Ittihat-Terakki Cemiyeti Ve Türkiye'de Sol Hareketler

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ittihat-Terakki Cemiyeti Ve Türkiye'de Sol Hareketler İTTİHAT-TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE TÜRKİYE’DE SOL HAREKETLER (1902-1918) Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Programı Ömer Faruk ÖZKUL Danışman: Doç. Dr. Umut KARABULUT Temmuz 2019 DENİZLİ i ÖNSÖZ 19. yüzyıl sonları ve 20. yüzyıl başları tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devleti için de siyasal hayatın hareketlendiği, yeni fikirlerin yayılmaya başladığı bir dönemdir. İmparatorluğun yıkılışının da yaşandığı bu dönemde devleti kurtarmak için çok sayıda gizli cemiyet ve örgüt kurulmuştur. Şüphesiz ki bu cemiyetler arasında fikirleriyle, eylemleriyle ve Cumhuriyet’e bıraktığı mirasla son dönem Osmanlı tarihine ve erken dönem Cumhuriyet tarihine damgasını vuran cemiyet İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’dir. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti günümüzde hala adından söz ettirebilen bir oluşumdur. Sina Akşin’in deyimiyle Cumhuriyeti değerlendirebilmek ve anlayabilmek için İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ni iyi bilmek gerekmektedir. Ben de yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmanın hazırlanış aşamasında hayli yoğun çalışarak cemiyetin 1902’den 1918’e kadar sol hareketlerle olan ilişkisini elden geldiğince irdelemeye çalışıp elde olan süreyi iyi değerlendirmeye gayret gösterdim. Bu çalışma süresince Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi belgelerinin yanı sıra döneme dair bilgiler vermek konusunda oldukça cömert olan Osmanlı basınından faydalandım, Milli Kütüphane süreli yayın kataloğundaki ve Ankara Üniversitesi Gazeteler Veritabanı’ndaki birçok gazete ve süreli yayını inceledim. Ulaşılan yargıları desteklemesi açısından ikincil kaynaklara da başvurdum, dönemle ilgili hazırlanmış çalışmaların da birçoğunu inceledim. Dolayısıyla özgün bir tezin ortaya konulabilmesi için yoğun ve titiz çalışmaya özen gösterdim. Bu arada kullanılan kaynakları da kaynakça bölümünde açıkça belirtmeye çalıştım. Tezin tamamlanması hayli yoğun ve yorucu mesailerin harcandığı bir süreç sonunda gerçekleşmiştir. Bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında, bu süreci en iyi bilen değerli danışmanım Doç. Dr. Umut Karabulut’un çok değerli ve yapıcı eleştirilerinin payı büyüktür. Kendisi bu süreçte özverisini ve ilgisini de esirgememiştir. Ayrıca Denizli İl Halk Kütüphanesi müdürü Sayın Hasan Ersoy’a ve diğer idarecilerime, çalışma arkadaşlarıma teşekkürü bir borç bilmekteyim. Kendileri bu yoğun süreçte anlayışlarını esirgemediler. Kullandığım birçok kaynağı da tedarik etmeme yardımcı oldular. Ancak şüphesiz ki bu süreçte neredeyse şahsım kadar yoğun çalışan, yorulan ve desteklerini hiç esirgemeyen sevgili babam ve annem, İbrahim Özkul ve Reyhan Özkul’a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunmayı borç bilmekteyim. Tüm bilimsel araştırmalarda olduğu gibi bu ii çalışmada da ortaya konulan yargıların, hata ya da eksiklerin tek sorumlusunun yazar olduğu şüphesizdir. iii ÖZET İTTİHAT-TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ ve TÜRKİYE’DE SOL HAREKETLER (1902-1918) ÖZKUL, Ömer Faruk Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Programı Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr., Umut KARABULUT Temmuz 2019, VII+177 Sayfa 1789 Fransız İhtilâli’nden sonra siyasi literatüre giren sol düşünce kavramı 19. yüzyılda şekillenmiş ve Avrupa’ya yayılmaya başlamıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu da tüm engelleme girişimlerine rağmen sol düşüncenin topraklarına nüfuz etmesine engel olamamıştır. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti de sol düşüncenin yükselişte olduğu bir dönemde kurulmuştur ve Fransız İhtilâli sonrası yayılan diğer fikirlere olduğu gibi sol düşünceye de kayıtsız kalamamıştır. Bu tezin amacı ise 1902 yılından 1918’e kadarki süreçte sol düşünceyle Cemiyet’in arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, Sol Hareketler, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İstibdat Dönemi, İkinci Meşrutiyet. iv ABSTRACT THE COMMITTEE of UNION-PROGRESS and LEFT MOVEMENTS on TURKEY (1902-1918) ÖZKUL, Ömer Faruk Master Thesis History Department History of Turkish Republic Programme Adviser of Thesis: Assoc. Prof. Dr., Umut KARABULUT July, 2019, VII+177 Pages The concept of left thought which entered political literature after the French Revolution (1789) was formed in the 19th century and began to spread to Europe. The Ottoman Empire, despite all attempts to prevent it, could not prevent the left thought from penetrating its territory. The Committee of Union and Progress was established at a time when leftist thought was on the rise and could not remain indifferent to leftist ideas as well as other ideas spread after the French Revolution. The aim of this thesis is to reveal the relationship between leftist thought and the Committee from 1902 to 1918. Keywords: The Committee of Union and Progress, Left Movements, Ottoman Empire, The Period of Despotism, Second Constitution. v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. 1 ÖZET................................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................. v SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ........................................................................... vii GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................ 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM BİRİNCİ JÖN TÜRK KONGRESİ’NDEN (1902) II. MEŞRUTİYET’İN İLÂNINA (1908) KADAR İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE SOL HAREKETLER 1.1. Birinci Jön Türk Kongresi (1902) ............................................................................ 19 1.1.1. Jön Türkler ve Narodnizm ................................................................................. 22 1.1.2. Makedonya Sorunu ve Jön Türkler ................................................................... 28 1.2. Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti’nin Kuruluşu’na (1906) Kadar Osmanlı Devleti’nde Sol Hareketler ve İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ....................................................................... 34 1.2.1. Rus-Japon Savaşı ve Diğer Gelişmeler ............................................................. 38 1.3. Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti’nin Kuruluşu’ndan (1906) II. Meşrutiyet’in İlânı’na Kadar (1908) Gelişmeler ................................................................................................. 45 1.3.1. İkinci Jön Türk Kongresi (1907) ....................................................................... 55 1.3.2. Meşrutiyet’in İlânı Öncesi Makedonya’daki Durum ........................................ 57 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM İKİNCİ MEŞRUTİYET’İN İLÂNINDAN (1908) BÂB-I ÂLİ BASKINI’NA (1913) KADAR İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ CEMİYETİ VE OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE SOL HAREKETLER 2.1. Meşrutiyet’in İlânı (23 Temmuz 1908) ve Sonrası .................................................. 64 2.1.1. Meşrutiyet’in İlânının İlk Günlerinde Osmanlı İşçileri, Grevler, Tatil-i Eşgal Kanunu ve İttihat-Terakki ........................................................................................... 68 2.1.2. Boykot Hareketi, Liman İşçileri ve İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ....................... 75 2.2. 31 Mart Olayı ve İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti .......................................................... 82 2.3. İkinci Meşrutiyet’in İlânı’ndan Sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nde Sol Düşünce ve İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ........................................................................................................ 96 2.3.1. Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası ve İttihat-Terakki ................................................... 109 2.4. Trablusgarp Savaşı’ndan (1911) Bâb-ı Âli Baskını’na Kadar (1913) Gelişmeler . 