985, McKee 1972). This subsequently blocked many streams and rivers, and at the height of the glacial advance the surface elevation of the Snoqualmie River was more than 3000 feet (Porter 1976, Booth 1990).

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After the glacial maximum the Puget Lobe retreated and then advanced again during a period of the Holocene Epoch known as the “Little Ice Age”, from 5,000 to 4,000 years ago (Porter et al. 1983). Water flowing under the ice sheets carved channels that are now lakes, bogs, and streams (Booth 1990 , Booth and Hallet 1993).

As the glaciers retreated, some of the melted ice drained into a lake in the upper Skykomish River Valley, then overflowed in to the Snoqualmie Valley (Booth 1990 and 1994 , Knoll 1967). Subglacial channelization during glacial advance and glacial ice melt during retreat resulted in the flat and gently sloping landscape of the Snoqualmie River Valley. The network of meandering streams with numerous oxbow ponds and wetlands is common in the Puget Lowland where former subglacial and glacial outwash channels are present (Collins et al. 2002).

The project site is located on a terrace above the Snoqualmie River, 5 miles south of its confluence with the Skykomish River. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil survey classifies the primary native soil type in the study area as Tokul gravelly loam, a moderately well-drained mixture of mostly volcanic ash and loess over glacial till (NCRS 2016).

Located within the Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock) zone of the Cascades physiographic province, the Snoqualmie River valley supports a vast array of flora and fauna indigenous to the region (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Native vegetation, growing within the riparian habitat along the river, is dominated by red alder, black cottonwood, big leaf maple, and other hydrophilic wetland plants such as willow, cranberries, cattail, reeds, Wapato, nettles, and skunk cabbage (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Early 19 th century Government Land Office (GLO) surveyors of the Snoqualmie River Valley noted that spruce trees were the most tolerant of the region's seasonal flooding and it is the most common coniferous tree to the area (Collins et al. 2002).

Wildlife common to the region include species of deer, elk, black bear, beaver, and mountain goats (Maser 1998). Ptarmigan, grouse, duck, geese, and swans are both residential and migratory to the environment surrounding the project area (Hodges 2004). The Snoqualmie River and its complex meandering stream networks are home to a large population of Coho, chum, and pink salmon that spawn in the creeks around the river (Williams et al. 1975). Steelhead trout, sea-run and residential cutthroat trout, and rainbow trout were also available (King County 1998).

3.0 Cultural Context This section describes the cultural context of the project area, which will inform the evaluation of findings from the field investigations performed as part of this assessment. Elements of the cultural context include cultural chronologies developed for the prehistoric occupation through archaeological research, information derived from oral histories and Native American recollections, and historic events and land use patterns. Reviewing archival archaeological, historical, and ethnographic documents provides insight toward developing hypotheses and a research design.

3.1 Prehistoric Period The human prehistory of the Puget Sound area can be separated into six time intervals, during which broad patterns of adaptation and tool and ornament production can be recognized. These are the Paleo-Indian, Early

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Holocene Foragers, Middle Holocene Foragers, Developmental Northwest Coast Culture, Northwest Coast Culture, and Euro-American Contact Periods.

Paleo-Indian (14,000 – 10,000 years ago). The earliest human settlement of the Puget Sound region is represented by scattered finds of large, concave-based, triangular spear points, known as Clovis points, and isolated, apparently butchered remains of now-extinct Pleistocene mammals. With few exceptions, Clovis artifacts have been found as isolates in or near lakes and bogs (Gustafson et al. 1979; Kenady et al. 2010; Meltzer and Dunnell 1987), which led researchers to suggest that these early people focused on hunting megafauna, such as mastodon and giant bison, as the animals approached wetlands to drink (Schalk 1988). Two large extinct animals, a mastodon ( Mammut americanum ) at the Manis Site in Sequim (Gustafson et al. 1979), and a giant bison at the Ayer pond on Orcas Island, (Kenady et al. 2010) have been interpreted as human-killed or butchered animals. Initial radiocarbon dates of mastodon remains associated with the Manis Site suggested it was around 14,000 years old with a high margin of error. Adding to this, X-rays of the Mastodon’s rib bone showed an image that looked like a buried projectile point. This evidence, although persuasive, was not conclusive enough to prove that humans were hunting large game approximately 14,000 years ago (Gustafson et al. 1979; Waters et al. 2011). Recent research, however, on the same mastodon rib bone has narrowed the date of this site. Scientists at Texas A & M University have put the same rib bone under an industrial strength CT scan and have used DNA sequencing and protein analysis to narrow the age of the site to 13,800 years ago. Results of the CT scan provide a clear image of a narrowed point embedded into the animal’s rib bone (Waters et al. 2011). These findings coupled with Gustafson’s work will undoubtedly be documented in upcoming publications.

Artifacts of this tradition have been found in stratified geologic deposits only once, at the Bear Creek Site in King County. The Paleo-Indian component of the Lower Bear Creek Site (45KI839), which is situated near the shore of Lake Sammamish, contained only broken projectile points and a few waste flakes from tool resharpening. Protein residues on the tip of one projectile point or knife from the site indicated that it may have been used on bear, bovid (perhaps bison), deer, sheep, and a member of the trout family (perhaps salmon) (Kopperl et al. 2010).

