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Station Sharing in Antarctica
IP 94 Agenda Item: ATCM 7, ATCM 10, ATCM 11, ATCM 14, CEP 5, CEP 6b, CEP 9 Presented by: ASOC Original: English Station Sharing in Antarctica 1 IP 94 Station Sharing in Antarctica Information Paper Submitted by ASOC to the XXIX ATCM (CEP Agenda Items 5, 6 and 9, ATCM Agenda Items 7, 10, 11 and 14) I. Introduction and overview As of 2005 there were at least 45 permanent stations in the Antarctic being operated by 18 countries, of which 37 were used as year-round stations.i Although there are a few examples of states sharing scientific facilities (see Appendix 1), for the most part the practice of individual states building and operating their own facilities, under their own flags, persists. This seems to be rooted in the idea that in order to become a full Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), one has to build a station to show seriousness of scientific purpose, although formally the ATCPs have clarified that this is not the case. The scientific mission and international scientific cooperation is nominally at the heart of the ATS,ii and through SCAR the region has a long-established scientific coordination body. It therefore seems surprising that half a century after the adoption of this remarkable Antarctic regime, we still see no truly international stations. The ‘national sovereign approach’ continues to be the principal driver of new stations. Because new stations are likely to involve relatively large impacts in areas that most likely to be near pristine, ASOC submits that this approach should be changed. In considering environmental impact analyses of proposed new station construction, the Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP) presently does not have a mandate to take into account opportunities for sharing facilities (as an alternative that would reduce impacts). -
Antarctic Primer
Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state. -
Institute of Management Services
Journal of the Institute of Management Services Achieving excellence through people and productivity Management Services Productivity at the Crossroads Creating a socially, economically and environmentally Spring 2011 Volume 55 Number 1 responsible world ISSN: 0 307 6768 CONTACTS Spring 2010 Volume 55 No 1 ISSN 0 307 6768 Management Services 27 Castle Street, Canterbury, Kent CT1 2PX Editorial Telephone +44 (0)1795 542436 The Institute of Management Services is the primary body in the UK Facsimile +44 (0)1795 535469 concerned with the promotion, practice and development of the range Email [email protected] Editorial deadline for the Summer 2011 issue is 4 May of methodologies and techniques for the improvement of productivity Publication date is 6 June and quality, known collectively as ‘Management Services’. This embraces the disciplines of industrial engineering, work study, organisation and Advertising methods, systems analysis, and a wide range of management information Rob Aspin and control techniques as illustrated in our Body of Knowledge. Telephone +44 (0)1795 542413 Fax +44 (0)1795 535469 The Institute acts as the qualifying body for the Management Services Email [email protected] profession in the UK, focusing developments in practice and knowledge Media Committee and acting as a forum for information exchange. This in turn enables our David Blanchfl ower, Julian Cutler, Mel Armstrong members who work under a variety of job titles across the whole of the UK economy, to make a more effective contribution to the well-being of Editor their own organisation and to the nation’s economy as a whole. Mel Armstrong In addition to creating and upholding professional standards for the Designer Becky Ellison practice of management services through the adoption of a code of ethics and the provision of a system of qualifying examinations, the Institute Published by of Management Services collaborates with national and international The Deeson Group Ltd on behalf of professional bodies in similar fi elds. -
GA Antarctic Territorial Claims
Forum: The General Assembly Fourth Committee Issue: The Question of Antarctic Territorial Claims Student Officer: Shwe Pan Gyee Introduction Antarctica is the largest and the only uninhabited continent and in the world and is also deemed as a desert. Since the discovery of the continent, countries have been claiming parts of the continent by leading and financing expeditions to have their territorial claims. With the claim over the Antarctic territories, the nation-states that have made their claim have used the land for the expansion of their empire, military training, the testing of chemical weapons and scientific research on wildlife, astronomy, weather, and geology. Due to the benefits that come along with having the claim over the Antarctic territories, there is an increase in the expeditions that were sent out by countries to have their territorial