9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in 1st Reading

INDEX

Note: Page number followed by n refers to endnotes.

A Akhbar Satar, 127 Abdul Ghani Samsudin, 99 Akyol, Mustafa, 157, 173 Abdul Halim Aman, 145 “Allah”, the word, 52–53, 74–76 Abdullah, Abu (Isnilon Hapilon), 122 issue, 164 , 9, 64, 70, Malaysian Christians use, 76 76–78, 81, 87, 89 Muslim and Christian Islam Hadhari, 44–46, 49, 164 communities use, 75 Abdullah Mat Zin, 55 not used by non-Muslim, 75 Abu Handzalah (Mahmud Ahmad), Alliance memorandum, 85, 86 125 Allied Coordinating Committee of Abu Sayyaf, 116, 122, 128 Islamic NGOs (ACCIN), 76–77 Abu Seman, 98 Amhilni azidka (penalty fee), 33 Academy of Islamic Studies (AIS), Aminuddin Yahya, 93 26 , 172 Adib Mohd Kassim, Muhammad, amour propre, 19 death of, 142 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia Administration of Islamic Law Act (ABIM), 27, 43 (Federal Territories) 1993, 30, 34, Anti-Discrimination Act, 142 35, 51 Anti-Fake News Act 2018, 140 Syariah court in, 34–35 anti-Islam, 77, 150, 170 administrative bureaucracy, 28 state of governance, 86 , 109 anti-radicalization programmes, 119 Ahmad Nizam Amiruddin, 92 anti-religious, 86 Ahmad Tarmimi Maliki, 123 anti-terrorism, 10

209

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 209 05-06-2020 3.52.29 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

210 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

Anwar Ibrahim, 1, 12, 27, 43, 132, blasphemy, 69–70, 84, 99–102, 144 139, 141 Bob Lokman, 96 Apandi Ali, Mohamed, 75 Breaking the Silence: Voices Armed Forces Council, 31 of Moderation-Islam in a Arshad Raji, Mohamad, 142 Constitutional Democracy by G25, Ashaari Muhammad, 91 137, 155 Ashura, 171, 172 British colonial, in Malaysia, 89 Asri Muda, 41 British common law system, 165 Asri Zainal Abidin, Mohd, 56, 96, bureaucracy 146, 151, 159 administrative, 28 Al-Assad, Bassar, 123 broader reforms in, 140 Assalamualaikum (May Peace Be Islamic. See Islamic bureaucracy, Upon You): Observations on the institutionalization of Islamisation of Malaysia (Zaid Ibrahim), 157 C authoritative/bureaucratic agency, 49 caliphate system, 117, 122 Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay, 122, 124 censorship, risk of, 23 Azmil Tayeb, 153 Centre for Independent Journalism Azwanddin Hamzah, 143, 144 (CIJ), 143 Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public B Prosecutor (1988), 86, 89, 103 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 116, 122 civil law system, 89, 94 Bahagian Agama dan Kaunseling civil liberties, 12, 135 Polis Diraja Malaysia (BAKA civil service, 34 PDRM), 32, 63 civil society movements, 13 Commission on the Improvement coalition, dominant political party in, of Operation and Management, 1, 139 32 Coalition of Malaysian NGOs Bahagian Hal Ehwal Islam (Division (COMANGO), 93 of Islamic Affairs), 29 Communications and Multimedia Act Bahagian Ugama (Division of (1998), 50, 72, 96, 140, 143, 144, Religious Affairs), 29 164 Banking and Financial Institution Act communitarianism, 81, 177, 178 (BAFIA) 1989, 33 communitarian orientation, 177 (BN) government, constitutional law, 90 1, 89, 139–41, 166 constitutional supremacy, 95 Islamization policy, 169 Content Code, 72 batil (invalid), 33 Content Code Act 2002, 50 BERSATU Party, 146 controlled democracy, 68