Early Holocene Foragers (10,000 – 7,000 years ago). During the early Holocene (post-glacial period), Western Washington was covered in open Douglas fir, fir, and oak forests that were prone to frequent forest fire. Archaeological finds from this time period are locally known as the Olcott Phase. The Olcott Phase is considered a local manifestation of the Old Cordilleran Culture (Butler 1961), which extended from Central British Columbia through Oregon and from the Pacific Coast to the Rocky Mountains. Artifacts left by this early culture consist primarily of stone tools, including leaf-shaped spear points and knives, scraping tools, and cobble tools known as “choppers” (Kidd 1964). A small number of rock-like cooking pits have been found and interpreted as evidence that these early people had learned to process starchy plant foods such as camas roots and acorns, for food (e.g. Chatters et al. 2011; Stilson and Chatters 1981). Olcott sites tend to be located in upland environments near the base of the Cascade foothills and on raised terraces along the region’s major rivers, areas that would now be cloaked in heavy forest. Like the Clovis artifacts, few isolated Olcott spear points have also been found in bogs, but the Olcott spear points are more common on the steep slopes along the walls of major river valleys (Rooke and Chatters 2010). Archaeologists have interpreted the toolkits and site locations dating to this time as representing a society that lived by foraging, meaning they moved about the landscape harvesting food for immediate consumption (Schalk 1988). They stored little, if any, food for use in the lean seasons.

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Middle Holocene Foragers (7,000 – 3,500 years ago). Forests began to close in after 7,000 years ago, making the land less hospitable for human beings. At the same time, marine environments were stabilizing and becoming progressively more productive. During this period, people continued the foraging way of life, but increasingly concentrated their food gathering activities on the riverbanks and marine shoreline. Collections of artifacts from early in this time period contain the same tools as those of Early Holocene Foragers, but sites of later origin add microblades, side-notched projectile points, and, later, large, stemmed projectile points. Starting around 6,000 years ago, ground slate knives and adzes were added, along with whetstones. Bone tools and ornaments began to appear in the shell middens that increasingly mark the marine settlements these people occupied after 5,000 years ago. Bone tools and ornaments have not been found in upland sites, where acidic soil contributes to the deterioration of bone, but these artifacts were probably used in upland areas. Upland sites, which are often located in valley bottom settings of high terraces, consist primarily of stone tools and fire-broken rocks (Greengo and Houston 1970; Blukis Onat et al. 2001). These upland sites contain similar stone artifacts wherever they occur, indicating people were living in much the same way regardless of location or season. Among the best known sites of this time period is West Point (45KI428 and 45KI429), located west of Seattle’s Magnolia neighborhood, where Middle Holocene Foragers harvested fish and shellfish during all times of year beginning over 4,000 years ago (Larsen and Lewarch 1995). The Tolt Site, near Carnation, (Blukis Onat et al. 2001) and the Jokumsen Site on the Enumclaw Plateau (Hedlund 1973) are the best known inland components attributable to this period.

Developmental Northwest Coast Culture (3,500 – 2,500 years ago). Between 3,500 and 4,000 years ago, cultures of the Northwest Coast underwent an economic transformation similar in magnitude to the agricultural revolutions of Central America and Southwest Asia (Chatters and Prentiss 2005). The cultures of the Northwest Coast shifted from a subsistence strategy of immediately consuming foodstuffs at all times of year to one that focused energy on amassing, processing, and storing food during the warm season for consumption during the less-productive winter months. During each season, people moved their camps to locations best situated for mass-harvest of such foods as salmon, deer, clams, and/or roots. Tools being made during this period were similar to those of the latter part of the Middle Holocene, but they are subdivided into season-specific groups. Seasonal camps have been found in the prairies of south King and northern Pierce counties, where the tools consist primarily of large, stemmed projectile points, flake tools, and concentrations of cooking rock (Hedlund 1973). Base camps to which people returned year round were established in some localities, such as West Point (Larsen and Lewarch 1995). In some areas north of Puget Sound, remains of small, rectangular dwellings have been found in such base camps (Matson and Coupland 1995).

Northwest Coast Culture (2,500 – 250 years ago). The culture of this period closely resembles that observed by European explorers in the late 18th century. The mass-harvest and storage economy of the Developmental period became fully elaborated. Arrow points replace large atlatl dart points during this period, but little else changed at these hunting camps. Fishing camps were established along rivers. Riverine sites are typically among the best preserved in the Puget Sound and Cascade foothills due to their burial by flood sediments.

