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Gardens and Gardening in a Fast-Changing Urban Environment
Gardens and Gardening in a fast-changing urban environment: Manchester 1750-1850 A Thesis submitted to Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Joy Margaret Uings April 2013 MIRIAD, Manchester Metropolitan University List of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgments ii Tables, maps and images iv The Growth of Manchester and its suburbs 1750-1850 1 Introduction 3 Literature Review 11 History of Manchester 11 Class and Gender 15 Garden Design 22 Horticulture, Floriculture and Nurseries 28 Methodology 35 Chapter One: Horticultural Trade 45 Gardeners and nurserymen 46 Seedsmen and florists 48 Fruiterers and confectioners 51 Manchester and the North-west 52 1750-1790 53 1790-1830 57 1830-1850 61 Post 1850 71 Connections 73 Summary 77 Chapter Two: Plants 79 Forest trees 79 Fruit trees 89 Evergreen and flowering shrubs 97 Florist’s flowers 99 Exotic (hothouse) plants 107 Hardy plants 109 Vegetables 110 Agricultural Seeds 112 The fascination with unusual plants 114 The effect of weather on plants 117 Plant thefts 120 Summary 125 Chapter Three: Environmental Changes 127 Development of the town 128 Development of the suburbs 135 Smoke pollution 145 Summary 154 Chapter Four: Private Gardens 157 Garden design and composition 160 Garden designers 168 Urban gardens 171 Country gardens 179 Suburban gardens 185 Cottage gardens 195 Allotments 198 Summary 202 Chapter Five: Public Gardens 205 Gardens for refreshment 206 Gardens for pleasure 211 Gardens for activity 223 Gardens for education 230 Summary 243 Chapter Six: Public Spaces 245 Public footpaths – the ancient right of way 246 Whit week 254 Manchester’s public parks 256 Summary 275 Chapter Seven: The Element of Competition 277 Florist’s feasts 279 Horticultural shows 286 Gooseberry Shows 300 Summary 307 Conclusion 309 Horticultural Trade 309 Plants 311 Environmental Changes 313 Private Gardens 313 Public Gardens 314 Public Spaces 315 The Element of Competition 316 Summary 316 Appendix One: More Horticultural Tradesmen 318 Appendix Two: Robert Turner’s stock 342 Appendix Three: R. -
Paper 112 1972 – 1982 Negotiation
Falklands Wars – the History of the Falkland Islands: with particular regard to Spanish and Argentine pretensions and taking some account of South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Britain's Antarctic Territories by Roger Lorton 1 Paper 112 1972 – 1982 Negotiation “the only other option open to the Argentine government is a resort to force.” 3 ◈ In 1965 the United Nations had called upon the UK and Argentina to commence negotiations with a view to resolve the single issue that lay between them – sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. Talks had started in 1968, but had been slow to produce anything tangible. Added to the different perceptions of historic rights, which neither side were prepared to discuss, there was an addition problem. Just the year after calling for negotiations, the UN had adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Unsigned by Argentina, and only reluctantly acknowledged by the UK, the Covenant confirmed that “all people have the right of self-determination.” Not a principle to be aimed for, but a human right. Th Covenant acknowledged that only the Falkland Islanders could decide their future, giving them a power of veto over any deal that could be struck with Argentina. This paper considers the slow breakdown in negotiations and the changing political landscape in Argentina. Mixed together, they would produce a fateful decision. 1972 – January 7th, Libertad sails from Buenos Aires with tourists for Antarctica. On board is Britain's Ambassador to Argentina, Michael Hadow. With him is Mario Izaguirre, of Argentina’s Foreign Ministry. Both bound for Stanley. 4 January 8th, Argentina's state-owned airline, LADE, initiates twice-monthly amphibious flights between Comodoro Rivadavia and the Falkland Islands. -
Boundary & Territory Briefing