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 210 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 211

controversial law, 6 (DAP), 71, conventional economy, 33 150 Counter Messaging Centre (CMC), 132 Department of Islamic Development counter-radicalization Malaysia (JAKIM), 93 and de-radicalization, 119 Dewan Undangan Negeri versus success of, 120 Nordin Salleh (1992), 12 theory of, 117–20 Dikir Barat, 107–8 counterterrorism programmes, divisive political culture, 47 119–20 dominant ethnic groups, 71 Crime and Security Act 2001, 10 dual legal system, 59 culturally diverse population, 135 cultural sensitivities, 7, 79 E cyber defence, 131 education network, 132 foreign tertiary institutions, 41 Cyber Defence Operation Centre institutions of higher, 34–36 (CDOC), 132 in Islamic finance, 39 Malay-Muslim students, 40 D national, 38 Dangerous Drugs Act 1952, 138 Nilam Puri Foundation of Higher Daulah Islamiah Nusantara, 117 Learning, 35–36 daulat (sovereign), 20 non-Islamic studies of, 37 da’wah, 26, 91 primary and secondary, 44 movement of, 40, 42, 49 public universities, 37 Religious Unit and, 47–48 religious-based academic and youth organizations, 26 qualification, 34 Da wa taajjal (financial incentive for religious departments, 38 early payment), 33 traditional and modern, 34 Al-Dawla Al Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa education, in Islam, 152–55 al-Syam (Daesh), 115 Bahasa Melayu language, 154 death penalty, 69 in non-religious public schools, for offence, 86 153 defamation, 3, 108 Pendidikan Islam/Moral (PI/PM), Defamation Act 1957, 108 154 deliberative democracy, 178 religious, 38 democracy, 175 syllabus for national schools, 153 deliberative, 178 Election Commission, 178 legitimacy, 82 Emergency Ordinance (EO), 136 Malaysian, 7 Encyclopedia of Censorship, 105 as political ideal, 135 ethno-religious relationships, 47

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 211 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

212 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

extreme religious expression, 113, Federal Territories. See 166 Administration of Islamic Law Act glorifying terrorism, 133 (Federal Territories) 1993 involvement in terrorism, Federal Territories Religious Council 117–18 (MAIWP), 150 for recruiting and radicalizing, Federal Territory Syariah Offences 115 Act 1997, 98 violence against civilians, 133 Ferizi, Ardit, 129–30 extreme speech, 115 fighting against ideology, 128 extremism, 127 Film Censorship Act 2002, 50, 71, 107 definition of, 114 Film Censorship Board of Malaysia liberal, 149 (FCBM), 107 radicalization and, 132 forbidden speech, 84, 94 religious, 46, 149 14th General Election in 2018 (GE14), 139, 145, 167, 169 F freedom of expression, in Malaysia, face-threatening acts (FTAs), 21 2–11, 65, 78, 138, 163 Faculty of Islamic Studies (FIS), and constitutes sedition, 8 UKM, 36, 38 in Constitution under Article 149, 5 Fadiah Nadwa Fikri, 143 and critiques, 11–16 Faisal Tehrani. See Mohd Faizal future challenges for, 175–80 Musa human dignity. See human Farouk Musa, Ahmad, 157–58, 172 dignity Faruqi, Shad Saleem, 58, 86, 150, implementation of political 173, 178 freedom, 7 al-Fatihin (2016), 122 limitation on, 23 fatwa, 51, 82, 92, 101, 102, 172 in national security, 2–3 Fatwa Committee of the National Parliament, 12 Council for Islamic Religious political freedom, 7 Affairs, 92 press freedom, 9 Federal Constitution of Malaysia “reasonable regulations” on, 12 (1957), 39, 66, 82, 85, 87, 95 restrictions on, 7, 13, 177 amendment of, 4 struggle for, 157 Article 10 of, 1, 3–5 suspension, during war, 14 fundamental rights in, 6 freedom of political speech, 105, 136, “reasonable regulation” in, 13 137, 140 Universal Declaration of Human freedom of religion, 59, 60, 75 Rights and, 76 and intra-religious expression, Federal Constitution on Citizenship, 4 90–94