People established large villages of long, split-plank houses on rivers and in suitable places on the salt water shore, which they maintained year-round. In Puget Sound, villages have been found at the Duwamish Number 1 site, near the mouth of the Duwamish River (Campbell 1981; Lewarch 1987), Old Man House at the mouth of Hood Canal on the Olympic Peninsula (Gaston and Jermann 1975), and at Tualdad Altu, on the Black River (Chatters 1990). Seasonal camps occupied as much as 3,500 years ago continued to be used and new ones were established. The same sites were used year after year for harvesting selected resources, so that large, thick shell

NW Cultural Resource Services Seattle, WA P a g e | 5 middens formed at clamming and fishing locations such as West Point (Larson and Lewarch 1995), Cherry Point on the shore near Bellingham (Grabert 1988), the Hee-BOH-luhb site in the Snohomish River estuary (Dunnell and Fuller 1975), and at many other localities along the shoreline where fresh water enters Puget Sound.

Hunting and root gathering continued in upland prairies; such upland camps were also used repeatedly, leaving dense scatters of stone tools and fire-broken rock (Hedlund 1973). Fishing camps were established along rivers. Many of these camps, including the Allentown Site (Larson 1996), Renton High School Site (Kramer et al. 2001; Lewarch 2006), Duwamish River Bend Site (Blukis Onat 2010) and Tokul Creek Site (Blukis Onat and Bennett 1968) have been found on the floodplains of river basins.

Euro-American Contact Period (250 – 100 years ago). When European explorers arrived on the Pacific Coast, they brought new material, new technologies, and Eurasian diseases, all of which had a profound effect on the region’s native cultures. At first, people traded with the newcomers for iron, copper, mirrors, and beads, incorporating the new materials into their existing technologies. As the century progressed, however, epidemics took their toll on population numbers, and the new tools and entire technologies of the newcomers were adopted. Shortly thereafter, native people were forced to sign treaties and were relocated to reservations.

3.2 Ethnohistoric Period The project area lies within the traditional territory of the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe. The Snoqualmie Tribe occupied villages along the Snoqualmie River, from its confluence with the Skykomish River to the north and Snoqualmie Falls to the south (Larson 1987). In the mid-1800s, explorers on the river observed two large villages in the Carnation-Duvall area. Totlxw was located near the confluence of the Tolt and Snoqualmie Rivers, near the present town of Carnation (Waterman 2001, Palmer 1995). This village was described as the main administrative center of the tribe, containing two to three permanent house clusters on both sides of the Snoqualmie River, extending south to Horseshoe Lake (Waterman 2001). The main settlement, xal'altxʷ (“house with designs or patterns) was located on the west side of the Snoqualmie River across from the mouth of the Tolt (Waterman 2001). The area contained a special longhouse, H'lalt “the capitol of the people”, which provided a meeting space for district chiefs, social events, educational training in wood carving and flint weapon construction, and instruction in tribal laws and customs (Palmer 1995). According to ethnographic observations and the tribe's oral traditions, the other housing clusters of the Totlxw village included tcs'ltcalac located near the present site of Tolt High School in Carnation, SWAH-see-yahts located near the mouth of Griffin Creek, and t'KWAI-kwai located where Patterson Creek joins the Snoqualmie River (Waterman 2001, Dailey n.d.). The other Snoqualmie village was Yelhw, located to the south near present day Fall City. This village was considered the main military training center for the tribe (Palmer 1995).

The Snoqualmie Tribe was a more class-structured society in comparison to their coastal neighbors (Hodges 2004). They practiced seasonal food gathering primarily focused on riverine resources. During the summer and fall they captured fish in a variety of traps and with spears and hunted game in the prairies and waterfowl in the surrounding lakes. In the spring and early summer, they traveled to the Puget Sound to trade and gather shellfish (Lane 1975). They retired to their permanent dwellings during the winter months, which were strategically located on river confluences near salmon runs (Larson 1987). Their rectangular houses were made of split cedar planks and typically placed on well-drained high grounds. Temporary houses were made of woven mats draped over poles (Dalan et al. 1981).

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Some of the plant resources gathered by the tribe include licorice fern, salal, skunk cabbage, service (or Saskatoon) berries, cranberries, crabapples, camas root, hazelnuts, nettles, marsh grasses, cattails, alder, and yew (Krieger 1989). Hunted game includes deer, elk, beaver and mountain goat (Lane 1975). They also domesticated mountain goat, and were among the only aboriginal peoples in the world to domesticate dogs for their wool (Stump 1990). Burning techniques were practiced in the prairies to provide a space for plant resources to flourish and to attract wild game to graze (Palmer 1995).

The Snoqualmie people utilized a variety of stone materials for tool making including jasper, chalcedony, basalt, sandstone, and slate (Lindsay and Stump 1990). Cedar was another important material resource for the tribe, from which they made houses, furnishing, canoes, and ceremonial objects. Cedar limbs, bark, and roots were used to make cordage for baskets, mats, and fabric (Stump 1990, Lindsay and Stump 1990).

Contact with Euro-Americans had many effects on the lives of Indians. One of the main effects was exposure to previously unknown diseases, which reduced populations severely. There is little doubt that this drastically changed the traditional ways of Indians. As more white settlers came into the valley, the question of land ownership brought about the Point Ellis Treaty of 1855. Chief Patkanim of the Snoqualmie’s signed the treaty, although the tribe's attempts to keep their land around the Tolt and Snoqualmie Rivers instead of relocating to the proposed reservation in Tulalip, resulted in the failure of the treaty. In 1955, the tribe lost its federal recognition because they did not reside within a dedicated reservation. However, because of their continuous occupation of the same area since historic times, they regained recognition from the government in 1999 (Ruby and Brown 1986, Snoqualmie Tribe 2004).