114 2.4.1. Balkan Savaşı ve Bâb-ı Âli Baskını ................................................................ 123 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM MAHMUD ŞEVKET PAŞA SUİKASTINDAN (1913) SON İTTİHAT VE TERAKKİ KONGRESİ’NE (1918) KADAR GELİŞMELER 3.1. Mahmud Şevket Paşa Suikastı ............................................................................... 130 vi 3.2. Said Halim Paşa Kabinesinin Kuruluşundan Son İttihat ve Terakki Kongresi’ne Kadar Gelişmeler .......................................................................................................... 132 3.2.1. Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve İttihat ve Terakki ..................................................... 134 3.2.2. 1917 Bolşevik İhtilâli ve Sonrası .................................................................... 142 3.2.3. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Son Kongresi ................................................ 147 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 149 KAYNAKLAR ............................................................................................................. 152 ÖZGEÇMİŞ .................................................................................................................. 177 vii SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ age. adı geçen eser agm. adı geçen makale bkz. bakınız BOA Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi der. derleyen ed. editör haz. hazırlayan s. sayfa 1 GİRİŞ Bu çalışmaya başlama kararı “II. Meşrutiyetin İlanından Tatil-i Eşgal Kanunu’na (1909) Osmanlı Payitahtında İşçi Hareketleri” isimli çalışmayı hazırlarken alınmıştır. 1 Bu dönemde, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, toplumu oluşturan kitleleri örgütleme ve mobilize etme görevini üstlenmiş ve kitlelerin hak arama ve seslerini duyurma mücadelesine destek
Recommended publications
  • Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies
    Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies No: | 20 5 December 20 Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies Year 3, Issue 5 December 2020 e-ISSN: 2667-470X editors Editor in Chief and Owner Mehmet HACISALİHOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University, Director of Center for Balkan and Black Sea Studies (BALKAR) Special Issue Editors Lyubomir POZHARLIEV, Dr. phil., Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig Florian RIEDLER, Dr. phil., University of Leipzig Stefan ROHDEWALD, Prof. Dr., University of Leipzig Managing/Section Editors Former Yugoslavia: Responsible Director: Hakan DEMİR, PhD., Sakarya University Jahja MUHASILOVIĆ, PhD. International University of Sarajevo Greece, Cyprus: Deniz ERTUĞ, PhD., Istanbul Albania, Kosovo: Fatih Fuat TUNCER, Assist. Prof. Dr., Istanbul Gelişim University Caucasus, Russia: Keisuke WAKIZAKA, Assist. Prof. Dr., Istanbul Gelişim University Bulgaria, Romania: Cengiz YOLCU, PhD cand., Istanbul 29 Mayıs University Secretary Ersin YILMAZ, Zeyneb GÖKÇE (YTU BALKAR Assistants) Editorial Board Chair: Mehmet HACISALİHOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Fuat AKSU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Isa BLUMI, Prof. Dr., American University of Sharjah Cengiz ÇAĞLA, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Ali ÇAKSU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Bilgin ÇELİK, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dokuz Eylül University Neriman ERSOY-HACISALİHOĞLU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Ayşe KAYAPINAR, Prof. Dr., National Defence University Levent KAYAPINAR, Prof. Dr., Ankara University Elçin MACAR, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Çiğdem NAS, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Nurcan ÖZGÜR-BAKLACIOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Esra ÖZSÜER, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Laçin İdil ÖZTIĞ, Assoc. Prof. Yıldız Technical University Milena PETKOVA, Assist. Prof. Dr., Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia Cevdet ŞANLI, Assist.