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 212 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 213

freedom of speech, 54, 60, 67, 101 Hindu Rights Action Force free speech, 67, 68, 140 (HINDRAF), 71 First Amendment of, 14 homegrown terrorists, 127 issue of, 101 Homeland Security Presidential in Malaysia, 136 Directive No. 6 (HSPD-6), 130 Muslim community to use, 78 hudud (punishment) law, 88 principle of, 133 implementation of, 127 in propagating violent human capital development, 34–47 radicalization, 113–14 da’wah and, 36 in radicalization, 113 education and. See education , 146–48 financial investment for, 34 in Islamic studies, 35 G public universities, 37 (GS), 139 training in Islamic finance, 39 gender identity disorder (GID), 103 human dignity, 16–22 gender neutral language, 83 characteristics of, 22 gharar (risk), 33 concept of, 17, 21 in Holy Qur’an, 17 H human rights/liberties with, 16 Hadi Awang, Abdul, 147 Islam and, 60 Hadith, 99–100 Malay customs (adat), 18 Hajjah Halimatussaadiah binti Haji maruah, 19–21 Kamaruddin v. Public Services morality and, 69 Commission Malaysia & Anor regulation of speech, 22 (1994), 102 human liberties, 16 halus (soft), 18 human rights Hamid, Abdul, 6, 86, 99 campaign, 11 haram in Malaysia, 33, 94 concepts of, 16 harga diri (self esteem), 19 struggle in Malaysia, 10 hate speech, 1, 7–8, 70–72, 141–45 theories of, 16 ban on, 22 Human Rights in Islam (Maududi), 87 Hate Speech Act (2016), 143 Human Rights Watch, 15, 137 in Malaysia, 70–72, 114 negative impacts in Malaysia, 9 I Hate Speech Act (2016), 143 , 71 Herald, The, 74–76 Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (ISMA), Hiebert, Murray, 3 93 hijab, 159 IKIM.fm, radio, 48 Hilmi Hasim, Muhammad, 131 illiberal democracy, 79

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 213 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

214 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

imam (leader), 83 dress code, 102–4 Institut Da’wah dan Latihan Islam freedom of religion and, 90–94 (INDAH), 39 multireligious society, 81 institutional transformation, 28 offensive and racist expressions, Institut Kajian Strategik Islam 82 Malaysia (IKSIM), 150 perspective of, 82–83 intelligence sharing, 129 private speech, 104–10 inter-ethnic relationship in Malaysia, publication and broadcasting, 37 97–99 inter-faith commission, 76–78 public speech, 94–97 Internal Security Act (ISA), 6, 10, 12, religious expression model, 78, 92, 136, 138 83–85 internal security problems, 68 religious-themed books banned, International Centre for Education in 106 Islamic Finance (INCEIF), 39 secular/Islamic state in Malaysia, international community, 166 85–89 International Convention on the Iranian Revolution (1979–82), 26, 41 Elimination of All Forms of Racial Iraq Discrimination (ICERD), 142–43 defeat of ISIL in, 131 International Covenant on Civil and ISIL-held territory in, 126 Political Rights (ICCPR), 113, 138, Syria and. See Syria 143 Islam, 7 International Crisis Group (ICG), 119 and education. See education, in International Islamic University Islam Malaysia (IIUM), 34, 126 in government policy, 41 Internet Crime Against Children- jurisdiction of, 163 Child Online Protective Services and justice, 158 (ICACCOPS), 74 in Malaysian political life, 168 inter-racial relations, 141 model and social system, 27 inter-religious expression, 164 in national schools, 152 blasphemy, 69–70 portrayed, 48 hate speech, 70–72 radical, 127 interfaith commission, 76–78 “Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin” brand in Malaysia, 67–69 of, 146 obscenity, 72–74 teachings of, 52 in press, 74–76 TV al-Hijrah programmes in, intra-religious expression, 164–66 50–51 blasphemy, 99–102 values and laws, 27 communitarian approach, 81 Islamic Banking Act (1983), 33

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 214 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 215