Much of the information about historic and prehistoric Snoqualmie tribal culture was gathered in the mid- twentieth century from tribal informants. Jerry Patkanim, the son of Chief Patkanim, resided in Carnation at the time and preserved many of the Snoqualmie people's important stories and myths including their main story of creation, “Moon the Transformer” (Snyder 1968). Snoqualmie Charlie, born ca. 1850, was an informant to anthropologist Arthur Ballard and provided him with many myths and terms from their language and culture (Ballard 1950). According to a 1936 map, he owned a plat of land close to the Carnation. (Metsker 1936).

3.1 Historic Period The first Euro-Americans to traverse the Snoqualmie Valley were fur-trappers in the early 19th century working for the Hudson's Bay Company. Free land offered through the Donation Land Act of 1850 soon attracted settlers to the region (Campbell 1981). Shortly after Washington was declared a territory in 1853, Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis assigned surveys for railroads in the area. Captain George McClellan was assigned to survey and build forts along the Snoqualmie River to the Snoqualmie Pass. By 1854, he had made it as far as the Snoqualmie Falls (Palmer 1995). The Snoqualmie Indian Tribe was an important ally to Captain McClellan and his men and assisted in the construction of the forts under the leadership of Snoqualmie Chief Patkanim (Mattson 1980). They were also war allies during the Indian Wars of 1855-1856 and helped protect the stockades from Eastern Washington tribes' attacks (Palmer 1995).

Settlements grew steadily in the area beginning in the 1870s. The original village that was to later become Duvall, was originally located to the south along the banks of the Snoqualmie River (Miller 1995). The area's first postmaster, Lucius Day, named the village Cherry Valley after the cherry trees that bloomed along the river,

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The main economic support in Cherry Valley during the late 1800s was its logging industry. Many timber companies operated out of the area, including Millet and McKay, the Mosher and McDonald Company, the Richards and Smith, O'Neal and Gowen Company, T.M. Ring Logging Company, and Healy and Joyce—the largest employed around 50 laborers (Artifacts 1997). By 1890 the town boomed, a new logging company nearby built a railroad spur into the forest, and a new dirt road was constructed, connecting Snohomish to Cherry Valley.

The town soon flourished with a ferry landing that carried passengers and supplies across the river. James Duvall operated one of the first ferries in the valley and one of its stops was named Frank's Landing, possibly after his brother (Artifacts 1997). In 1905 the Cherry Valley Swing Bridge was constructed, the only one of its kind in the valley. The bridge allowed people to cross the river and pivoted to allow boats to pass underneath. It was well loved by the residents of the town and marked the area as up-and-coming (Artifacts 1997).

Cherry Valley soon became an important area for transportation innovation and a central location for railway construction. In 1906, the Snoqualmie Railway Company built a line that ran from Monroe to Tolt (Artifacts 1997). Previously the town and most of the valley was accessible only by water, and the burgeoning road and railway projects helped to end the area's sole dependency on river transportation and delivery (Artifacts 1997). As more railroads came to the area, Cherry Valley became a central location for crossings and depots. Eventually, the Great Northern Railroad offered to purchase the land and assist in moving the town to a new location.

The town of Duvall was established in 1913, half a mile to the north of Cherry Valley, and named after settlers Francis and James Duvall. Francis Duvall owned the first homestead within the future site of the town, but later sold to his brother, James, a logger and the most skilled skid road builder in the valley (Artifacts 1997). James sold and donated a large portion of the land for the new town site before he left the area for good. The transition was complicated but eventually the landholders had their stakes plotted out.

Residents of Duvall were employed in one of four occupations: logger, farmer, section hand, or mill worker. The early 1900s was a booming time of development in its industry and infrastructure (Artifacts 1997). In 1924, the town's first mayor Lon Brown was initiated and he soon called for parks and recreational facilities to be constructed. One of the parks was Big Rock County Park on Big Rock Road, which consisted of a big rock and two fir trees and was the smallest park in Washington (Artifacts 1997).

The great depression saw an end to most of the railroad services and river transportation to Duvall, and subsequently many of the other industries in the town began to wither away. Logging was brought back to life when Weyerhaeuser absorbed the existing companies in the area in 1948, and soon the economic upswing led to new transportation and building endeavors that continue to the present day (Artifacts 1997).

4.0 Previous Archaeological Research On April 19, 2016, Lara Rooke conducted a literature review and record search for this project by consulting the DAHP Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISAARD). Additional background review of historic records, maps, and aerial photographs on file at the Bureau of Land Management, King County Assessor’s office, and the public library, augmented the record search.