claims in Antarctica. This later led to disputes between nation-states regarding the fight for the Antarctic lands. In the effort of eradicating the issue of disputes between the countries over the Antarctic territories, a treaty by the name of the Antarctic Treaty was established. This treaty is the result of 12 nation-states coming into the consensus of having Antarctica to be used only for peaceful practice and scientific research. It also does not acknowledge the past territorial claims and forbids new claims and the expansion of the pre-existing claims to have a form of the jurisdiction in Antarctica. The treaty also banned military training and the testing of weapons in the effort of having preservation of the Antarctic continent. To ensure that the natural reserves are being protected, The Antarctic Treaty's Environmental Protocol was put into place. -
The Centenary of the Scott Expedition to Antarctica and of the United Kingdom’S Enduring Scientific Legacy and Ongoing Presence There”
Debate on 18 October: Scott Expedition to Antarctica and Scientific Legacy This Library Note provides background reading for the debate to be held on Thursday, 18 October: “the centenary of the Scott Expedition to Antarctica and of the United Kingdom’s enduring scientific legacy and ongoing presence there” The Note provides information on Antarctica’s geography and environment; provides a history of its exploration; outlines the international agreements that govern the territory; and summarises international scientific cooperation and the UK’s continuing role and presence. Ian Cruse 15 October 2012 LLN 2012/034 House of Lords Library Notes are compiled for the benefit of Members of the House of Lords and their personal staff, to provide impartial, politically balanced briefing on subjects likely to be of interest to Members of the Lords. Authors are available to discuss the contents of the Notes with the Members and their staff but cannot advise members of the general public. Any comments on Library Notes should be sent to the Head of Research Services, House of Lords Library, London SW1A 0PW or emailed to [email protected]. Table of Contents 1.1 Geophysics of Antarctica ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Environmental Concerns about the Antarctic ......................................................... 2 2.1 Britain’s Early Interest in the Antarctic .................................................................... 4 2.2 Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration ....................................................................... -
Continental Shelf-Ex
ARGENTINA’S MOST EXTENSIVE LIMIT OUR FRONTIER WITH MANKIND - Success of a State policy implemented throughout almost 20 years Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf After 20 years of intense scientific, technical and legal work of an inter-disciplinary and inter-ministerial team led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship through the National Commission on the Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf (COPLA), Argentina achieved an important foreign policy success: on March 11th, 2016, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) adopted by consensus (with no negative votes) the Recommendations on the Argentine Submission of the outer limit of its continental shelf. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) is a scientific body in charge of examining the information and data submitted by coastal States, which was created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), based in United Nations Headquarters in New York and is made up of 21 international renowned experts. Analysis of the Submission The outer limit of the Argentine continental shelf was submitted to the CLCS on April 21, 2009, and is the result of the work carried out by COPLA since 1997. This submission consists of a Main Body, divided into six chapters, which are developed in 13 volumes and contains the scientific grounds for the demarcation of the outer limit of the Argentine continental shelf. Other 13 volumes and a digital database compile the supporting scientific and technical data. Finally, the most relevant bibliography is annexed in other 24 volumes. The Argentine continental shelf between the 200 nautical miles (M) line and the outer limit has a surface of approximately 1,782,500 km2 that is equivalent to 48% of the emerged territory of Argentina. -
Health Is Here Ecare Healthcare Plan Effective Date: Policies Issued from 1 January 2020