Islamic banking business, 33 Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF), Islamic bureaucracy, 157 institutionalization of, 24, 28 Islamic State and the Levant (ISIL), administration of Islamic law, 115, 134, 149, 166 29, 30 ability of, 115 economy, 32–34 Amaq, 120 Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Dabiq, 120–21 Malaysia, 29–30 extreme ideology, 166 Jabatan Kemajuan Agama Islam fighting against ideology, 128 Malaysia, 29 funding, 126–28 judiciary, 30–31 Katibah Nusantara, 116, 121 Malaysian National Council for ’ involvement in, Islamic Affairs, 39 123–28 public service sector, 29–30 media propaganda, 120–23 security services, 31–32 political parties and aggressive, Islamic civilization, 37, 44 127 Islamic Consultative Body (ICB), 42 recruiters, 123–24 Islamic Development Foundation, 29 social media campaign, 120 Islamic finance, education and strategy of recruiting, 123–26 training in, 39 terror group, 125 Islamic financial business, 33 threats in Malaysia, 128–32 Islamic identity, 27, 28, 48 using online media, 128 Islamic law, 43, 86, 163 violent methods used by, 166 administration of, 29, 30 Islamic State Document, The aspects of, 44 (Maududi), 87 enforcement of, 164 Islamic State for Iraq and Syria implementation of, 57 (ISIS), 115 jurisdiction based on, 49 Islamization policy, 25, 164 in Malaysia, 36 human capital development, public and private aspects, 89 34–47 by religious authorities, 52 implementation of, 43 system, 89 , 164 Islamic Missionary Foundation Malaysia’s Constitutional Malaysia, 58 Framework and, 58–63 Islamic movements, 128 media, 47–54 Islamic Religious Council, 51 moral policing, 54–57 Islamic religious education system, multiple facets. See multiple 38 facets of Islamization process Islamic religious institutions, 96 political Islamist movement, 26

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 215 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

216 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

revivalism of conservative Federal Territories, 30 Islamism, 26–27 functions, 30 social and economic policy, 27 power of, 30 state-driven, 28 structure of, 30 strengthening, 34 Syariah, 30–31 substantive programmes, 43 jurisdiction Syariah index, 57–58 based on Islamic law, 49 universal Islamic values, 42 civil and Syariah, 62 Islam Tanpa Keekstreman: Berhujah Islamic, 62 Untuk Kebebasan (Akyol), 157 under state law, 61 jurisprudence, of Islam, 40 J Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah K Persekutuan (JAWI), 54 “Kafa” programme, 153 Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia “Kajol” or Mohd Hafiz Jeffri, 108 (JKSM), 29–30 kasar (rough), 18 Jabatan Kemajuan Agama Islam Kassim Ahmad, 99, 101, 102 Malaysia (JAKIM), 29, 38, 46, 49, Kelang Islamic College, 35 50, 58, 94, 99, 149, 158, 164 , 13 new motto, “1Malaysia khalwat (close proximity), 56–57, 60, 1Ummah”, 46 148, 149 roles and functions of, 150 Khat, 154–55 and State Islamic Religious Khilafa (the caliphate), 87 Councils, 150 Koh Tsu Koon, 13 Ja’fari jurisprudence, 92 Kok, Teresa, 144 JAIPk. See Islamic Religious Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera Department (JAIPk) (KAGAT), 31–32 Jamaah Islah Malaysia (JIM), 27 Convention Centre Jamaah Islamiah, 127 (KLCC), 147 , 96–97, 150 Kuala Lumpur International Airport Jaringan Melayu Malaysia (JMM), (KLIA), 125 143 Kumpulan Mujahidin (Militan) jihad, 45, 115, 117, 123 Malaysia (KMM), 45, 127 jihadism, 118–22 jihadist movement, 45, 116 L Islamic Affairs Department legal moralism, principle of, 73 (JAINJ), 171 legal system, in Malaysia, 165 JPA. See Public Service Department legislation (JPA) of Islam, 29, 40 judiciary system, of Islam, 30–31 Malaysia, 14