The Snoqualmie River Valley has a rich cultural history that began 10,000 years ago. Four cultural resources surveys have been completed within a one-mile vicinity of the project area (Table 1). An historic buildings

NW Cultural Resource Services Seattle, WA P a g e | 8 inventory was completed for the City of Duvall, to document and evaluate the historic buildings within the town (Artifacts 1997), and the other surveys were conducted for cultural resource compliance prior to construction and development projects within the area. No archaeological sites were recorded during any of these previous investigations.

Although there are no prehistoric archaeological sites within the vicinity of the project area, numerous historic buildings, railroads, and properties have been recorded within the city limits of Duvall and in the larger surrounding area. Prehistoric village sites have been found further south near Carnation that include lithic tool assemblages associated with the Olcott and Cascades Small Tools traditions, as well as hearths, middens, and grave sites.

The project site is located on a terrace above the Snoqualmie River, in an area that has moderate potential for archaeological resources to be present. The Snoqualmie River has changed course several times since the beginning of the Holocene Epoch, as evidenced by the local topography which is scattered with oxbow lakes, old channel beds, and remnant terraces; common locations where archaic period sites have been found in the past.

Table 1. Previous Archaeological Investigations within one mile of the study area.

Date Author(s) Report Title 1997 Artifacts Consulting Cultural Resources Survey and Inventory for the City of Duvall. 2013 Abramowitz, A. and Stacey Cultural Resource Survey for the Cottage Brook-Stillwater-Novelty Schneider Transmission Line Corridor, King County, Washington. 2014 Berger, M. and Glenn D. Hartmann Cultural Resource Assessment for the Tolt, WA C.P. Development, Duvall, King County, WA. 2015 Bowen, M. Historic Evaluation, Puget Sound Energy Cottage Brook-Stillwater Transmission Line Reconductor Project, Unincorporated King County and City of Duvall.

5.0 Field Assessment and Survey Results Gary Geiger, B.A. and Tamara Uldall, B.A., under the supervision of Lara Rooke, M.A., conducted a field assessment on April 22, 2016. The purpose of the field assessment was to identify whether significant archaeological deposits were present in areas that will be impacted by the proposed project. NWCRS archaeologists walked across the project area along transects spaced at 30 foot (10 meter) intervals while examining the ground surface for cultural materials. Following the surface survey, subsurface testing was conducted using hand-excavated shovel test probes (STP). The STPs were approximately 12 inches (30 centimeters) in diameter and varied in depth, terminating at the water table or at root, cobble, or other obstructions. All excavated soils were screened through a ¼-inch mesh onto a drop cloth. Upon completion, the STP was backfilled and the location recorded using a hand-held Garmin GPS unit.

A total of fifteen STPs were placed across the APE approximately 30 meters (~60 feet) apart near the tree line and through the center of the field and border of the existing baseball diamond (Figure 3). Soils were fairly consistent in the area, exhibiting abrupt soil horizon boundaries due to the previous ground disturbance that has occurred within the park (Table 2). The soil profiles indicate that the field was graded and covered with gravel and topsoil before sod was laid down across the surface of the soccer field and around the baseball diamond. The sediments were primarily silt and gravel loams, ranging in color from grey, yellowish brown, and reddish brown in color.

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Table 2. Shovel Test Results and Descriptions.

STP No. Depth (cm) Description Cultural Resources Found 1 0-15 Medium brown (10YR 4/3) silty sand with sub-rounded and sub-angular cobbles and gravels. 15-30 Abrupt transition to yellowish/reddish brown (10YR 6/6) silty sand with sub-rounded and sub-angular cobbles and gravels. 30-56 Abrupt transition to dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty sand with rounded to Possible FMR sub-angular cobbles and gravels, charcoal traces. 56-59 Abrupt transition to grey with mottled orange silt loam. 59-75 Abrupt transition to dark brown (10YR 3/3) si lt loam with large amount of wood debris from tree stump. Terminated excavation. 2 0-5 Reddish brown (5YR 5/4) peat/loam topsoil with sub-rounded pebbles None and gravels. 5-75 Abrupt transition to mottled grey/red/yellow silty clay loam with sub- angular and rounded pebbles and gravels and sub-rounded cobbles. 3 0-5 Medium brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam. None 5-40 Abrupt transition to disturbed silty sand with sub-rounded to sub-angular weathered pebbles, gravels, and cobbles and trace of charcoal. 40-85 Abrupt transition to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty sand with rounded to sub-rounded gravels, pebbles, and large cobbles. 4 0-95 Compacted brown disturbed sandy clay matrix with many sub-rounded None and sub-angular pebbles, gravels, and cobbles and one medium rounded boulder and trace charcoal inclusions. 5 0-4 Medium brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam with pebbles and gravels. None 4-25 Wavy boundary transition to reddish brown (5YR 5/4) silty sand with rounded to sub-rounded pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. 25-100 Abrupt transition to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty sand with 65% rounded to sub-rounded pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. 6 0-8 Reddish brown (5YR 5/4) peat loam topsoil with sub-rounded and sub- None angular pebbles and gravels and sub-rounded cobbles. 8-95 Brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay with some sand and rounded pebbles, gravels, and cobbles and four medium rounded boulders. Rock inclusion abundance decreased with depth. 7 0-14 Medium brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam with rounded to sub-rounded gravels None and pebbles. 14-50 Abrupt transition to very compacted yellowish/greyish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam with rounded to sub-rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. 8 0-15 Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sandy silt loam with sub-rounded and sub- None angular pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. 15-63 Abrupt transition to greyish brown (10YR 5/2) very compacted sandy silt loam with many sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles, gravels, and cobbles and one medium rounded boulder 9 0-25 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam with rounded pebbles and gravels. None 25-30 Abrupt transition to yellowish grey silty sand with rounded pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. 30-65 Abrupt transition to compacted light brown (10YR 6/3) silty sand with rounded pebbles, gravels, and 40% cobbles.