Quality health plans & benefits Healthier living Financial well-being Intelligent solutions Health is here eCare Healthcare Plan Effective date: Policies issued from 1 January 2020 www.aetnainternational.com/sites/3hr/ecare/ 46.05.101.1 I (01/20) Welcome to Aetna International We’re so glad to have you with us Welcome 1 About your health plan 3 How to submit a claim 5 Help for your health needs 6 Online and mobile tools 7 General conditions & exclusions 9 Useful definitions 15 How to contact us 18 Areas of cover guide 19 Now that you’re an Aetna International member, it’s time to put your benefits to work. This handbook will help make it easy. YOU’LL FIND A What to do right now WORLD OF USEFUL The most important first step is to register for your Health Hub website. The site gives you TOOLS ONLINE the tools you’ll need to manage your health benefits. You can register in just a few steps by visiting www.aetnainternational.com and clicking “Member” under the “Secure login” Visit www. section. You’ll need to enter your name, date of birth, and the ID number on your Aetna aetnainternational.com ID Card. and click ‘Member’ to get started. You can use the website to: • Submit and track claims • Find nearby doctors and hospitals • Browse a library of health topics • View your plan documents If you have a smartphone, now is also a good time to download helpful apps, such as our International Mobile Assistant App, which makes it easy to manage your benefits on the go. -
Fear and Loathing in the South Pole: the Need to Resolve the Antarctic Sovereignty Issue and a Framework for Doing It
FEAR AND LOATHING IN THE SOUTH POLE: THE NEED TO RESOLVE THE ANTARCTIC SOVEREIGNTY ISSUE AND A FRAMEWORK FOR DOING IT “Great God! This is an awful place.” - Captain Robert Scott, 19121 I. INTRODUCTION Antarctica is a continent on the brink. The constant political instability of oil- rich nations, coupled with an increasing global petroleum demand, is fueling the likelihood that the world will turn its thirsty eyes towards this great unexplored frontier in search of natural energy resources. Mineral exploration in Antarctica, however, has been effectively barred since 1959 under the Antarctic Treaty System (“ATS”),2 which, in its current form, prohibits mineral exploration as far into the future as 2048.3 The strategic potential presented by this vastly unpopulated continent has not gone unrecognized by the major global political players. To add further strain to this inherently tense environment, seven nation states have publicly expressed sovereignty claims to some part of the continent, with the United States and Russia reserving a right to assert such a claim in the future.4 The existing ATS amounts to an agreement to disagree on the issue of sovereignty between claimant states. History has shown that long-unsettled sovereignty disputes can boil over into full-scale military confrontations. Two examples illustrate the fallacy of simply “waiting out” competing claims. First, the Spratly Islands, a group of more than a hundred islands in the South China Sea5 that are believed to possess significant oil reserves, have been witness to armed conflicts between claimant states on at least four different occasions.6 Second, the longstanding Falkland Islands territorial dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom boiled over into war in 1982, resulting in numerous casualties on both 1.PETER J. -
The Leader in Polar Adventures: Arctic & Antarctic Voyages 2013.14
The Leader in Polar Adventures: Arctic & Antarctic Voyages 2013.14 New trips Get to know A day in the life, Adventure for 2013.14 the team Antarctic edition options Greenland Explorer, 23-day Unsurpassed in Step into a traveller’s boots Ramp up your expedition! Epic Antarctica, and more expertise and passion PAGE 28 PAGE 46 PAGE 5 PAGE 6 There a re no places quite li ke t hem anyw here on Eart h. And t her e’s no team bet ter e quipped to ta ke you t here. Expedition voyages are designed for those travellers who wish to discover destinations that can only be found off the beaten path and on the road to discovery. To interact with and learn about flora and fauna, indigenous culture, and experience the unfettered wildlife in the world’s most remote and pristine locations, consider one of Quark’s unforgettable polar adventures. CoNtENts “ThAnkS foR mAkinG my 3 letter from the President fAi Ry TAlE comE To lifE .” 4 What’s new for 2013.14 christine Glanfield, Quark Traveller 6 our Expedition Team 8 The Arctic 10 A Day in the life: Spitsbergen Explorer 12 Arctic Trip Extensions 14 Spitsbergen 18 north Pole 20 Greenland 26 Antarctica 28 A Day in the life: Antarctic Explorer 30 Antarctic Trip Extensions 32 Antarctic Peninsula 40 falklands (malvinas), South Georgia and Antarctica 46 Adventure options 50 our Ships 56 Arctic 2013 Dates & Rates 58 Antarctica 2013.14 Dates & Rates 60 Safety and Sustainability Paradise Harbour on the Antarctic Peninsula 62 Terms and conditions Penguinologist tom Hart Penguinologist Tom hart, of the Penguin Lifelines project at oxford This is our passion . -
An Evaluation of Trace Metal Concentration in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments Near Artigas Antarctic Scientific Base (King George Island, Maritime Antarctica)