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 216 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 217

lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal (LGBT), 93, 151 Ugama Islam Malaysia, 39 activists, 151 Majlis Raja-Raja (Council of Rulers), community, 151 39 rights, 141 Makkal Osai, 70 liberal democracy, 65, 66 Malay Dilemma, The (Mahathir socialism and, 87 Mohamad), 67 liberal extremisms, 149 , 70 liberal Muslims/Islam, 93, 165 syllabus, 155 Lim Beng Soon, 21 Malay-Muslim Loh Kooi Choon v. Government of communities, 97 Malaysia (1977), 85 culture, 67 students, 40 M Malaysia Internet Crime Against Madhavan Nair versus Public Children Investigation Unit Prosecutor (1975), 12 (MICAC), 74 madrasah, 152 Malaysia/Malaya, 140 religious school system, 34 communitarian orientation, 177 Mahathir Mohamad, 26, 28, 29, 37, community and traditions, 18 41–43, 49, 67, 73, 87, 89, 101, compromising and obliging 139–40, 146, 150, 152, 155, 158, styles, 21–22 164, 167–70 Constitutional Framework, 58–63 hate speech, 141–45 constitutional supremacy, 95 Inculcation of Islamic Values, constitution and pluralism, 94 146, 147 counter subversive activities in, interview with Naik, 160 10 Islamization policy. See culture, 18–19, 21 Islamization policy democracy, 7 LGBT rights and same-sex dominant ethnic groups in, 71 marriages, 141 education system in, 152 , 145 Federal Constitution, 1, 3, 12 religious expression in Malaysia, fragile social balance, 78 180 freedom of expression in. See Mahmud Ahmad (also Abu freedom of expression, in Handzalah), 125 Malaysia MAIWP. See Federal Territories Guang Ming newspaper, 9 Religious Council (MAIWP) hate speech, 9 Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Istiadat human rights struggle in, 10 Melayu, 29–30 identity, 49

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 217 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

218 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

independence, 87 Malaysian Consultative Council of inter-religious expression in, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism 67–69 and Sikhism (MCCBCHS), 77 in ISIL. See Islamic State and the Malaysian Defamation Act 1957, 108 Levant (ISIL) Malaysian government Islamic-based institutions in, 38 amendment of Federal Islamic law in, 36 Constitution (1971), 4 Islamic practices in, 146 in restricting free expression, 11 Jyllands-Posten newspaper, 9 Malaysian Human Rights legal system, 165 Commission (SUHAKAM), 13, legislation, 14 138, 174–75, 178 liberal Islam, 93 Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 70 moderation solution in, 46 (PAS), 15, multi-ethnic society, 164 26, 87, 88, 96, 97, 139 national security in, 2–3 United Malays National political system, 20 Organisation and, 145–46, 167, press freedom in, 9 169, 170 proper conduct of speech, 18, 19 Malaysian law, 72 psyche and interaction, 19 Malaysian National Council for race and religious issues in, 1 Islamic Affairs, 39 rights groups, 53 Malaysian revivalism, 41 Tribune newspaper, 9 Malaysians Against Moral Policing, secular/Islamic state in, 85–89 54 terrorist attacks in and, malu, 19–20 122 social emotion of, 19 TV al-Hijrah television station unpleasant sense of, 20 in, 50–51 Manji, Irshad, 98 unmarried Muslim couples in, 56 Maqasid Syariah, 57, 148 Utusan Melayu and Utusan concept of, 148 Malaysia, 9 Martinez, Patricia, 99 Malaysian Anti-Corruption maruah, 19–20 Commission, 178 Maunsell Sharma & Zakaria, 109 Malaysian Armed Forces, 31, 32 media Malaysian Chinese Association community, 68 (MCA), 9 as “double-edged weapon”, 68 Malaysian Communications and of Islamization, 47–54 Multimedia Commission (MCMC), Meor Atiqulrahman bin Ishak & Ors 141 v. Fatimah bte. Sihi & Ors (2000), Malaysian Constitution, 77 103