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STP No. Depth (cm) Description Cultural Resources Found 10 0-10 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam with rounded gravels and pebbles. None 10-26 Abrupt transition to compacted grey and orange mottled silty sand with rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. 26-35 Abrupt transition to compacted greyish brown (10YR 5/2) silty sand with rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. Encountered drainage pipe at 35cmbs and terminated excavation. 11 0-53 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy silt loam with sub-rounded and sub-angular Modern clear glass shard pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. Encountered drainage pipe in south wall (n=1) but deemed it safe to continue with excavation without disturbing it. 53-70 Abrupt transition to greyish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay with some sand and sub-angular pebble and gravels and angular cobbles. 12 0-25 Brown (10YR 4/3) silty sand loam with sub-rounded and sub-angular pebbles and gravels. 25-30 Abrupt transition to dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silty sand loam with Rusted metal fragment sub-angular and sub-rounded pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. (n=1), slag, charcoal. 30-50 Abrupt transition to grey (10YR 6/1) very compacted silty clay with many sub-rounded and sub-angular pebbles and gravels, sub-rounded cobbles, and rounded boulders. 13 0-12 Medium brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam with rounded pebbles and gravels. None 12-37 Abrupt transition to reddish brown (5YR 5/4) silty sand with rounded and sub-rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. 37-75 Abrupt transition to yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty sand with rounded to sub-rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. 75-82 Abrupt transition to very compacted grey (10YR 6/4) silty sand with rounded pebbles and gravels. 14 0-60 Compacted brown disturbed sandy silt matrix with many sub-rounded White ceramic and sub-angular pebbles, gravels, and cobbles. Encountered asphalt at earthenware sherd (n=1), 60cmbs and terminated excavation. plastic fragment. 15 0-9 Medium brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam with rounded gravels and pebbles. None 9-23 Abrupt transition to reddish brown (5YR 5/4) rounded and sub-rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. 23-59 Abrupt/wavy boundary transition to yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty sand with rounded and sub-rounded gravels, pebbles, and cobbles. 59-67 Abrupt transition to very compacted grey (10YR 6/4) silty sand with rounded gravels and pebbles.

6.0 Summary and Recommendations NWCRS conducted a record search, literature review, and a field survey to assess the potential for archaeological resources within Big Rock Park. The park was originally developed in 2005. At that time, the landscape underwent considerable transformation and many areas were excavated, graded or filled to establish a stormwater pond and level surfaces for the ball fields.

During the field survey, several artifacts were found in the subsurface deposits including glass, plastic, metal and ceramic fragments. The artifacts were non-diagnostic, limited in quantity, and dispersed across the park. Considering the lack of archaeological features, diagnostic artifacts, and the disturbed nature of the soils, NWCRS finds that the project will not impact significant historic properties; therefore, no further work is recommended.

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If archaeological resources are discovered during construction, all construction activity in the immediate area should stop so that a qualified archaeologist can accurately assess the context, significance and integrity of the find. If human remains are discovered (e.g., human skeletal remains), the property owner should contact the King County Medical Examiner, Sheriff, and the affected Native American tribe(s) if the remains are determined to be Native American. DAHP should also be immediately contacted upon discovery of significant cultural resources. All Native American graves on private or public lands are protected under Washington State law (RCW 27.44). Disturbance of a known Native American grave is considered a Class C felony.

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7.0 References Abramowitz, A. and Stacey Schneider (2013) Cultural Resource Survey for the Cottage Brook-Stillwater-Novelty Transmission Line Corridor, King County, Washington. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Artifacts Consulting (1997) Cultural Resources Survey and Inventory for the City of Duvall. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Barnett, M. (1975) Duvall: Biography of a Village. Self-Published. Duvall, Washington.

Berger, M. and Glenn D. Hartmann (2014) Cultural Resource Assessment for the Tolt, WA C.P. Development, Duvall, King County, WA. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Blukis-Onat, A.R., ed. (2010) The Duwamish River Bend Site Data Recovery at 45KI703. Report No. 20005.A.3.a. Prepared by BOAS, Inc., Seattle. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Blukis-Onat, A. and L. Bennett (1968) Tokul Creek: A Report on Excavations on the Snoqualmie River by Seattle Community College. Washington Archaeological Society, Occasional Paper No. 1. Seattle.