    [Show full text]
  • Istorijski ^Asopis Kњ. Lxv (2016) Udc 93/94 Yu Issn 0350­0802
    ISTORIJSKI ^ASOPIS Kњ. LXV (2016) UDC 93/94 YU ISSN 0350­0802 INSTITUTE OF HISTORY HISTORICAL REVIEW Vol. LXV (2016) Editorial board Mihailo Vojvodić, Biljana Vučetić, Neven Isailović, Jovanka Kalić, Tatjana Katić, Angeliki Konstantakopoulou (Greece), Giuseppe Motta (Italy), Konstantin Nikiforov (Russia), Ana Stolić, Ilija Todev (Bulgaria), Lubomíra Havlíková (Czech Republic) Editor­in­chief Srđan Rudić, Ph.D. Director of the Institute of History BELGRADE 2016 УДК 93/94 YU ISSN 0350­0802 ИСТОРИЈСКИ ИНСТИТУТ ИСТОРИЈСКИ ЧАСОПИС Kњ. LXV (2016) Редакциони одбор Михаило Војводић, Биљана Вучетић, Невен Исаиловић, Јованка Калић, Татјана Катић, Ангелики Константакопулу (Грчка), Ђузепе Мота (Италија), Константин Никофоров (Русија), Ана Столић, Илија Тодев (Бугарска), Љубомира Хавликова (Чешка) Одговорни уредник др Срђан Рудић директор Историјског института БЕОГРАД 2016 Ovaj broj Istorijskog ~asopisa {tampan je uz finansijsku pomo} Министарства просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Vlade Republike Srbije САДРЖАЈ ЧЛАНЦИ И РАСПРАВЕ Ивана Коматина ВЕЛИКО КРАЉЕВСТВО ОД ПРВА: КРУНИСАЊЕ СТЕФАНА НЕМАЊИЋА И „ТРАДИЦИЈА ДУКЉАНСКОГ КРАЉЕВСТВА“ 15 Роман Хаутала СВЕДЕНИЯ ФРАНЦИСКАНСКИХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ О КАТОЛИЧЕСКОЙ МИССИОНЕРСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ЗОЛОТОЙ ОРДЕ 35 Aleksandar Uzelac THE PORT OF MAUROCASTRO, EMPEROR THEODORE SVETOSLAV AND THE TATAR ELITE IN THE PONTIC STEPPES 45 Небојша Порчић О УПОТРЕБИ ПОЈМА ВЛАДАРСКЕ МИЛОСТИ У СРПСКИМ СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНИМ ДОКУМЕНТИМА НАМЕЊЕНИМ ДУБРОВЧАНИМА 61 Марија Васиљевић ГЕНЕАЛОГИЈЕ ИЗМЕЂУ ИСТОРИЈЕ И ИДЕОЛОГИЈЕ: ПРИМЕР ПОРЕКЛА КНЕГИЊЕ МИЛИЦЕ 79 Десанка Ковачевић Којић КУЋА ВОШТАНА (GETO) У ДУБРОВНИКУ ПРЕМА ТРГОВАЧКИМ КЊИГАМА БРАЋЕ КАБУЖИЋ (1426–1433) 101 Александар Крстић СРПСКИ ГРАДОВИ И ТРГОВИ У УГАРСКОЈ ГРАЂИ ИЗ ВРЕМЕНА „ДУГЕ ВОЈНЕ“ (1443–1444) 113 Кирилл Александрович Кочегаров К ИСТОРИИ РУССКО­УКРАИНСКО­СЕРБСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В НАЧАЛЕ XVIII В.: «ЗАБЫТАЯ» МИССИЯ В РОССИЮ КАПИТАНА АРСЕНИЯ ЛЕШЕВИЧА 147 Марина Матић БОРБА ЗА ДАЛМАТИНСКО­БОКЕЉСКУ ЕПИСКОПИЈУ У XVIII ВЕКУ 159 Радомир Ј.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgarian-Serbian Rapprochement in 1904 As the Basis for the Unification of the South Slavs: Remarks on Boncho Boev’S Federalist Concepts1
    ZESZYTY NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO Prace Historyczne 147, z. 2 (2020), s. 299–313 doi: 10.4467/20844069PH.20.017.12471 www.ejournals.eu/Prace-Historyczne BULGARIAN-SERBIAN RAPPROCHEMENT IN 1904 AS THE BASIS FOR THE UNIFICATION OF THE SOUTH SLAVS: REMARKS ON BONCHO BOEV’S FEDERALIST CONCEPTS1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-5264 Krzysztof Popek Jagiellonian University, Cracow (Poland) ABSTRACT The article discusses the federalist concepts of the Bulgarian economist Boncho Boev, formulated during the Bulgarian-Serbian rapprochement in 1904. The creation of a South-Slavic State would take place through the economic integration of Serbia and Bulgaria, which, by improving their economic position, would simultaneously strengthen their political situation and join Macedonia. Boev’s views are presented on the basis of speeches given during the Student Balkan Congress in Sofia on 6–8 March (22–24 February old style) 1904, and subsequently published in the Journal of the Bulgarian Economic Society as “Посещението на Сръбски крал и сръбско-българското сближение” [The Visit of the King of Serbia and the Serbian-Bulgarian Rapprochement] and “Балканската федерация като идеал на сръбско-българската младеж” [The Balkan Federation as the Ideal of the Bulgarian-Serb Youth]. Keywords: Bulgaria, Serbia, Bulgarian-Serbian relations, Balkan federalism, South Slavs. INTRODUCTION The Bulgarian-Serbian relations in the second half of the 19th and early 20th Cen- tury were not friendly in many aspects, among others in the field of politics. While in the 1860s there had been projects of rapprochement between these two Slavic na- tions, such as the Bulgarian Leagues in Belgrade or the Yugoslav Tsardom, in later years more and more areas of conflict appeared.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Danubian Studies and Research