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 218 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 219

militant Islamic movements, 45 and non-Muslims relationship, Mingguan Malaysia, 156 61, 150. See also non-Muslims misusing communication networks, population, 27 144 terror organizations, 160 Mohd Faizal Musa, 155–57 women, 159 Home Affairs Ministry’s ban on Muslim law, 39 books, 155 Muslim Scholars Association of moral disengagement, 118 Malaysia (MSAM), 99 theory of, 117 Muslim Welfare Organisation of moralism, Malaysia, 73 Malaysia, 26 moral policing, 54–57 muafakat (consensus), 177 N Muhammad (Prophet), 9, 69, 84, 92, Naik, Zakir, 159–61, 169, 174 144 Najib Tun Razak, 1, 13–16, 46–47, Muhammad Juzaili bin Mohd Khamis 57, 58, 64, 88, 89, 130, 135–39, & Ors v State Government of 164 & Ors (2015), 103 , , 94, 146, 147, 159, leader, 141 167 Barisan Nasional, 139 Mujahid , 142, 144, 146, blame “foreign activists”, 136 148–51, 160, 172, 174 “free speech is thriving in multi-ethnic society, 164 Malaysia”, 136 multiple facets of Islamization Malaysia’s culturally diverse process population, 135 education. See education Pakatan Harapan, 139 human capital development. See political conspiracy, claims of, human capital development 141 institutionalization. See 13th General Election in 2013, Islamic bureaucracy, 137 institutionalization of UN international standards, 138 media, 47–54 use of Sedition Act, 137 multiracial society, religious freedom nama baik (one’s good name), 19 and expression in, 74 National Cultural Congress (NCC), Muslim(s) 39 “Allah” used by, 164 National Dakwah Council (MDN), and Christians, 76 150 communities, 90 national education system, 38 Holy script of, 160 National Fatwa Council (NFC), 92, model, 56 107, 131

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 219 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

220 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

National Harmony and Reconciliation O Commission Act, 142 obscenity, 72–74 National Human Rights Action Plan Content Code, 72 (NHRAP), 138–39, 162n1 test of, 72 national Islamization policy, 44, 168 Official Secret Act (OSA), 6, 12 national legal system, 62 1Malaysia Development Berhad national security, 23, 135 (1MDB) issue, 139, 141 and individual freedom, 14 in Malaysia, 2–3 P National Transformation 2050 Pakatan Harapan (PH) government, (TN50), 138 139–40, 148–49, 166 National Transformation Policy Barisan Nasional and, 139–41, (NTP) (2011–20), 14 155 National University of Malaysia candidates, by-elections, 145 (UKM), 37, 38 concept of Maqasid Syariah, 148 New Economic Policy (NEP), 42 hate speech, 141–45 Nik Abdul Aziz, 96 Inculcation of Islamic Values, non-governmental organizations 145–52 (NGOs), 136, 175 Islamization policy, 169 coalition of, 77 Mahathir Mohamad claimed, 145 Hindu community, 71 main challenge for, 171 Islamic, 70 Malay-Muslims to support, 170 Muslim, 76 policy of Islamization, 154 and public, 23 recent developments under, right-wing, 143 158–61 secular-liberal, 101 religious publications, 155–58 smaller parties and, 139 “unsafe” under, 159 non-Muslims (PR), 15, 139 activities, 151 Parliament’s legislative power, 6 “Allah” not used by, 75, 164 PAS. See Malaysian Islamic Party communities, 88, 90 (PAS) to convert Muslims, 110 PATRIOT Act, 10 Muslims and, 150 Peaceful Assembly Act 2012, 138 propagations by, 165 Penal Code, 1, 11, 71 protection of rights, 151 Pendidikan Islam/Moral (PI/PM), 154 publications, 75 Penerapan Nilai-nilai Islam, 49 related law, 36–37 People’s Justice Party (PKR), 15 non-political speech, 104 Perak Islamic Religious Department Noor, Farish A., 99 (JAIPk), 92

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 220 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 221