Blukis-Onat, A.R., M.E. Morgenstein, P.D. LeTourneau, R.P. Stone, J. Kosta, and P. Johnson (2001) Archaeological Investigations at Stuwe’yuqw – Site 45KI464 – Tolt River, King County, Washington. Prepared for Seattle Public Utilities. Prepared by BOAS, Inc., Seattle, Washington. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Booth, D. B.

(1986) The Formation of Ice-Marginal Embankments into Ice-Dammed Lakes in the Eastern Puget Lowland, Washington, U.S.A., During the Late Pleistocene. Boreas 15:247-63.

(1990) Surficial Geologic Map of the Skykomish and Snoqualmie Rivers Area, Snohomish and King Counties, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1745. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

(1994) Glaciofluvial Infilling and Scour of the Puget Lowland, Washington, During Ice-Sheet Glaciation. Geology 22:695-98.

Booth, D. B., and Bernard Hallet (1993) Channel Networks Carved by Subglacial Water: Observation and Reconstruction in Eastern Puget Lowland of Washington. GSA Bulletin, 105:671-83.

Bowen, M. (2015) Historic Evaluation, Puget Sound Energy Cottage Brook-Stillwater Transmission Line Reconductor Project, Unincorporated King County and City of Duvall. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Burns, R. (1985) The Shape & Form of Puget Sound Puget Sound Books, Seattle.

Butler, B.R. (1961) “The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific Northwest”. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum 5.

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Campbell, S.K. (1981) The Duwamish No 1 Site, A Lower Puget Sound Shell Midden. Office of Public Archaeology Research Report No. 1, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Washington, Seattle. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Chatters, J.C., D.E. Rhode and K.A. Hoover (1990) Tualdad Altu (45KI59): A Prehistoric Riverine Village in Southern Puget Sound. Archaeology in Washington 2:23-48.

Chatters, J.C. and W.C. Prentiss (2005) A Darwinian Macroevolutionary Perspective on the Development of Hunter- Gatherer Systems in Northwestern North America. Journal of World Archaeology 37:46-65.

Chatters, J.C, J.B. Cooper, P.D. LeTourneau, and L.C. Rooke (2011) Understanding Olcott: Data recovery at 45SN28 and 45SN303 Snohomish County, Washington. Prepared by AMEC Earth & Environmental, Bothell, WA. On file at the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Collins, B. D., David R. Montgomery, and Amir J. Sheikh (2002) Reconstructing the Historical Riverine Landscape of the Puget Lowland. In Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers, edited by S. M. Bolton, D. B. Booth, and L. Wall, pp.79-128. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

Dailey, Tom (n.d.) Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound. http://coastsalishmap.org/start_page.htm Electronic Document, accessed April 16, 2016.

Dalan, R., S. Hunt, and S. Wilke (1981) Cultural Resource Overview and Reconnaissance Green River Flood Damage Reduction Study Geo-recon International, Seattle.

Dunnell, R.C. and J.W. Fuller (1975) An Archaeological Survey of Everett Harbor and Lower Snohomish Estuary- Delta. Submitted to National Park Service, Contract No. CX-9000-4-0101. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Franklin, J. F. and C. T. Dyrness (1973) Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C.

Gaston, J., and J.V. Jermann (1975) Salvage Excavations at Old Man House (45-KP-2), Kitsap County, Washington. Office of Public Archaeology Reconnaissance Report No. 4, University of Washington, Seattle

Grabert, G.F. (1988) Prehistoric and Historic Land Uses of Cherry Point, Ferndale, Washington. Reports in Archaeology No. 31. Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Greengo, R. and R. Houston (1970) Excavations at the Marymoor Site. The Magic Machine, Seattle.

Gustafson, C., D. Gilbow, and R. Daugherty (1979) “The Manis Mastodon Site: Early Man on the Olympic Peninsula”. In Canadian Journal of Archaeology 3:157-164.

Hedlund, G.C. (1973) Inland Cultural Sites of Connell’s Prairie. Green River Community College, Auburn, Washington.

Kenady, S.M., M.C. Wilson, R.F. Schalk, and R.R. Mierendorf (2010) “Late Pleistocene Butchered Bison antiquus from Ayer Pond, Orcas Island, Pacific Northwest: Age Confirmation and Taphonomy”. In Quaternary International, pp 1-12.

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Kidd, R.S. (1964) A Synthesis of Western Washington Prehistory from the Perspective of Three Occupation Sites. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.

Kopperl, R.E., C.J. Miss, and C.M. Hodges (2010) Results of Testing at the Bear Creek Site 45KI839, Redmond, King County, Washington. Report Number WA09-013. Northwest Archaeological Associates, Seattle.

Kramer, S., L.A. Forsman, D.E. Lewarch, and L. Larson (2001) Renton High School Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment, King County, Washington. Technical Report 2001-23. Prepared by Larsen Anthropological Archaeological Services, Limited, Seattle, Washington. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Krieger, J. (1989) Aboriginal Coast Salish Food Resources a Compilation of Sources Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(2) 217-231

Knoll, K. M. (1967) Surficial Geology of the Tolt River Area, Washington. Department of Geology, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.