    Journal of Danubian Studies and Research Dimensions of Cultural Variability among Local Communities in the Town of Ruse (1878-1920 Years) Lilyana Slavianova1, Rozalina Bozhilova-Kouncheva2 Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore culture as a dynamic system affected by various factors. It looks at the political and environmental factors that influence the development of the town of Ruse at the beginning of the 20 the century. It also seeks to find out how the dynamics of the political situation in the Balkans and the extreme influence of the river Danube acted on the town and its population. The analysis is based on the exploration of cultural variability according to the views of Kluckhohn and Strodbeck, Edward Hall and Geert Hofstede and states the extent to which the ethnic groups living on the territory of the town of Ruse in the reviewed period illustrate them. Theoretical clarification of cultural variability and practical research of how it is addressed in the material and spiritual context has been made. The findings from this analysis illustrate that the ethnic communities in Ruse during that period combine the contemporary concepts of multiculturalism and the variance of values traced in a diachronic aspect. The research results also reveal that the local community of Ruse and its contacts with other cultural communities are based on established attitudes of tolerance and sustainability and continuity of values that can be given as a good example in a time of growing multiculturalism and globalization, both in Europe and worldwide. It can initiate a further discussion concerning notions as multiculturalism and cultural variability on the territory of the Danube region in the period of transition and democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Economic and Cultural Effects of the Turkish Soap Operas and TV Series Exported
    8-10 September 2014- Istanbul, Turkey 103 Proceedings of SOCIOINT14- International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities EVALUATION OF THE ECONOMIC and CULTURAL EFFECTS OF THE TURKISH SOAP OPERAS and TV SERIES EXPORTED TO WORLD TVs in THE EXAMPLE OF “MUHTEŞEM YÜZYIL” and GREECE Mihalis Kuyucu 1 1 Assist.Prof., İstanbul Aydın University, TURKEY, [email protected] [email protected] Abstract The world has been watching for years the Hollywood based American soap operas from TV. These soap operas and TV series of USA has a market value of 15 billion $ globally. In the last years the Turkish soap operas have started taking the attention of the world. The Turkish soap operas and series start to be exported to European, Arabic and Balkan countries and millions of people living in these countries started watching them. The Turkish soap opera and TV series production industry is increasing its market value in the global market, this market has created a 180 million $ exportation value in the Turkish television industry in 2013. This study examines the Turkish soap opera and television series history and its movement through the exportation to global television market. The paper gives a historical review of the Turkish soap operas and television series and their effects in the Turkish television market. It examines how the television content exportation of Turkey has developed from 1970s till 2014. The study consist of a research done in Greece, which is one of the most popular exportation television content market for Turkey. In the research, the Turkish soap operas which have been exported to Greek televisions is examined and there has been an evaluation on the sample of Turkish soup opera called “Muhteşem Yüzyıl” (Magnificent Century) which was on air in Greek ANT1 TV from September 2012 till July 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Contribution
    Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies Year 3, Issue 5, December 2020, pp. 97-120. Integrating the Danube into Modern Networks of Infrastructure: The Ottoman Contribution Florian Riedler Abstract: For the Ottoman Empire, the Danube served not only as a border, but also as a means of communication and transport. This function was determined by the river’s prevailing natural conditions. Because of the geopolitical, economic, and technological developments of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, global connections came to substitute older connections with Eastern and Central Europe. This article examines the Ottoman role in this transformation of the Danube between 1830 and 1878. It focuses on infrastructure projects such as the regulation of the Iron Gate and those in the Danube Delta, and construction efforts in the Danube Province during the last decades of Ottoman rule around the Danube. Keywords: Danube, river transport, Ottoman Empire 1. Introduction Hayrullah Efendi (1818–1866), an Ottoman doctor, official, and intellectual of the Tanzimat period, was also the author of the first Ottoman tourist guide. His Travel Book (Yolculuk Kitabı), which he wrote in Dr. phil., University of Leipzig, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4908-3727 e-mail: [email protected] Submitted: 02.03.2020, Accepted: 15.12.2020 FLORIAN RIEDLER 1864 but for unknown reasons was not published, is an account of the author’s journeys to Europe.1 In contrast to earlier such accounts, which had been written exclusively by Ottoman ambassadors, Hayrullah adds practical information about the best travel routes, ticket prices, necessary luggage, places to eat, and places to stay, just as any present-day guidebook would.
    [Show full text]
  • From the History of Trade and Banking in Svishtov
    FROM THE HISTORY OF TRADE AND BANKING IN SVISHTOV. TRADING-AND-BANKING (MONEY-CHANGING) COMPANIES AND BANKING HOUSES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR THE TOWN ECONOMY (1878-1912)1 Assoc. Prof. Margarita MARINOVA, Ph.D.2 International Business School E-mail: [email protected]/ Lecturer Emiliya VACHEVA3 D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Based on archival sources not used so far, periodicals and other sources of information, the study reviews the economic life of Svishtov in the period 1878-1912, with an emphasis on the development of trade. Against this background, it examines the issue of re-directing trading capital to banking. The focus of the study is the trading-and-banking (money-changing) companies and banking houses (8 partnerships and 9 sole proprietorships). The study answers a wide range of questions concerning their emergence, institutional 1 The Editorial Board of the Economics 21 journal, accepted the study for publication with information sources quoted in the traditional manner (i.e. via footnotes) so that it would be easier for readers to follow references . Due to the specific features of this economic and historical study, which is based on consulting numerous historical sources (archival materials, periodicals, collections of documents, etc.), as well as on some surveys (papers, reports, etc.), the use of the APA Style required by the editors, in addition to technical difficulties, would make the paper somewhat ‘clumsy’ and difficult to read. 2 Assoc. Prof. Margarita Marinova, Ph.D. contributed to writing this study as follows: the overall concept; the abstract; the introduction; sub-paragraph 1.2; paragraph 2; paragraph 3; the conclusion and the list of references.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies
    Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies No: | 20 5 December 20 Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies Year 3, Issue 5 December 2020 e-ISSN: 2667-470X editors Editor in Chief and Owner Mehmet HACISALİHOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University, Director of Center for Balkan and Black Sea Studies (BALKAR) Special Issue Editors Lyubomir POZHARLIEV, Dr. phil., Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig Florian RIEDLER, Dr. phil., University of Leipzig Stefan ROHDEWALD, Prof. Dr., University of Leipzig Managing/Section Editors Former Yugoslavia: Responsible Director: Hakan DEMİR, PhD., Sakarya University Jahja MUHASILOVIĆ, PhD. International University of Sarajevo Greece, Cyprus: Deniz ERTUĞ, PhD., Istanbul Albania, Kosovo: Fatih Fuat TUNCER, Assist. Prof. Dr., Istanbul Gelişim University Caucasus, Russia: Keisuke WAKIZAKA, Assist. Prof. Dr., Istanbul Gelişim University Bulgaria, Romania: Cengiz YOLCU, PhD cand., Istanbul 29 Mayıs University Secretary Ersin YILMAZ, Zeyneb GÖKÇE (YTU BALKAR Assistants) Editorial Board Chair: Mehmet HACISALİHOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Fuat AKSU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Isa BLUMI, Prof. Dr., American University of Sharjah Cengiz ÇAĞLA, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Ali ÇAKSU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Bilgin ÇELİK, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dokuz Eylül University Neriman ERSOY-HACISALİHOĞLU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Ayşe KAYAPINAR, Prof. Dr., National Defence University Levent KAYAPINAR, Prof. Dr., Ankara University Elçin MACAR, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Çiğdem NAS, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Nurcan ÖZGÜR-BAKLACIOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Esra ÖZSÜER, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Laçin İdil ÖZTIĞ, Assoc. Prof. Yıldız Technical University Milena PETKOVA, Assist. Prof. Dr., Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia Cevdet ŞANLI, Assist.
    [Show full text]
  • 001 Introduction
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Introduction Citation for published version: Bonsall, C, Boronean, V & Radovanovi, I 2008, Introduction. in C Bonsall, V Boronean & I Radovanovi (eds), The Iron Gates in Prehistory: New perspectives. BAR International Series, vol. 1893, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 1-7. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: The Iron Gates in Prehistory General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 Introduction Clive Bonsall, Vasile Boroneanţ & Ivana Radovanović This book had its origins in a symposium held at the the Iron Gates ‘gorge’ (Fig. 2) and the ‘downstream area’ University of Edinburgh from 30 March to 2 April 2000, (Fig. 3). The gorge, really a series of narrow, steep-sided which was attended by 54 archaeologists with a shared in- canyons separated by sections where the valley is wider and terest in the prehistory of the small but distinctive region of the sides less steep, cuts a winding course for 134 km Southeast Europe known as the Iron Gates (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Peace in the Pontic Steppes (1300–1302)
    GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. № 2. 2015 65 УДК 94(=511.145):327(=511.145:495.02:497.2) WAR AND PEACE IN THE PONTIC STEPPES (1300–1302) Aleksandar Uzelac (Institute of History, Belgrade) This paper discusses events in the Pontic steppes after the death of Noghai and efforts of khan Tokhta aimed at the reorganization of the right wing of the Ulus of Juchi. The political instability, bloody conflicts among Noghai’s sons, as well as conspiracies and revolts in which the khan’s closest relatives also partici- pated had grave demographic and economic consequences in the region lying between the Dnieper and Danube rivers. More than two years passed before Tokhta finally managed to establish the presence of central authority, while deal- ing with another important task at the same time – assertion of the Tatar suprema- cy in the lands bordering the Golden Horde. Keywords: Golden Horde, Ulus of Juchi, Noghai, Tokhta, Chaka, Bulgaria, center – periphery, internal conflicts. Turbulent events that followed the death of Noghai and khan Tokhta’s policies aimed at reorganization of the lands that belonged to his bitter enemy are usually presented and outlined briefly. However in sever- al recent studies, written by Russian, Hungarian and Romanian scholars, their significance was duly noted [13, p. 141–147; 43, p. 259–263; 58, p. 91–98]. A critical look at the affairs in the Pontic steppes between 1300 and 1302 is important for numerous reasons. At the first place, it casts a much needed light upon the ambiguous character of mutual relations be- tween the central power and local steppe aristocracy; furthermore, it offers insight into internal organization of the western parts of the Golden Horde; last but not least, it provides the possibility to assess how internal struggles among the Tatars reflected on neighboring lands.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Schooling, Islamization