Perikatan Nasional (PN) government, Printing Presses and Publications Act 167 1984 (PPPA), 6, 12, 14, 98, 105, Persatuan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia 136, 157–58 (PERKIM), 26 private/non-political expression, 109 Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam private speech, 104–10 Malaysia (PKPIM), 27 publication and broadcasting, 97–99 person’s dignity, social concept of, 19 public/political expression, 109 Pertubuhan Peribumi Public Prosecutor versus Ooi Kee (PERKASA), 53–54, 71 Saik & Ors (1971), 8 , attacks against civilians Public Service Department (JPA), 31 in, 116 public service sector, 28–29 Police Act (1967), 11, 14 public speech, 94–97 political authority, 69 public universities, 37 political decision-making, 68 Pusat Penyelidikan Islam (PPI), 39 political defamation, 109 political freedom in Malaysia, 7 Q political instability, 68 Al-Qaeda, 115, 116, 124 political Islam Quran, 96, 99–100, 103 future challenges for, 167–71 in Malaysia, 165 R “Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin” policy, racial conflicts, 2, 4 169 racial discrimination, 143 and religious expression, 167–68 racist expressions, 82 political Islamist movement, 26 radicalization, 113 political speech, freedom of, 136, 137 and counter-radicalization, theory pornography, 72 of, 117–20 banning, 73 definitions of, 117 and sexual exploitation, 74 free speech in, 113 women’s involvement in, 73 ISIL media propaganda, 120–23 post-independence Malaya, 26 modern age, 118 pre-independence memorandum, 85 process of, 117 press freedom, in Malaysia, 9 recruitment process, 118 press, religious expression in, 74–76 and terrorism, involvement in, Prevention of Crime (Amendments 117–18 and Extensions) Act 2013 (POCA), Radio and Television Malaysia 130, 131 (RTM), 47, 48 Prevention of Terrorism Act 2015 radio, establishment of, 48 (POTA), 15, 130–31, 137 “Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin”, 146, 148, Primary School Evaluation Test, 154 150, 151, 162, 166, 169, 174

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 221 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

222 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

“Rahmatan Lil Kafirin”, 151 Royal Malaysia Police Rehabilitation regional cooperation, 129 Programme, 127 regulation of speech, 22 Rushdie, Salman, 69–70, 84 religions, 67 arguments, 65–66 S authorities, 51 Salafi movement, 119 diversity of, 67 Salafism, 120 of Federation, 58, 59 same-sex marriage, 141 and liberal extremisms, 149 Sarawak Tribune newspaper, 9 of Malays, 48 Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 69, 84 and political authority, 69 secular/Islamic state in Malaysia, Religious and Racial Hatred Act, 142 85–89 religious conflicts, 2 secularization process, 67 religious expression model, 82–85 secular-liberal NGOs, 101 forbidden speech, 84 Securities Commission Act 1993, 33 future challenges for, 171–75 Security Offences (Special Measures) implementation of, 167 Act 2012 (SOSMA), 80n5, 125, issues of, 159 126, 137, 140 sacred expression, 83 Sedition Act (SA), 1, 6, 8, 12, 15, 71, speech as religious duty/ 137, 140, 143, 144 obligation, 84 Najib’s use of, 137 religious freedom, 52, 53, 61 Islamic Religious religious groups, 90 Administration Enactment (2003), religious knowledge, 32 96 religious publications, 155–58 Selangor Islamic Religious religious revivalism, 40 Department (JAIS), 96, 98, 159 religious sensitivities, 66 73rd United Nations General revivalism of Islam, 26 Assembly (2018), 141 of conservative Islamism, 26 sexual exploitation, 74 of da’wah movement, 40 Sexual Offences against Children Act primary cause of, 41 2017, 138 religious, 27, 40 shame riba (usury), 33 and dignity, 20 right to privacy, 17 malu, 21 Risala (the prophethood of psychology of, 20 Muhammad), 87 shame-anxiety, 20 Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), Shia doctrine, 92, 94, 97 109 Shia Muslims, 97, 171–72

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 222 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 9”x6” ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 1st Reading