Lane, B. (1975) Anthropological Report on the Identity, Treaty Status, and Fisheries of the Snoqualmie Tribe of Indians. Unpublished report in author's possession; copy of manuscript is also housed in NWAA library.

Larson, L.L. (1987) Cultural Resource Reconnaissance and Identification of Traditional and ContemporaryAmerican Indian Land and Resource Use in the Snoqualmie River Flood DamageReduction Study. Prepared for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District.BOAS, Inc., Seattle, Washington.

Larson, L.L. and D.E. Lewarch (1995) The Archaeology of West Point, Seattle, Washington: 4,000 Years of Hunter- Fisher-Gatherer Land Use in Southern Puget Sound. Prepared by Larson Anthropological Archaeological Services, Limited, Seattle, Washington. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Lewarch, D.E. (1987) The Duwamish No. 1 Site, 1986 Data Recovery. Prepared by URS Corporation and BOAS, Inc. Submitted to the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Lewarch, D.E. (2006) Renton High School Indian Site (45KI501) Archaeological Data Recovery, King County, Washington. Report No. 2004-11, Larson Anthropological Archaeological services, Ltd., Gig Harbor. Submitted to Renton High School District No. 403, Renton. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Lindsay, L. W., and S. A. Stump (1990) Class III Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed AT&T Fiber Optic Cable Route Blame to Everett. With contributions by B. A. Hicks BOAS Research Report No. 9002 2 BOAS, Inc, Seattle

Matson, R.G., and G. Coupland (1995) Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Plenum Press, New York.

McKee, B. (1972) Cascadia. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York

Meltzer, D., and R. Dunnell (1987) “Fluted Points from the Pacific Northwest”. Current Research in the Pleistocene 4:64-67.

Miller, A. (1995) Diggin’ Duvall’s Past. Duvall Historical Society. Duvall, Washington.

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Miller, A. and Don Williams (2007). A Livable Community: The Story of Duvall. Duvall Historical Society. Duvall, Washington.

NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey) (2016). National Cooperative Soil Survey, National Cooperative Soil Characterization Database. Available online at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov Electronic document accessed April 20, 2016.

Orr, E. L. and William N. Orr (1996) Geology of the Pacific Northwest. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.

Palmer, C. S. (1995) Historic Structure Survey, Carnation, Washington. On file with the Department of Archaeological and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Porter, S. C. (1976) Pleistocene Glaciation in the Southern Part of the North Cascade Range, Washington. GSA Bulletin 87:61-75.

Porter, S. C., Kenneth L. Pierce, and Thomas D. Hamilton (1983) Late Wisconsin Mountain Glaciation in the Western United States. In The Late Pleistocene, edited by Stephen C. Porter, pp. 71-111. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Rooke, L.C., and J.C. Chatters (2010) Data Recovery at 45KI757, an Olcott Isolate, King County, Washington. AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc., Bothell, Washington. On file with the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia.

Ruby, R. H. and John A. Brown (1992) A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, Oklahoma.

Schalk, R.F. (1988) The Evolution and Diversification of Native Land Use Systems on the Olympic Peninsula: A Research Design. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Submitted to the National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Contract No. CX-900-4-E075.

Snoqualmie Indian Tribe (2004) History of the Snoqualmie Tribe. http://www.snoqualmiecasinoproject.com/history.htm Accessed August 30, 2004.

Stilson, R.L., and J. C. Chatters (1981) “Excavations at 45SN48N and 45SN49A, Snohomish County, Washington”. University of Washington, Office of Public Archaeology, Reports in Highway Archaeology, No. 6. Seattle.

Stump, S. A. (1990) A Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Riverbend Estates Development, Auburn, King County, Washington BOAS Research Report No 9003 BOAS, Inc, Seattle

Tabor, R. and Ralph Haugerud (1999) Geology of the North Cascades. The Mountaineers, Seattle, Washington.

Waterman, T. T. (2001) Puget Sound Geography [Original manuscript dated -1920; edited with additional material from Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir]. Zahir Consulting Services/Lushootseed Press, Federal Way, Washington.

Waters, M., T. Stafford, H. McDonald, C. Gustafson, M. Rasmussen, E. Cappellini, J. Olsen, D. Szklarczyk, L. Jensen, M. Gilbert, and E. Willerslev (2011) “Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunting 13,800 Years Ago at the Manis Site, Washington”. In Science 334:351-353.

Williams, R. W., Richard M. Laramie, and James J. Ames (1975) Catalog of Washington Streams and Salmon Utilization, Vol. 1, Puget Sound Region. Washington State Department of Fisheries, Olympia.

NW Cultural Resource Services Seattle, WA

FIGURES

NW Cultural Resource Services Seattle, WA Project Area

Source: ESRI Figure 1 ´ Project Vicinity Map 00.5 1 2 Miles Map Extent

Source: ESRI Figure 2 ´ Area of Potential Effects 00.25 0.5 Miles T26N R7E S19 6

8

5

10 7 13 11 4 9

3 14 12 15

2

1

Source: ESRI Figure 3 ´ Shovel Test Probe Locations 00.025 0.05 Miles