International Boundaries Research Unit BOUNDARY & TERRITORY BRIEFING Volume 1 Number 1 Who Owns Antarctica? Governing and Managing the Last Continent Peter J. Beck Boundary and Territory Briefing Volume 1 Number1 ISBN 1-897643-05-5 1994 Who Owns Antarctica?: Governing and Managing the Last Continent by Peter J. Beck Edited by Clive Schofield International Boundaries Research Unit Department of Geography University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK Tel: UK + 44 (0) 191 334 1961 Fax: UK +44 (0) 191 334 1962 E-mail: [email protected] www: http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk The Author Professor Peter J. Beck is Professor of International History in the Faculty of Human Sciences at Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, England. Educated at the London School of Economics, University of London, he has lectured at Kingston since 1968. His publications include The International Politics of Antarctica (London: Croom Helm, 1986), The Falkland Islands as an International Problem (London: Routledge, 1988), and British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Prints: The League of Nations, vols.1-6 (Maryland: University Publications of America, 1992). He has written over 120 articles/chapters in journals and books published in both Britain and overseas, and is a regular contributor to both Polar Record and the Scott Polar Research Institute's M.Phil. Polar Studies course at the University of Cambridge. Professor Beck was a member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Latin American Study group responsible for the 1989 study on British Relations in Latin America during the 1990s, while he has given expert evidence to the British House of Commons Foreign Affairs and Education and Science Committees. -
A New Lease of Life Understanding the Risks of Synthetic Biology 02
Emerging Risks Report 2018 Understanding Risk A new lease of life Understanding the risks of synthetic biology 02 Disclaimer Key Contacts This report has been co-produced by Lloyd's and Drs Trevor Maynard John Heap and Karen Polizzi of Imperial College London Head of Innovation for general information purposes only. While care has [email protected] been taken in gathering the data and preparing the report, Lloyd's and the authors do not make any For general enquiries about this report and Lloyd’s representations or warranties as to its accuracy or work on innovation, please contact completeness and expressly excludes to the maximum [email protected] extent permitted by law all those that might otherwise be implied. About the authors Lloyd's and the authors accept no responsibility or liability John Heap PhD, BSc, is a Senior Lecturer in the for any loss or damage of any nature occasioned to any Department of Life Sciences and Karen Polizzi PhD, person as a result of acting or refraining from acting as a BSc, is a Reader in the Department of Chemical result of, or in reliance on, any statement, fact, figure or Engineering at Imperial College London. Both are expression of opinion or belief contained in this report. members of the Imperial College Centre for Synthetic This report does not constitute advice of any kind. Biology. They each have more than 10 years' experience in biotechnology and synthetic biology research, lead © Lloyd’s 2018 research teams working in these areas, and teach these All rights reserved subjects to undergraduate and postgraduate students. -
Oral History of Science Collections and Projects
ORAL HISTORY OF SCIENCE COLLECTIONS AND PROJECTS This list was compiled by Simone Turchetti1 as an appendix to 'The Oral History of Science in Britain: A Scoping Survey' for National Lifes Stories in September 2007: 1 Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine (CHSTM), University of Manchester. E- mail: [email protected]. APPENDIX 1: ORAL HISTORY PROJECTS 1. In Britain. Focussing on science, technology and medicine: Before the 1960s IET Faraday Medallists films, Institution of Engineering and Technology, London2 1960-69 Scientists in British Industry, 1964-1967, British Library3 Experiment: A Series of Scientific Case Histories, 1964, BBC4 1970-79 Science Studies Unit (SSU) Oral History Project (genetics), 1969-1971, University of Edinburgh5 SSU Oral History Project (science), 1969-1971, University of Edinburgh6 2 Issues covered: Strictly speaking this is not oral history. But from as early as 1918, the winners of the Faraday Medal are asked to present their life and work in a speech recorded on a 16mm film (and more recently on U-matic videotape). The films have a duration of about 15 minutes. Interview subjects: 95 medallists including E. Rutherford, E. Appleton, George Thomson, Mark Oliphant, Nevill Mott, Bernard Lovell, Oliver Lodge, John Cockcroft, Hermann Bondi. Location of videos: IET Archives, London. 3 Issues covered: these are interviews made by Stephen Cotgrove in preparation for his book, (Gerald Waters and Stephen Cotgrove (eds.), Scientists in the British Industry, Bath: University Press, 1967) and then given to the British Library. Interview subjects: 11 chemists. Location of Transcripts: BL Sound Archive. 4 Issues covered: Talks by distinguished scientists conducted by David O.