Index 223

Shi’ism/Shia Islam, 52, 53, 82, 84, compliance, 33 92, 94, 165 department of law and, 36 Sikh community, 165 economy and conventional newspaper, 48, 97 economy, 33 Sisters in Islam (SIS), 172 fatwa committees, 92 social contract, 20 in Federal Territories, 34–35 derhaka (disloyal), 20 financial markets, 33 sovereign (daulat), 20 judges, appointment of, 34, 35 socialism, 87 law, 56, 59 social media, 115, 124 lawyer (peguam syarie), 35 campaign, 120 Syariah Court of Appeal, 30 and free expression, 128 Syariah Courts (Criminal by ISIL, 132 Jurisdiction) Act 1965, 147, 148 monitoring of, 128 Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Muhammad (Prophet) on, 144 Territories) Act 1997 (Act 559), 51, social value system, 21 90, 102, 173 Societies Act (1966), 92 Syariah index, 57–58, 64, 164 Special Branch’s Counter-Terrorism concept of, 57 Division (SB-CTD), 126 implementation of, 165 speech as religious duty/obligation, by JAKIM, 58 84 jurisdictions, 62 state and federal statutory laws, 40 objective of, 57 state-driven Islamization policy, 25, progress and traits of, 63 28 Syariah laws, 82, 86, 89, 165 state laws, 90, 91 and civil laws, 148 Sufaat, Yazid, 131 critical stand against, 93 SUHAKAM. See Malaysian implementation of, 88 Human Rights Commission infrastructure of, 148 (SUHAKAM) issues of Islamic administration Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah, and, 158 114–15 and Malay unity, 139 Sunni doctrine, 165 Syria Sunni Islam, 90, 94, 165 defeat of ISIL in, 131 Syariah Advisory Council, 33 Indonesian and Malaysian Syariah Approved Securities, 57 jihadists in, 122 Syariah court, 29–30 and Iraq, 121 banking, 33 ISIL-held territory in, 126 capital market, 33 militants in, 124

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 223 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM 1st Reading ISEAS-004 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia 9”x6”

224 Islam and Religious Expression in Malaysia

T members, 101 tahfiz, 152 nationalist party, 101 Takaful Act 1984, 33 Universal Declaration of Human tauliah (qualified approval), 95, 96, Rights, 76 173–74 universal Islamic values, 42 Tawhid (the Unity of God), 87 universal religion, 103 through Sukan Universities and University Colleges Terengganu (SUTERA), 173 Act (UUCA), 13, 14, 140 terrorism Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia activities, 166 (USIM), 151 and extremist movements, 129 University Kebangsaan Malaysia 4 groups, 118 (UKM 4), 13 homegrown, 127 unmarried Muslim couples, 56 involvement in, 117–18 Unveiling Choice (Maryam Lee), 159 in Malaysia, 121 US Commission on International in United States, 130 Religious Freedom (USCIRF), 53 terrorist attack US-led war on terror, 10 in Indonesia and Malaysia, 122 , 9, 48, 53–54, 71, in New York, 6 97, 100, 156 in Sri Lanka, 131 Utusan Melayu, 9 terror organizations, 116 13th General Election in 2013, 1, 13, V 15, 16, 137 violence against civilians, 133 TV al-Hijrah, 50–51 broadcasting programmes of, 50 W mission of, 50 Wahhabi movement, 119 vision of, 50 Wan Ji Wan Hussin, 144, 145 12th General Election in 2008, 15, 16 Wasatiyyah, 46–47, 164 concept of, 46–47, 57 U women’s involvement, in ummah, 41, 45, 81, 119, 177 pornography, 73 undesirable publications, 106 United Malays National Organisation Z (UMNO), 1, 26, 41, 43, 53, 85, Zaidi jurisprudence, 92 101 Zainah Anwar, 99, 100 and Malaysian Islamic Party, Zunar (Zulkiflee Anwar Ul Haque), 101, 145–46, 167, 169, 170 140–41

ISEAS-004_Index.indd 224 05-06-2020 3.52.30 PM