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Schooling, Islamization, and Religious Mobilization in Turkey A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Zeynep Ozgen 2014 © Copyright by Zeynep Ozgen 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Schooling, Islamization, and Religious Mobilization in Turkey by Zeynep Ozgen Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Rogers Brubaker, Chair Scholars of Islamist mobilization commonly rely on typological explanations to interpret the motivations, strategies, and goals of religious activists. Such explanations often characterize Islamist movements as “political” or “militant” when they contest state power, and as “civil” or “apolitical” when they do not. This dissertation seeks to overcome the prevailing typological tendencies in the literature and to rethink the conventional dichotomies of the political and the social. The dissertation examines a religious pedagogical movement in Turkey that eschews conventional institutions of politics, and focuses, on the surface, on “teaching religion to fellow Muslims.” In doing so, it aims to explain why, how, and with what consequences social movements challenge the state’s monopoly over forming and reforming individuals, their morality, subjectivity, and culture. The dissertation draws on eighteen months of fieldwork in Turkey in formal and clandestine sites of religious socialization and pedagogy, one hundred interviews with key local and national actors, and archival work in national libraries. The ii dissertation makes three contributions to the study of social movements, politics, and social change. First, it advances the social movement literature by documenting how presumably non- political movements that appear on the surface to be concerned with moral reform are in fact deeply political and transformative in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgarian-Serbian Rapprochement in 1904 As the Basis for the Unification of the South Slavs: Remarks on Boncho Boev’S Federalist Concepts1
    ZESZYTY NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO Prace Historyczne 147, z. 2 (2020), s. 299–313 doi: 10.4467/20844069PH.20.017.12471 www.ejournals.eu/Prace-Historyczne BULGARIAN-SERBIAN RAPPROCHEMENT IN 1904 AS THE BASIS FOR THE UNIFICATION OF THE SOUTH SLAVS: REMARKS ON BONCHO BOEV’S FEDERALIST CONCEPTS1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-5264 Krzysztof Popek Jagiellonian University, Cracow (Poland) ABSTRACT The article discusses the federalist concepts of the Bulgarian economist Boncho Boev, formulated during the Bulgarian-Serbian rapprochement in 1904. The creation of a South-Slavic State would take place through the economic integration of Serbia and Bulgaria, which, by improving their economic position, would simultaneously strengthen their political situation and join Macedonia. Boev’s views are presented on the basis of speeches given during the Student Balkan Congress in Sofia on 6–8 March (22–24 February old style) 1904, and subsequently published in the Journal of the Bulgarian Economic Society as “Посещението на Сръбски крал и сръбско-българското сближение” [The Visit of the King of Serbia and the Serbian-Bulgarian Rapprochement] and “Балканската федерация като идеал на сръбско-българската младеж” [The Balkan Federation as the Ideal of the Bulgarian-Serb Youth]. Keywords: Bulgaria, Serbia, Bulgarian-Serbian relations, Balkan federalism, South Slavs. INTRODUCTION The Bulgarian-Serbian relations in the second half of the 19th and early 20th Cen- tury were not friendly in many aspects, among others in the field of politics. While in the 1860s there had been projects of rapprochement between these two Slavic na- tions, such as the Bulgarian Leagues in Belgrade or the Yugoslav Tsardom, in later years more and more areas of conflict appeared.
    [Show full text]