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:398 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4045-1 An Evaluation of Trace Metal Concentration in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments near Artigas Antarctic Scientific Base (King George Island, Maritime Antarctica) C. Bueno & N. Kandratavicius & N. Venturini & R. C. L. Figueira & L. Pérez & K. Iglesias & E. Brugnoli Received: 19 July 2018 /Accepted: 20 November 2018 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 Abstract An evaluation of the concentration of metals stations in Maxwell Bay were placed one near the in terrestrial and aquatic environments near Artigas Artigas Base (AB) and two far from it in North Cove Antarctic Scientific Base was assessed. Granulometric (NC1, NC2). Some of the terrestrial stations (T2, T10, characteristics, total organic matter content, concentra- T11 and T13) presented the highest concentration of tion of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and metals and Igeo values, which was associated to an- metalloid (As) in soil, marine and freshwater sediments thropic activities. Highest metal levels were related to were determined. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) fuel storage and handling, but also, with sewage release was used in order to analyse the contamination magni- and the presence of old leaded paint residues. These tude. Samples were collected in summer 2015–2016 polluted sites were limited to a restricted area of Artigas covering 31 sampling stations; 15 terrestrial/soil stations Base, not affecting surrounding environments. Concen- (T0–T14) were placed considering the distribution of trations of the analysed metals in unpolluted sites had Artigas Base buildings and the septic tanks’ location. the same order of magnitude recorded in other unpol- Eleven freshwater stations were placed along the three luted areas of the Fildes Peninsula and other Antarctic meltwater streams near Artigas Base (S0–S10), and two regions. -
SECTION THREE: Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica
SECTION THREE: Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica The need to protect historic sites and monuments became apparent as the number of expeditions to the Antarctic increased. At the Seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting it was agreed that a list of historic sites and monuments be created. So far 74 sites have been identified. All of them are monuments – human artifacts rather than areas – and many of them are in close proximity to scientific stations. Provision for protection of these sites is contained in Annex V, Article 8. Listed Historic Sites and Monuments may not be damaged, removed, or destroyed. 315 List of Historic Sites and Monuments Identified and Described by the Proposing Government or Governments 1. Flag mast erected in December 1965 at the South Geographical Pole by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition. 2. Rock cairn and plaques at Syowa Station (Lat 69°00’S, Long 39°35’E) in memory of Shin Fukushima, a member of the 4th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, who died in October 1960 while performing official duties. The cairn was erected on 11 January 1961, by his colleagues. Some of his ashes repose in the cairn. 3. Rock cairn and plaque on Proclamation Island, Enderby Land, erected in January 1930 by Sir Douglas Mawson (Lat 65°51’S, Long 53°41’E) The cairn and plaque commemorate the landing on Proclamation Island of Sir Douglas Mawson with a party from the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929 31. 4. Station building to which a bust of V. I. Lenin is fixed, together with a plaque in memory of the conquest of the Pole of Inaccessibility by Soviet Antarctic explorers in 1958 (Lat 83°06’S, Long 54°58’E). -
History of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 13
History of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 13 Coordinates: 67°15′S 39°35′E History of Antarctica From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the natural history of the Antarctic continent, see Antarctica. The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), if it existed, was a continent in its own right. In 1773 James Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time but although they discovered nearby islands, they did not catch sight of Antarctica itself. It is believed he was as close as 150 miles from the mainland. In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted the ice shelf or the continent. A Russian expedition was led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, a British expedition was captained by Edward Bransfield and an American sealer Nathaniel Palmer participated. The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice. Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during the 'Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration'. Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on December 14, 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott.