Fekky Noviyanti Rifanni

THE REPRESENTATION OF THE STORY OF ADAM AND EVE

IN THE SHORT-MUSIC FILM OF TROPICO (2012)

A thesis

Submmited to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Accomplishment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1

Fekky Noviyanti Rifanni

NIM: 1112026000085

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2017

ABSTRACT

Fekky Noviyanti Rifanni, NIM: 1112026000085, The Representation of the Story of Adam and Eve in the Short Music-Film of Tropico (2012). Thesis: English Language and Literature, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017 This research analyzes the story of Adam and Eve of the short music-film Tropico in 2012. This research aims to know about how the representation of Adam and Eve’s story in this short music-film of Tropico. This research use qualitative method and descriptive analysis technique to analyze the short music- film. This research also uses two theories, theory of representation by Stuart Hall and theory of poetry by Laurence Perrine, to analyze the data.Based on the research, the representation of Adam and Eve’s story depicts the phases of Adam and Eve’s life. The first phase is described through the lyric of “Body Electric” lyric. The first phase happens in Heaven where Adam and Eve have everything they need, and they are an angel. The second phase is the phase where Adam and Eve are no longer an angel, but as a normal human. They face a hard life and struggle to survive. It is described through the lyric of “Gods and Monsters”. The last is the phase of Adam and Eve who wish for redemption and try to be a better person. The last phase is described through the lyric of “Bel Air”.

Keywords: Adam and Eve, Tropico, short-music film, representation, lyrics, poetry, hard life, changes, better person, phases of life.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Glorious, the Most Merciful

Praise be to Allah SWT, the lord of universe, who has created heavens and

earth, who has created mandkind and all that we preceive. The writer finally could

finish her thesis with His blessing and mercy. Peace and blessing be upon the

prophet Muhammad SAW, his families, friends, and followers.

The writer would like to express a special thanks to her father, Rifwoyo,

and her mother, Yuyu Yulianti, and her two little sisters, Mayang Widyaningrum

and Raghel Yoansyahrani because of their love and support in all the way and

condition that the writer went through for finishing this thesis.

A special thanks is also given to the writer’s advisor, Mrs. Maria Ulfa,

M.A.,M.Hum for her great patients, times, advices, and contributions in finishing

this thesis. May Allah SWT bless her and her family.

The writer also would like to convey her sincere gratitude particularly to:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty of State

Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd as the Head of English Language and Literature Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Language and Literature

Department.

4. All lectures in English Language and Literature Department who have thaught

and educated her during her studies at the university which the writer cannot

mention one by one.

5. My classmates in English Language and Literature C class 2012, and The

Literature class 2012: Abrar, Acha, Adit, Agung, Ali, Aya, Aliffaiz, Dede, Deny,

Dilah, Egi, Fachrial, Fajar, Fauzier, Fita, Icha, Ijal, Luthfi, Mega, Memet, Mita,

Moro, Nanda, Nia, Nunu, Padel, Rida, Reza, Sharfina, Tami, and Zaki.

6. Thanks to all of friends in the English Language and Literature class 2012

7. My dearest Gangs who have supported to: SYRs (Fany, Devy, Evi, Unge, Sandy,

Nyai, April, Pute), Geng ATC (Rere, Karina, Icha, Rifa, Nova), LOL Girls (Ulfa,

Denise, Gading, Acil, Fasya, Ruli), and Dungde ( Emma and Putri).

8. Thanks to my thesis struggle team: Fita Megeta Sari and Aliffaiz Achmad Iman.

9. The KKN Pribumi group (Rifa, Nuke, Ikhwan, Ramli, Irfan, Ami, Kiky, Zahro,

Mery, Tika, Qory, Akrim, Bama, Refan), Ibu Nana (Almh.), and Cimanggu 1

citizen.

10. Also thanks to all my family and my friends who cannot be mentioned one by

one, who already give their support, attention and care to the writer so I could

finish the thesis.

The writer hopes and prays that Allah SWT blesses, guides, and protects them all.

The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Hence, the writer will

be very open to any suggestions and critics.

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ...... i APPROVEMENT ...... ii LEGALIZATION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. DECLARATION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iv TABLE OF CONTENT ...... i

Chapter I ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 A. The Background of the Research ...... 1 B. The Focus of the Research ...... 4 C. The Research Question ...... 4 D. The Significance of the Research ...... 5 E. The Methodology of the Research ...... 5 a. The Method of the Research ...... 5 b. The Objective of the Research ...... 7 c. The Technique of Data Analysis ...... 8 d. The Instrument of the Research ...... 8 e. The Unit Analysis of the Research ...... 8 f. The Time and Place of the Research ...... 9 Chapter II ...... 10 Theoretical Framework ...... 10 A. Previous Research ...... 10 B. Song Lyric ...... 11 a. Poetry ...... 12 b. The Elements of Poetry...... 13 C. The Theory of Representation of Stuart Hall...... 18 a. Systems of Representation ...... 18

b. Approaches in Representation ...... 19 Chapter III ...... 21 Research Finding ...... 21 A. Lyrics and Short-Music Film Analysis...... 21 a. “Body Electric” Lyric ...... 22 b. “Gods and Monsters” Lyric ...... 31 c. “Bel Air” Lyric ...... 38 B. Representation Analysis ...... 43 a. Representation of the Life of Adam and Eve in Heaven ...... 43 b. Representation of the Life of Adam and Eve on Earth...... 46 c. Representation of the Life of Adam and Eve for Better People ...... 49 Chapter IV ...... 54 Conclusion and Suggestion ...... 53 A. Conclusion ...... 54 B. Suggestion ...... 56 Works Cited ...... 57 Appendix ...... 58

Chapter I

Introduction

A. The Background of the Research

Explanation and discussion about the origin of human on earth has occured since thousand years ago. In holy books, like Quran and Bible, the existence of the origin of human on earth has been told from the creation until how they come to earth. Moreover, many scientists and researchers purpose their ideas and theories in light of finding the fact of the first human on earth, for example, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Darwin argues that man is a form of apes evolution. Darwin claims that the appearance of the first human as apes which later transform into the human appearance in nowadays come through a long process of nature selection

(Bucaille). Arise from his theory that a man is an evolution product of apes, many scientists and researchers discover apes fossils with human characteristics. Based on Darwin’s theory, in the ancient centuries when men ascribed from apes, their ways of life is similiar with apes. Afterwards, in course of time, they have to adapt along with nature changes whether it is physical or behavior. Physical changes may occur to them as well as they face their life and depend on their need of life.

Whereas according to some theologies, the origin of human on earth has already explained in the holy Scriptures of some religions, such as in Christian religion stated in the Old Testament, and in Islam religion which is stated in

Quran. In the Old Testament, the first humans on earth were Adam and Eve

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(Genesis 2:7-18) (Springs). In Islam, the origin of humans on earth were Adam and Hawa written in Quran and cited in many Surah of Quran. Some of them are

Al Baqarah (2:35-36), Al Imran (3:59), and Al A’raf (7: 20-23) (Shaikh and

Khatri).

The origin of human beings on earth is more debateable in the field of sciences and among researchers. Whereas in the field of religions, it is not much debated because it is part of the belief of each religion. However, in the field of arts, there are a number of works of art with various versions that have been created in relation to the story of Adam and Eve.

The phenomena of the origin of humans on earth and its characteristics have inspired people in making a creation as a theme of their artwork. In the field of literature, some men of letters insert the story of Adam and Eve to their works, such as John Milton with his Paradise Lost,William Shakespear’s Hamlet, novels by Golding entitled Lord of the Flies and The Spire, and D.H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers ("Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve,'Second Adam'"). The story of

Adam and Eve also influences music field. Some musicians express and show it through their songs, for example, Bob Marley sings his song entitled “Adam and

Eve”, Tahiti 80 group with their song “Darlin’”, Kasey Chambers with“Adam and

Eve”, Incubus band with their song “Serpent Temptation”¸ Nat King Cole with

“Hold My Hand”, and many more. While some movies that represent Adam or

Eve are Fearless (1993), City of Angles (1998), The Truman Show (1998), and

Adam and Eve (2005).

Arose from the phenomena above, a representation about the story of the origin of humans on earth is also shown in a short-music film of Tropico. Tropico depicts about the phases of Adam and Eve’s life, where Adam and Eve have to struggle to live in hard life when they live on Earth. The narration of the story in the short-music film is delivered by using some songs. Each song delivers each different story of Adam and Eve in three different phases of life. Another uniqueness of this short-music film is that not only Adam and Eve that are shown but there are also some iconic figures like John Wayne, Elvis Presley, and

Marilyn Monroe. Based on the short music-film of Tropico, the focus of this research is the representation of the story of Adam and Eve in the short music- film and its three lyrics.

Tropico is catagorized as a short music-film published in 2012 directed by Anthony Mendler and writen by Lana Del Rey. It is called short music-film because the short-music film contains three songs that become a narration of its story. The first song is “Body Electric”, written by Lana Del Rey and Rick

Nowels. The second is “Gods & Monsters”, written by Elizabenth Grant (as known as Lana Del Rey) and Tim Lacombre. The last is “Bel Air”, written by

Lana Del Rey and Daniel Heath (Mendler). It is also called a short film because the lenght of its film is about 28 minutes. Short film, according to the American

Heritage Dictionary is defined as a brief film often shown before a feature-length film. The American Motion Picture Academy defines short film as “any film less than forty minutes” (Simon).

Tropico presents a story of how human is covered by sins and wish for redemption. The short-music film starring by Lana Del Rey as Eve and Shaun

Ross as Adam. The story of Adam and Eve in this short-music film is different from some religions’ versions because the story of Adam and Eve is created in an art version through the elements of poetry, especially symbol.

The short-music film is devided into three parts of different stories. The first chapter is when Adam and Eve in Heaven until then they casted out from The

Garden of Eden because of disobeying God’s command. The song of “Body

Electric” narrates this chapter. The second chapter tells about the life of Adam and

Eve when they are on Earth. Both Adam and Eve live together. In this chapter, the short-music film depicts Eve as a striptease while Adam as a salesman in a store.

The song in this part is “Gods and Monsters”. The last is that both Adam and Eve wish for redemption and return to Heaven. The last chapter of the short-music film is narrated with “Bel Air” until the end of the short-music film.

Based on the background above, the story of Adam and Eve which is represented through Adam and Eve in this short-music film and its three lyrics are the focus of this research. The story of Adam and Eve and the three lyrics of the short music-film are described and analyzed to understand the representation of the story of Adam and Eve in the short music-film of Tropico as an art work.

B. The Focus of the Research

Based on the background of the study above, the research focuses in the representation of the story of Adam and Eve and the three lyrics of the short- music film of Tropico.

C. The Research Question

Based on the focus of the research above, the research questions are:

1. How does the three lyrics of the short music-film of Tropico describe the

story of Adam and Eve through the elements of poetry?

2. How does the short-music film of Tropico and its three lyrics represent the

story of Adam and Eve?

D. The Significance of the Research

According to Creswell, significance of study appeared to deliver particular problem of the research for different groups which had been analyzed by the researcher that may profit for future reading and future study (Creswell

119). Therefore, the significance of the research is to understand the short music- film that tells a story of Adam and Eve in the field of literary works and arts and in the media of short music-film that is rarely used for research. The result of this research hopefully would gain some useful knowledge to the researcher, the readers of this research, and the viewers of its short music-film. This research hopefully can contribute to the richness of the topics in literature study and film study.

E. The Methodology of the Research

Methodology of this research is devided into five parts. There are : a)

Method of the Research, b) Objective of the Research, c) Technique of the Data

Analysis, d) Instrument of the Research, e) Unit Analysis of the Research, and f)

Time and Place of the Research.

a. The Method of the Research

Creswell noted in his book, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches that there are three kinds of research methods, there are qualitative research method, quantitative research method, and mixed method research. Qualiative is an approach for exploring the individuals meaning or group ascribed to a social or human problem. Quantitative is defined as an approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables and statistical analysis. Mixed method research is an approach to inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms of data, and using distinct design that may involve philosophical assumption and theoretical framework (Creswell 4).

This research uses qualitative research as the method of the research.

Creswell writes that qualitative research relies on text and image data. He also asserts that in qualitative research method the researchers might study individuals

(narrative, phenomenology); explore process, activities and events (case study, grounded theory); or learn about broad culture sharing behavior of indviduals or groups (ethnography) (Creswell 183).

Creswell points out several criteria that qualitative researcher might apply to their research. The first is the research problem of its research. In qualitative researchs, researcher tends to analyze and explore more about a concept or phenomenon that appears from the research’s object (Creswell 20).

Qualitative method identically employs an open-ended question and research field among text or image data. The second is personal experience. Creswell believes

“individuals who enjoy writing in literary way or conducting personal interviews or making up-close observations” is best use qualitative method. The last criteria of selecting qualitative as a method of research is the audience. The researchers’ aim of the research is that their study can be accepted in their field of study that involves audience such as journal editor and readers, faculty committee or collegue in field (Creswell 21).

Regarding several criteria above, research problems or questions that arose from the research object and study field become the motive of using qualitative research method. The research questions need to be answered and explored in order to know about the descriptions of the three lyrics of the short music-film of Tropico and the representation of the story of Adam and Eve in the short music-film of Tropico.

Analysis of the data is constructed from any of particulars part to general theme. Thereupon, the researcher makes the intrepretation based on the data collection. Qualitative research locates their research activity in variety locations for analysis that depends on the fact or the data of the research. In collecting the data, the researcher is able to make a hypothesis or research question (Santana K

47). For this research, the main data are from the short music-film and its three lyrics especially related to Adam and Eve. b. The Objective of the Research

The general objective of this research is to study and analyze a short music film about Adam and Eve through poetry theory because song lyric is one of the

kinds of poetry and representation theory. Whereas, the specific purpose of this research is to answer the research questions. So, the spesific purposes are:

1. To know how the three lyrics of the short music film of Tropico describe

the story of Adam and Eve through the elements of poetry.

2. To know how the short-music film of Tropico and its three lyrics

represent the story of Adam and Eve. c. The Technique of Data Analysis

This research uses descriptive analysis technique. In using descriptive analysis, the researcher tends to describe facts that appear from the data collection. The researcher also gives their deep interpretation and deep understanding to comprehend the meaning of their data (Santana K 53).

In analyzing this research, first of all, the short-music film of Tropico as a prime data of the research is watched for many times. When watching the film, the focus is on the descriptions of Adam and Eve. Thus, collects the data for the analysis. The data then are analysed by using theory of poetry by Laurence

Perrine and theory of representation by Stuart Hall. The last, the analysis is concluded. d. The Instrument of the Research

The instrument of the research is what is used by the researcher to collect information of the research. The instrument of this research is myself as the researcher by watching the film for many times, identifying data of the research and related elements appeared in the film, such as the storyline, the scene, thedialogue script, the lyrics of the songs, the audio and visual compositions,

symbols, settings and the background. Afterwads, the data are analyzed and concluded. e. The Unit Analysis of the Research

The unit analyses in this research are the short-music film of Tropico and its three lyrics. Tropico is a short music-film directed by Anthony Mendler and written by Lana Del Rey. This short music-film was released in 2012 and produced by Jennifer Chavarria, Heather Heller, and Karl Reid (IMDb). The film contains three lyrics with three different titles. There are “Body Electric” written by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels, “Gods and Monsters” written by Lana Del

Rey and Tim Lacombe, and “Bel Air” written by Lana Del Rey. f. The Time and Place of the Research

The research started from March 2016 in the main library of State Islamic

University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta and some other libraries that support the materials needed to do this research.

Chapter II

Theoretical Framework

This chapter provides some of previous researches related of the research, theories, and concept of Adam and Eve. The theories used in this research are theory of poetry and the theory of representation. Theory of poetry is used as a basic for the analysis of the three lyrics and theory of representation by

Stuart Hall is used to reveal the representation from the story of Adam and Eve.

A. Previous Research

Some previous researches which are related to this research have been found. A research with the same corpus has been found. The research is done by

Athina Chrissaki (2014) with title “Tropico- ‘A Tale of Redemption Told to the

Music of Body Electric, Gods and Monsters, Bel Air’”. This research is published on December 9, 2014 by Prezi Inc. In this research, Chrissaki analyzed the corpus by using music theory which focused on explaining its music as narrative of the film (Chrissaki). Chrissaki’s research is different with this research because it analysis uses music theory while this research in analyzing and describing the representation of Adam and Eve uses theory of poetry and theory of representation.

Another previous research is a representation of Eve in Katie Edwards’s thesis entitled Sex and the Garden: Representation of Eve in Postfeminist Popular

Culture. This thesis was published in 2008 by the Department of Biblical Studies.

Edrward’s thesis uses different unit analysis that is not the short-music film of

Tropico. The thesis focuses in analyzing representation of Eve in advertising and

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film. Edward’s thesis uses theory of postfeminist by Sarah Projansky. Edward’s thesis found that the image of Eve produced in two eras was a result of the cultural function of the image. Edward concludes that the image of Eve is to utter a stereotype of Eve in some eras to attach an advertisers’ interest (Edwards).

Another previous research is found in a journal entitled “The Creation and the Fall of Adam and Eve: Literal, Symbolic, or Myth?” written by Mark

Pretorius. This thesis was published on September 2001 by Conspectus (South

African Theological Seminary). The purpose of the writing is to emphasize another meaning other than mythological anecdotes from the characters and the events in the Creation and the Fall of Adam and Eve. Pretorius concludes that the characters in the narative of the fall are literal characters according to theological understanding (Pretorius).

To conclude, one research has been found with the same corpus, named

Tropico. This research uses music theory. The other two researchs both analyze

Adam and Eve but from different corpus. It can be said that so far there is no research about the representation of Adam and Eve in the short music-film of

Tropico and its three lyrics by using theory of poetry and theory of representation.

The readers of this research can gain and refresh their knowledge by reading this research, because this topic of research is a short music-film which songs inside the short-music film are the narration of the short-music film. This research also can be considered as reference for next researchers.

B. Song Lyric

When people listen to song, they tend to enjoy either the music of its song or concerns about the content of the lyric. Many songs successed to create happiness for its listerners. Melodies, instruments, and lyrics can also build mood.

Similary with poem which is made to express someone’s feeling or to express their thought through its words, a song can also express feeling. Through its lyric, a song can deliver messages, opinions, or even describes some particular things that happen. Lyric has similar intention like a poem, which is to tell a story, to reveal human character, to impart a vivid impression of a scene, to express a mood or an emotion, or to present some ideas or attitudes (Perrine 25).

Kennedy and Gioia explains in their book An Introduction to Poetry about a lyric of a song that can be catagorized as one kind of the poetry.

“This song falls into stanza—as may poems that resembles songs also do. A stanza [...] is a group of lines whose pattern is repeated throughout the poem. Most songs have more than one stanza. When printed, the stanza of songs and poems usually are set off one another by space. When sung, stanzas of songs are indicated by a pause or by the introduction of a refrain, or chorus (a line or lines repeated)” (Kennedy, X. J . Gioia 143) a. Poetry

Poetry is devided into three kinds of poetry namely lyric poetry, narrative poetry, and dramatic poetry. Lyric poetry is a short poem expressing thoughts and feelings of speaker. When poets write a lyric poem, they usually use a single speaker in the poem. The lyric may descibe an experience with or without the author’s experience. People who made a lyric poem intend to express theire motional feeling or opinion and insert some musical elements to the poem such as ryhme, rhythm,or music element (Kennedy, X. J . Gioia 10) .

“People still think of lyric as a lyre strummings, they expect a lyric to be an outburst of feeling, somewhat resembling a song, at least containing musical elements such as rime, rythm, or sound effect. [...] people also call its as lyric when such contemporary poet write short poems in which they voice an opinion or complicated feeling—poems that no reader would dream of trying to sing”. (Kennedy, X. J . Gioia 10)

Narrative poetry is defined as a poem aims to tell a story. As narrative poetry is to tell a story, so the author of the poem inserts some insrument of fiction to their poem. The poem must have a plot, a setting, characters and situation. Meanwhile, Dramatic poetry presents the voice of imaginary character

(or characters) speaking directly, without any additional narration by the author.

(Kennedy, X. J . Gioia 12-15). b. The Elements of Poetry

According to Perrine, poetry consist of several elements namely denotation and connotation, imagery, figurative language, allusion, meaning and idea, rhythm and meter, sound and meaning, and pattern. This research finds some of the elements of poetry in the three lyrics of Tropico namely imagery, figurative language, allusion, and meaning and idea.

1) Imagery

Imagery is defined as a representation of sense experience through language. Perrine catagorized the element of imagery into seven elements. There are visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, organic, kinesthetic, and gustatory. Visual describes what we see, for example, “Birds fly across the bridge”. Auditory can represents a sound, for instance “A tap at a pane”. Olfactory represents a smell, for instance “then a mile of warm sea-scented beach”. Tactile represents an experience like hardness, wetness, warm, and cold. Organic represents internal

sensation such as hunger, thirsty or nausea. Kinesthetic represents movement or tension in the muscles or joins. The last is gustatory which represents about taste

(Perrine 54)

2) Figurative Language

According to Perrine, figurative language is a way of saying something other than the ordinary way. Perrine explains that there are some elements of figurative language, there are metaphor, simile, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, understatement, overstatement, and irony (Perrine 64-118).

a. Metaphor and Simile

Metaphor and simile are both comparisons between things essentially unlike. In term of simile¸ we can find signal phrase such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles in the text or poem. For example, she is like a goddess. While in metaphor, the comparison is implied, where there is no signal phrase like simile

(Perrine 65). For example, he is the apple of my eye. b. Personification and Apostrophe

Personification is defined in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or an idea. Personification differs in the degree to which they ask the reader actually to visualize the literal term in human form. For example, the fire eat all the building. Apostrophe uses someone’s absent or something nonhuman into their work as if they’re alive and present (Perrine 67). For example, “Oh night sky! I know you can see how much I love her”.

c. Synecdoche and Metonymy

Sydnecdoche is the use only a part of something to present the whole content, while metonymy is defined as the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant (Perrine 69). In synecdoche, for example, the word coke for cola drink, “buy me a bottle of coke”. The use of coke is more figurative than cola drink. In metonymy, for example, it’s a good Friday. d. Symbol

Symbol is defined as something that means more that what it is. Image, metaphor, and symbol shade into each other and are sometimes difficult to distinguist (Perrine 81). For example, Robert Frost in The Road Not Taken writes the speaker confuse about which path he should take. The symbol comes up from the choise of the path where the path may stand for another meaning of any other contents like determined where to choose a college or what to cook between spagetty or noodles. e. Allegory

Allegory is a narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface one. Although the surface story or description may have its own interest, the autor’s major interest is in the ulterior meaning (Perrine 91). For example, John Milton’s Paradise Lost is related to Christianity, good fight against evil, or God versus Satan. f. Paradox

A paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true.

It may be either a situation or a statement. In a paradoxical statement the

contradiction usually stems from one of the words being used figuratively or in more than one sense. For example, Aesop’s tale of the traveler illustrates a paradoxical situation (Perrine 109). g. Overstatement and Understatement

Overstatement or hyperbole is an exaggeration but exaggeration in the service of truth. Overstatement may be used with a variety of effects. For example, “I’ve told this to you like a hundred times!”. Antonym of overstatement or hyperbole is understatement. Understatement is saying less than one means. It may exist in what one says or merely in how one says it. For example, a Blizzard is happening while you’re outside home and you said to your friend about the situation, “It’s pretty cold, huh?” (Perrine 111-112). h. Irony

Irony has meaning that extend beyond its use merely as a figure of speech. Irony is divided into three kinds. The first is verbal irony which defined as saying the opposite of what one means and always implies the opposite of what is said. For example, you said “I’ve got a splendid weekend!” while you have to do a lot of tasks. The second, in dramatic irony, the discrepancy is not in between what the speaker says and what he means, but what the speaker says and what the author means. For example, in Romeo and Juliet¸ the audience knows that Juliet is only asleep and not dead, while Romeo believes that Juliet is dead. The third irony is irony of situation. Irony of situation is a discrepancy between the actual circumstances and those that is seem appropriate or between what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass. For example, King Midas, in the famous fable,

wishes that everything he touch will turns into gold. Unfortunately, he cannot eat because every food that he touch turns into gold. (Perrine 112-117).

3) Allusion

Allusion is a reference to something in history or previous literature. Allusions are means of reinforcing the emotion or the ideas of one’s own work with the emotion or ideas of another work or occasion. Because they are capable of saying much in so little, they are extremely useful to the poet (Perrine 135-136). On the other hand, any poet who uses an allusion into their work is often difficult to understand for the reader who does not familiar with the author’s allusion. For example, the word of “it’s a Garden of Eden” in a poem which addressing place a

Garden of Eden from Biblical Story. The reader of its poem must find and explore it more and more to the unfamiliar words.

“The poet, in using an allusion as in using a figure of speech; is always in danger of not being understood. In appealing powerfully to one reader, he may lose another reader altogether. But the poet must assume a certain fund of common experience with his reader. [...] The student ought therefore to be prepared to look up certain allusions, just as he should be eager to look up in is dictionary the meanings of unfamilliar words. He will find that very increase in knowledge will broaden his base for understanding both literature and life” (Perrine 137-138)\

4) Meaning and Idea

Meaning and idea of a poem lays either symbolically or less explicitly in the poem itself. In order to understand the meaning and idea, there is a distinction between the total meaning of the poem and the prose meaning. The total meaning of the poem is what the poem says, and the prose meaning can utter the meaning and the idea through a form of a prose. Perrine writes in her book, “The prose meaning will not necessarily or even usually be an idea. It may be a story, it may

be a description, it may be a statement of emotion, it may be a presentation of human character, or it may be some combination of these” (Perrine 148). So, the meaning and idea of a poem can implicitly be uttered through a story or description inside the poem. For example, Robert Browning’s Meeting at Night which tells a story of a meeting between a lover at night in a prose meaning.

C. The Theory of Representation of Stuart Hall

Stuart Hall asserts that representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture.

Representation involves the use of language, signs and images which stand for or represent things that connect the whole of it to a culture. In other words, representation uses language to say something meaningful about, or to represent the world meaningfully to other people (Hall 15-16). a. Systems of Representation

Stuart Hall explains the system of representation enables us to utter what’s inside our head, our mind, onto a language. The first system is called conceptual maps. In the conceptual maps, all sorts of object, people, and events are correlated with a set of concepts or mental representations which we carry around in our heads. Without them, we could not interpret the world meaningfully at all. This conceptual maps enables us refer to things both inside and outside our heads. For example, if we think about a magic thing like magic flying broom. We know how the broom’s shape is and we know how the rider of the broom rode it like in many magician film. We even imagine we ride it and fly around a city using the broom. The magic flying broom never really exist in a real world though

we know about how it looks like. Through this concept, we form a thing that we have never seen and can not or will not ever see to the others. That is called a concept made by a system of representation. This concept, that Hall defined it as conceptual maps, will only work if we share the concept into the people with same culture or an agreement concept between the same culture(Hall 18). As he asserts,

“However, we are able to communicate because we share broadly the same conceptual maps and thus make sense of or interpret the world in roughly similar ways. That is indeed what it means when we say we ‘belong to the same culture’. Because we interpret the world in roughly similar ways, we are able to buid up a shared culture of meanings and thus construct a social world which we inhabit together” (Hall 18)

The second system is language, as the continual of the first system or it may be called as a concept inside our head. Conceptual maps must be translated into a common language, so that we can correlate our concepts and ideas with certain written words, spoken sounds, or visual images. The general term we use for words, sounds or images which carry meaning is sign. This sign stands for or represent the concepts and the conceptual relations between them which we carry around in our heads and together they make up in the meaning systems of our culture. Signs are organized into languages and it is the existence of common languages which enable us to translate our thoughts (concept) into words, sound or images, and then to use these, operating as language, to express meanings and communicate thoughts to other people (Hall 18). So, we have to translate the concept in our head into language so that the other can understand about the concept that we refer to. The system of representation is needed in order to interpret one’s meaning, either it is visual signs, sound or images.

b. Approaches in Representation

Stuart Hall’s representation is devided into three approaches. There are reflective approaches, intentional approaches, and constructionist approaches. In reflective approach, the meaning is thought to lie in the object, person, idea or event in the real world, and language fuctions like a mirror, relfects the true meaning as it already exists in the world. The reflective approach works by simply reflecting or imitating the truth that already exists and fixed in the world. In intentional approach, the representation argues the opposite case. This approach holds the speaker, the author, who imposes his or her unique meaning on the world through language. Words mean what the author intends they should mean.

Intentional approach emphasize the words of author or the speaker by sharing linguistic conventions and codes. The third approach is constructionist approach.

Constructionist approach uses language system and social actors to represent a concept inside our head to make the world meaningful and put aside material world to represent(Hall 15-25).

“According to this approach, we must not confuse the material world, where things and people exist, and the symbolic practices and processes through which representation, meaning and language operate. Constructivist do not deny the existence of the material world. However, it is not the material world which conveys meaning: it is language system or whatever system we are using to represent our concept.”(Hall 25)

Based on the theory above, this research uses reflective approach.

Reflective approach imitates the truth as it already exists and fixes in the real world. It is suitable with this research to show Adam and Eve representation through Adam and Eve story in the short music-film Tropico. Hence,

representation is a process to produce meaning, to depict or to symbolize, and to stand for something through language which is used by members of culture.

Chapter III

Research Finding

In this chapter, the research questions are answered through the analysis of its three lyrics and the representation of Adam and Eve in the short-music film of Tropico. The story of Adam and Eve is represented through lyrics of songs of the short-music film. The short-music film of Tropico is divided into three chapters and each chapter contains one song/lyric as the narration.

A. Lyrics and Short-Music Film Analysis

In this section, the three lyrics of the short-music film Tropico are described and analyzed by using poetry theory through some elements of poetry namely, speaker, meaning, some of figurative languages, and allusion. Each lyric describes three different situations and conditions of Adam and Eve whose life in three different phases of life as well. The lyrics are “Body Electric”, “Gods and

Monsters”, and “Bel Air”. a. “Body Electric” Lyric

“Body Electric” lyric is the first lyric of the short music-film. It was written by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels. The song was published in 2012 by

EMI Music Publishing. The song consist of 54 lines and divided into 9 stanzas. To know more about the lyric, below is the lyric of “Body Electric”:

Elvis is my daddy, Marilyn’s my mother, Jesus is my bestest friend. We don’t need nobody 'Cause we got each other, Or at least I pretend. 5

21 23

We get down every Friday night, Dancin’ and grindin’ in the pale moonlight. Grand Ole Opry, we're feelin’ alright, Mary prays the rosary for my broken mind. (I said don't worry about it) 10

[Chorus:] I sing the body electric, I sing the body electric, baby. I sing the body electric, I sing the body electric, Sing that body electric, Sing that body electric. I’m on fire, Sing that body electric. 18

Whitman is my daddy, Monaco’s my mother, Diamonds are my bestest friend. Heaven is my baby, suicide’s her father, Opulence is the end. 22

We get down every Friday night, Dancin’ and grindin’ in the pale moonlight. Grand Ole Opry, we're feelin’ alright, Mary prays the rosary for my broken mind. (I said don't worry about it) 27

My clothes still smell like you, And all the photographs say you’re still young.

I pretend I’m not hurt And go about the world like I’m havin’ fun. 39

We get crazy every Friday night, Drop it like it’s hot in the pale moonlight. Grand Ole Opry, feelin' all right Mary's swayin’ softly to her heart's delight. 43

I sing the body electric, I sing the body electric, baby. I sing the body electric, I sing the body electric, Sing that body electric, Sing that body electric. I’m on fire, Sing that body electric. I sing the body electric, baby. I sing the body electric, baby. I sing the body electric, baby. 54 (Rey and Nowels)

“Body Electric” lyric describes about the first phase of the speaker’s life.

It is about relationship between the speaker and his/her beloved people. The lyric tells that the speaker tries to describe that his/her life is full of happiness. On the other hand, because of one thing, she pretends to be happy for the people she loves.

The speaker of the lyric is I. Related to the short music-film of this lyric, the I is known as Eve. Here, Eve describes about how she feels about her own life.

In theory of poetry, this kind of poetry is called as lyric poetry. Kennedy and

Gioia cited in their book that lyric poetry is to describe an object or recall an experience. The lyric poetry often writes about thought or feeling of a single speaker (Kennedy, X. J . Gioia 10). The speaker tries to describe that she is born

from a great mother. The speaker also describes that the connection which she has with her beloved people is not only a connection of their body but also of their soul.

In the beginning of the lyric, the speaker mentions about her family and her best friend. In line 3 – 5, the speaker says that she does not need anybody else except them because they already completed one to each other and she feels happy with that. Even if she feels sad, she still pretends that she is happy in front of them. In the lyric, the speaker mentions two different names of her family and her best friend in two different stanzas, namely Elvis, Marilyn, Whitman, Monaco,

Jesus, and Diamond. The names of Elvis, Marilyn, and Jesus are related to the short-music film of this lyric. While Whitman, Monaco, and Diamond are mentioned only in the lyric of line 19 – 20, but they do not appear in the short music-film. The names that the speaker mention as her closest family is actually some are already died and some are nonhuman. In the theory of poetry, addressing someone absent or something nonhuman as if were alive and present and could reply to what is being said is called apostrophe (Perrine 67).

Elvis is my daddy, Marilyn’s my mother/ Jesus is my bestest friend/ (Body Electric 1-2)

Whitman is my daddy, Monaco’s my mother/ Diamonds are my bestest friend/ (19-20)

The name of Elvis and Marilyn appears not only in the lyric but also in the short-music film as well. In the short-music film, they give some advice about how to live a life to Adam and Eve while they are in Heaven. Their names in the

lyric is to clarify about their appearance in the short-music film. Below is some advice that they give to Adam and Eve.

John : I wanna tell you where you at. It was me in this campsite. And I’m gonna teach you how to be cowboys. And if you want to be tough cowboys. I don’t wanna hear you crying. I don’t wanna hear you belly aching. You gonna get on that horse on that ride. Don’t be afraid. Wear your boots up high, your pants low. Learn your hat in the good way. Marilyn : Sex is a part of nature. I go along with nature! John : When you get in that, don’t be jerking on it. Just ride nice and still. Elvis : You can do it, I believe you. John : Ride with the wind. Don’t complain. Never say you’re sorry cause sorry is a sign of weakness. I don’t want you to hide from your mama because I will ran you back out. You’re a good kid. All you little cowboys will do a good job for me. Make sure you do it, pilgrim, ‘cause I’ll be watchin you. Marilyn : Life can change for a dime. Sometimes you just have to gamble. Elvis : Yeah baby, that’s what it is. That’s what it’s all about Jesus : Amen John : Don’t forget, I’ll write to your mama. (Tropico 00:01:15 – 00:02:35)

Picture 1. Marilyn, Elvis, John, and Jesus in Picture 2.Maria in Heaven Heaven (Tropico 00:01:15) (Tropico 00:01:30)

Picture 1 depicts the appearance of Marilyn, Elvis, John Wayne, and

Jesus in Heaven. Their presence is to give Adam and Eve some advices about how

life. The lyric of “Body Electric” depicts that Elvis and Marilyn are the speaker’s parents. Since at the beginning of this first chapter of the short music-film begin,

Adam and Eve were created together as the first human in Heaven. The short music-film symbolizes Elvis and Marilyn as their parents in Heaven. The lyric of

“Body Electric” points out their names as the speaker’s parents. Hence, the name of Jesus depicts as the speaker’s best friend. While in the short music-film, Jesus appears as one of the people who appear in Heaven while Adam and Eve firstly enter the Heaven. The appearance of John Wayne in the short music-film symbolizes God. The short music-film depicts John Wayne as the one who creates the world. He is the one who creates Adam and Eve as well. On the other hand, the name of John does not appear in the lyric. Another name who appears in the short music-film is Maria (Picture 2). She is the one who always prays for Adam and Eve’s goodness. She also appears in the lyric of “Body Electric” as she prays for the speaker’s goodness.

On the other hand, the names which is not appear in the short music film such as Whitman, Monaco, and Diamond, become a background as a part of Eve’s life. Whitman appearently becomes the one whom his poem is cited in “Body

Electric” lyric where title is “I Sing The Body Electric”—or the speaker of this lyric is an allusion of Walt Whitman’s poem. She uses Whitman’s poem as a reference in the lyric to describe what happen to her. Whitman’s poem talks about the work of a body, especially of woman’s body. Otherwise, the poem not only talks about woman’s body but also implies a connection between the body and

soul. In the lyric of “Body Electric”, the speaker describes the connection between them through their physical body or even soul.

Monaco and Diamond are nonhuman yet the speaker figuratively treats them as something alive. “Monaco’s my mother” and “Diamonds are my bestest friend” are symbol. A symbol is something means more than what it is (Perrine

83). Monaco is a country which is known as a highest standart living in the world

(Tourist Maker). Monaco is identic with wealth, power, and prestigous life. Here, the speaker is born from a great and precious creator who has the highest position, wealth, and power. Furthermore, diamond is a luxurious and precious things.

Since the song is presented to be a narration of the short-music film, it describes the things which appears in the short-music film of the first chapter like goat,

Pegasus, rabbits, plants and trees. Those things are all God’s creation. “Diamonds are my bestest friend” (line 20) describes about the speaker’s surrounding—God’s creations. All God’s creations are precious. So, the speaker here is surrounded with any kind of precious thing of all God’s creations.The name of Jesus is not only cited as the speaker’s bestfriend in the lyric but also appears in the short- music film. To all of the God’s creations and all the people that the speaker interact with, the speaker feels that they all have a connection through their soul, even if some of them are non-human.

The name of Adam does not appear in the “Body Electric” lyric either.

On the other side, Adam appears in the short-music film as Eve’s couple. It is shown in picture 3 below.

Picture 3.Adam and Eve in Heaven for the first time (Tropico 00:01:15) Picture 3 depicts Adam and Eve for the very first time entering Heaven before the song of “Body Electric” begin to play. At the beginning of short music-film, both

Adam and Eve are created as a couple in Heaven. Thus, they meet their advisors in that garden and listen to their advice about how to live a good life. Then, after they listen to the advice, both Adam and Eve live together in Heaven.

In the “Body Electric” lyric, the speaker—Eve—describes about an activity that she does with Adam cited in the lyric of lines 6 – 8. It tells that they enjoy their togetherness and feel happy.

We get down every Friday night, Dancin’ and grindin’ in the pale moonlight. Grand Ole Opry, we're feelin’ alright, (Body Electric 6-8)

The words “dancin’ and grindin’”contains an imagery of kinestethic where they make a movement in dancing and grinding as if they watch a music show in the

Grand Ole Opry, which is known as “home of American music” in Nashville,

America (Grand Ole Opry). The things like dancing and watching a music show can lead someone’s happiness. So this is what the speaker feels when she is around with the people she loves. Also, as they live in Heaven, they get everything they need and live in prosperous life.

On the other hand, later on, she thinks about something that makes she feels sad. As they live in Heaven and they are an angel, they are innocent and only know the goods. But, as the short music film plays, there is a scene when Adam and Eve dance in the garden. Then, Eve meets a snake hanging on a tree. The snake is known as a serpent. After she meets the snake, Eve begins tempted by the serpent. It is like Eve realizing something within herself. After that, the lyric comes to play as follow:

My clothes still smell like you, And all the photographs say you’re still young, I pretend I’m not hurt And go about the world like I’m having fun (Body Electric 36 – 39)

The lyric of “my clothes still smell like you and all the photographs say you’re still young” indicates that as if Eve sees some photographs and the object of its photo still remains and nothing changes. As if she realizes nothing change with their life and then a desire of getting changes pop up in her mind. She feels sad about that. On the other hand, the goodness side of Eve still remains as she tries to cover her sadness and pretends to be happy in front of people around them. But the temptation seems too strong for Eve and Adam finally fall into the serpent’s temptation. Because of they fall into its temptation, they eat a fruit from a forbidden tree and died.

To conclude, the “Body Electric” lyric depicts about the first phase of life of Adam and Eve in Heaven. The speaker of this lyric is Eve. The lyric uses some elements of poetry in describing about her life. First, the speaker uses apostrophe to mention about her parents and related friends. Second, the speaker uses symbol

as she mentions about where she comes from and explains how great the place where she comes from. Third, the speaker uses an allusion to explain about her connection with the people whom she loves. The last is kinesthetic imagery to shows that the speaker is happy with her life in Heaven.

This is the first chapter of the short music-film which shows about the first phase of life that happens to Adam and Eve. Since they first come to Heaven innocently, they listen to some advice of life, and Eve lives happily in Heaven with Adam and all the things around her. Until Eve or the speaker meets a snake which is known as a serpent, she falls into its temptation to eat the fruit which makes both her and Adam died. Eating the fruit which causes them to death is the first mistake they ever made in Heaven. b. “Gods and Monsters” Lyric

“Gods and Monsters” lyric is the second lyric of the short music-film. It was written by Lana Del Rey and Tim Larcombe. The song was published in 2012 by EMI / Leonard Street Songs Publishing. The lyric consists of 8 stanzas and is divided into 43 lines. The following is the lyric of “Gods and Monsters”:

In the land of Gods and Monsters I was an Angel Living in the garden of evil Screwed up, scared, doing anything that I needed Shining like a fiery beacon 4

You got that medicine I need Fame, Liquor, Love give it to me slowly Put your hands on my waist, do it softly Me and God, we don't get along so now I sing 8

No one's gonna take my soul away I'm living like Jim Morrison Headed towards a fucked up holiday Motel sprees sprees and I'm singing 'Fuck yeah give it to me this is heaven, what I trulyWant' It's innocence lost Innocence lost 15

In the land of Gods and Monsters I was an Angel Looking to get fucked hard Like a groupie incognito posing as a real singer Life imitates art 20

You got that medicine I need Dope, shoot it up, straight to the heart please I don't really wanna know what's good for me God's dead, I said 'baby that's alright with me' 24

When you talk it's like a movie and you're making me Crazy - Cause life imitates art If I get a little prettier can I be your baby? You tell me, "life isn't that hard" 36

No one's gonna take my soul away I'm living like Jim Morrison Headed towards a fucked up holiday Motel sprees sprees and I'm singing 'Fuck yeah give it to me this is heaven, what I trulyWant'

It's innocence lost Innocence lost 43 (Rey and Larcombe)

“Gods and Monsters” lyric talks about the speaker who used to be an

Angel but now the speaker no longer connected with God. The speaker, now, as she is no longer an Angel, aims to seek a happiness in the world. The speaker does everything to amuse the speaker’s self including doing anything which God prohibit. The speaker says “innocent lost” because the speaker was an Angel and the speaker seems to know what exactly makes the speaker happy, eventhough the speaker’s way of happiness is out of God’s path.

The speaker of this lyric is I. The speaker of this lyric is also known as

Eve. This lyric is a lyric poetry as the speaker describes about her life when they,

Adam and Eve, are casted out of Heaven.

In the beginning of the “Gods and Monsters” lyric, the speaker explains that she used to be an Angel who lived in a new world. The speaker uses one of the elements of poetry which is symbol to figurate her world.

In the land of Gods and Monsters I was an Angel Living in the garden of evil (Gods and Monsters 1-3)

“In the land of Gods and Monsters” becomes a symbol of her new world. Perrine asserts that symbol is defined as something that means more than what it is

(Perrine 83). The word Gods literary stand for God and Goddess. However, in this case, Gods have some meanings as something powerful, greatness, kindness, gentle, etc. Gods stand for connotating human’s characterictics of goodness.

Meanwhile, Monsters, in characteristic, means cruel and evil person. The word

Monsters in the lyric symbolizes the evil, wicked, and bad character of human. In line 3 “Living in the Garden of evil” also symbolizes the speaker’s living area is such a cruel area which is Earth.

The speaker describes that she lives a free lifestyle by comparing her life with famous artist’s life namely Jim Morrison.

I’m living like Jim Morrison/ Headed towards a fucked up holiday/ Motel sprees sprees and I’m singing/ ‘Fuck yeah give it to me this is heaven, what I truly Want’/ (Gods and Monsters 9-13)

In the line 9 “I’m living like Jim Morrison”, it is a simile. The word “like” as a signal word of simile appears to compare the speaker life with something else.

The lyric implies that the speaker compares her life with Jim Morrison’s life by using the word “like”. Jim Morrison is an American poet, song writer, and singer whose live in rebelious youth. His youth is close to things like drugs, women, and alcohol (Biography.com Editors). “Headed towards a fucked holidays/ Motel sprees sprees and I’m singing/ ‘Fuck yeah this is heaven, what I truly want’/” acknowledges the life of speaker when she is living her life that she wants. What the speaker tries to tell here is that her life is also surrounded by alcohol or even drugs and went on holiday/on the spree as much as she wants to.

In this second chapter, Adam and Eve become human who live on Earth.

Adam does not appear in the lyric of “Gods and Monsters”, but his presence is showed in the short music-film as he is Eve’s couple who fall from Heaven as well. This is the second phase of their life after they were casted out from Heaven.

Unfortunately, their life on Earth is not as happy as they live in Heaven where everything can be easy. On Earth, they face a hard life.

Picture 4.Adam as a salesman in a mini Picture 5. Eve works as a striptease market (Tropico 00:07:25) (Tropico 00:07:05)

Pictures 4 and 5 depict the occupation of Adam and Eve while they are on Earth.

Adam is depicted as a salesman in a minimarket, while Eve works as a striptease in a bar. They have to work hard if they want to survive. This phase of life is totally different from their first phase of life in Heaven. The “Gods and Monsters” lyric has cited that the speaker is described that her life seems so hard for her. It is cited in the lyric figuratively as a metonymy.

If I get a little prettier can I be your baby? You tell me, “life isn’t that hard” (Gods and Monsters 35-36)

The lyrics depicts that the speaker asks her boyfriend whether she can be his beloved one or not. But, the speaker seems not confident with herself and assumes that her boyfriend will only accept her if she is pretty. Then, her boyfriend replies with “life isn’t that hard”. This lyric indicates as a metonymy. Metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant (Perrine 69). This means, the speaker uses another words or expression or statement which is related to what the speaker means. In this lyrics, the speaker says “if I get a little prettier

can I be your baby?” to inform about how hard her life is. The word prettier is related to someone’s life, which means to make any changes more than before into one’s life. For example, she wants to live with her boyfriend and becomes his beloved. She wants to be prettier than she does only to be with her boyfriend. It means she has to work a little harder if she wants to be prettier. She has to work hard to get what she wants. Otherwise, her boyfriend’s respond is ‘life isn’t that hard’. He tries to tell that the speaker does not have to change herself if she wants to be with him. Hence, the speaker struggles with her life and tries to work on something to get anything that she wants.

“Gods and Monsters” lyric cited about the previous story or chapter of the short-music film. It is found in the lyric of lines 14-15 and repeated in lines

30-31 “It’s innocence lost/ innocence lost/”. This is an allusion of—in the biblical prespecive of Christian belief—the story of the fall of humankind. Perrine writes

“allusion—a refference to something in history or previous literature—is like a richly connotative word or a symbol, a means of suggesting far more than it says”

(Perrine 134). The lyric may seems to go as the speaker lost her innocence side because she lives rebeliously. Otherwise, the speaker recalls the tragedy when

Adam and Eve were casted out of Heaven. They used to live innocently in the

Garden where God has created until they both tempted by the serpent and eat the fruit from Tree of Knowledge. Thus, after they eat the fruit, they become knowledgeable. This tragedy makes God angry with them and causes them to be expelled from Heaven. Then, they get punishment to live in the world along with

His punishments.

In this second phase of life of Adam and Eve, it is not only Eve who feels that her life seems so hard but also Adam. During his life on Earth, in spite of being a salesman, he joins a gangster. As a member of the gangster, Adam sometimes gets discrimination from the other members of the gang and sometimes his gang throws some products in a store out of its place. It seems that the mini market does not bring many incomes for Adam as the store has only a few customers. After a break, Adam feels tired of that condition, so he plans to rob money. Then he plans it with his gang and become the leader of the robbery.

To conclude, “Gods and Monsters” lyric explains about the speaker’s new life after she is casted out from heaven. This is the second phase of life of

Adam and Eve. In this phase, both Adam and Eve are sinners. After being banished from Heaven to Earth, because of their mistake, their life in this new phase is full of sins. It is described through the lyric of “Gods and Monsters” and the short music film. In describing the situation and condition of her life, the lyric contains some figurative languages. First, the speaker uses symbol of the land of

Gods and Monsters as a new world for the speaker. Second, the speaker uses simile to describe about her rebellious life. Then, metonymy is used by the speaker to express what the speaker’s taught about her new life. The last, the speaker uses allusion to connect a previous story of the speaker that she was an angel.

Adam and Eve were Angels who is casted out from Heaven. They were tempted by the serpent that causes them to death or reborn as a person who full of sins. In contrast to the life when Adam and Eve live in Heaven where everything

is served, the life on Earth has push them to work hard in order to survive in their life. Their occupation as a salesman and stripper and then become a robber symbolize their struggle. It symbolizes their punishment as to pay all their mistakes in their previous life. c. “Bel Air” Lyric

“Bel Air” lyric is written by Lana Del Rey and Daniel Heath.This is the song of the third phase of life of Adam and Eve. The song was published in 2012 by EMI Music Publishing. The lyric consists of 9 stanzas and divided into 39 lines. Following is the lyric of Bel Air.

Gargoyles standing at the front of your gate. Trying to tell me to wait, But I can’t wait to see you. 3

So I run like I'm mad to heaven's door. I don't wanna be bad, I won't cheat you no more. 6

Roses, Bel Air, take me there, I've been waiting to meet you. Palm trees in the light, I can see late at night Darling, I'm waiting to greet you, Come to me, baby. 12

Spotlight, bad baby, you've got a flair For the violentest kind of love anywhere out there 14

Mon amour, sweet child of mine, You're divine. Didn't anyone ever tell you It's OK to shine? 18

Roses, Bel Air, take me there,

I've been waiting to meet you. Palm trees in the light, I can see late at night. Darling, I'm waiting to greet you, Come to me, baby. 24

Don't be afraid of me, don't be ashamed. Walking away from my soft resurrection. Idol of roses, iconic soul. I know your name. Lead me to war with your brilliant direction. 28

Roses, Bel Air, take me there, I've been waiting to meet you. Palm trees in the light, I can see late at night. Darling, I'm waiting to greet you, Come to me, baby. 34

Roses, Bel Air, take me there, I've been waiting to meet you. Grenadine sunshine, can you break this heart of mine. Darling, I'm waiting to greet you, Come to me, baby. 39 (Rey and Heath)

“Bel Air” lyric is about a speaker who waits for someone to come and invite her into someplace. The speaker treats the person whom she waits as a leader for her/him. So, the lyric of “Bel Air” describes about Adam and Eve who try to be better people.

The speaker of the lyric is I. The speaker of this lyric is also known as

Eve, since this lyric is part of the third chapter of the short-music film. The speaker describes that she wants to change to be different and to be a better person than she was. In this chapter, both Adam and Eve wish for redemption. They

leave their earthly thing like wealth and jewelry. Adam is not showed in the lyric of “Bel Air” but he appears in the short music-film as Eve’s couple. The lyric implied that Adam is the one that she meant to lead her to be a better person.

At the beginning of the lyric, the speaker says that she cannot wait to see someone and she waits in front of a gate guarded by a gargoyle—gargoyle is a waterspout designed to throw rainwater from a wall of a religious building like churches or cathedral. The gargoyle asks Eve to wait and be patient. Here, the speaker uses apostrophe in “gargoyle” as can speak to Eve like a living creature.

Gargoyles standing at the front of your gate. Trying to tell me to wait, But I can’t wait to see you. (Bel Air 1-3)

Perrine asserts that apostrophe is using someone’s absent or something nonhuman into their work as if they’re alive and present (Perrine 67). Gargoyle is a sculpture which is usually set in a church or cathedral. The lyric above states that the gargoyles try to inform the speaker to wait before the speaker meets a person whom she wants to meet. The gargoyles here act as if they are alive and can communicate with the speaker. It also symbolize a pure place such as a church where there is a gargoyle statue in a church or cathedral building. So, the first stanza explains about the place that she wants to visit. Otherwise, the short music- film does not depict the place of a church as the speaker mention in the lyric but it shows as a dessert.

The speaker says that she does not want to repeat what she was already done. “I won’t cheat you no more” refers to the accident where Eve persuades

Adam to eat the apple—as the lyric is part of the narration of the short-music film.

The word “cheat”, according to Meriam Webster, is to break a rule or law to gain an advantage at something, or to influence or lead by deceit, trick, or artifice. It literally implied the action of Eve when she breaks God’s rule. Adam was commanded by God not to eat the apple and then Adam commanded Eve not to eat the apple. Instead of listening to what Adam says, Eve influences Adam to eat the fruit as she is tempted by the serpant.

In this lyric, the speaker or Eve detemines herself to be a better person.

She wants Adam to accept her apologizes and lead her in to the rigth way. Adam is described as the one who is smart and knows where to go, so he must know what are the good and the bad. Therefore, Eve wants him to guide her and accept her as she wish for apologizes. This situation is depicted in the lyric below.

Lead me to war with your brilliant direction. (Bel Air 28) [...] Grenadine sunshine, can you break this heart of mine. Darling, I'm waiting to greet you, Come to me, baby. (37-39)

The word “war” is a hyperbole of life. It depicts that the speaker intends to live a life in a guidance of her beloved. “Can you break this heart of mine” is identified as Eve’s heart which is filled with temptation, so she wants to purify her heart. Since she was tempted by the serpant and did something out of God’s path, she wishes somebody to recover her heart and brings back the goodness of herself.

To conclude, the “Bel Air” lyric is the third lyric of the short-music film of

Tropico. This lyric describes about the third phase of life of Adam and Eve who wish for redemption of their sins. The speaker of this lyric describes her life

through several elements of poetry like apostrophe, symbol, and hyperbole. First, apostrophe and symbol are stand for gargoyle which implied the speaker position which is in a church or cathedral. Second, hyperbole is used in the word of war. It stands for a new journey of the speaker. “Bel Air” lyric is the end of the short- music film’s narration. In the end of the third phase of life of Adam and Eve, the short music-film shows that Eve and Adam return to Heaven. Hence, this lyric describes Eve when she wishes for forgiveness and wants to go back to where she belongs. Then, she finally returns to Heaven along with Adam.

Finally, “Body Electric”, “Gods and Monsters”, and “Bel Air” are the lyrics that narrate the short-music film of Tropico. The three lyrics are stories of phase of life of Adam and Eve in three phases. Each lyric brings each different phase of life. The speaker of the three lyrics is Eve. In “Body Electric” lyrics, the lyric is about the speaker who lives and surrounded by all her beloved people and all precious things. In the short-music film, the speaker lives in Garden of

Eden/Heaven with Adam and all the people who she loves. “Gods and Monsters” lyric is the second lyric of the short-music film, which is also the next phase of the speaker’s life since she is no longer an angel and does not live in Heaven anymore but live on Earth. This lyric symbolizes about how hard is the speaker’s life and her struggles with Adam for their life on Earth. In the short-music film, the speaker also lives rebelliously with Adam as they seek for happiness. The last song of the short-music film is “Bel Air”. This lyric is the ending of the short- music film since the speaker of the lyric wishes for forgiveness. She does not want to repeat the mistake which she already did. This part symbolizes the phase

of Adam and Eve who try to have a better life. Thus, in the very end of the short- music film, Eve and Adam return to Heaven.

B. Representation Analysis

The short-music film of Tropico represents about the story of Adam and

Eve who live in a three different phases of life. The first phase represents the life of Adam and Eve in Heaven. The second phase represents the life of Adam and

Eve on Earth, and the last phase represents about Adam and Eve who want to be a better people and better life. a. Representation of the Life of Adam and Eve in Heaven

In the beginning of the short music-film, Adam and Eve are the first human in Heaven. After they were created, they meet their advisor in Heaven. As they were created innocently, some advisors such as Marilyn, Elvis, and Jesus.

Meanwhile, John Wayne, in this short music-film symbolizes God, who has created Adam and Eve.

Picture 6. Marilyn, Elvis, John, and Jesus in Heaven (Tropico 00:01:15)

Marilyn : Sex is a part of nature. I go along with nature! John : When you get in that, don’t be jerking on it. Just ride nice and still. Elvis : You can do it, I believe you. John : Ride with the wind. Don’t complain. Never say you’re sorry cause sorry is a sign of weakness. I don’t want you to hide from your mama because I will ran you back out. You’re a good kid. All you little cowboys will do a good job for me. Make sure you do it, pilgrim, ‘cause I’ll be watchin you. Marilyn : Life can change for a dime. Sometimes you just have to gamble. Elvis : Yeah baby, that’s what it is. That’s what it’s all about Jesus : Amen John : Don’t forget, I’ll write to your mama. (Tropico 00:01:15 – 00:02:35)

The picture 6 shows Elvis, Marilyn, John Wayne, and Jesus while they are in Heaven. The conversations above are the advice of Elvis, Marilyn, Jesus, and John Wayne for Adam and Eve after they were created. The appearance of

Elvis and Marilyn claims as a symbol of life that human live as a couple. So that is why God created not only Adam but also Eve as his couple. Marilyn represents a symbol of woman while Elvis is a symbol of man. As Marilyn says “sex is a part of nature. I go along with nature”, it claims that sex is part of a life which every human cannot deny. Marilyn becomes a symbol because Marilyn represents a woman, and the center of sexuality comes from woman. Meanwhile, Elvis stands to complete the representation of a man to complete the excitement of sexuality. By here, the appearance of Elvis and Marilyn is to represent human who are destined to life with their couple. Elvis and Marilyn try to say to Adam and Eve that they have to live together as a couple.

The previous analysis of the “Body Electric” lyric describes about their life that they live harmoniously as the first human in Heaven. They have

everything they want and everything is provided until one day, Eve meets a snake from a tree. The snake is known as a serpent which tempts both Adam and Eve.

Adam and Eve were tempted to eat a fruit from a tree which is prohibited for them to eat.

Picture 7.Adam and Eve died after eat a fruit. (Tropico 00:06:52)

Picture 7 above depicts the situation when Adam and Eve died after they eat a fruit from a tree which God has already told them not to eat. This is the first mistake that Adam and Eve have ever made. Because of their disobedience to

God’s command, He punishes them to die in Heaven and expels them to Earth.

To conclude, the story of Adam and Eve in Heaven represents about the first phase of life of Adam and Eve while they live in Heaven. This phase reflects the Biblical event when Adam and Eve is in Heaven. The phase is showed when they first come to Heaven as innocent human, and then they hear some advice of life from their advisors. After that, they make a mistake which causes them to death and then they are expelled from Heaven to Earth because of their mistake.

b. Representation of the Life of Adam and Eve on Earth

After Adam and Eve is casted out from Heaven, they become normal humans on Earth. This is the second phase of life of Adam and Eve on Earth. In this second chapter, when Adam and Eve started a new life, they live together as a couple. Since the life on Earth is different as in Heaven, where everything is easy to get and everything is good, they have to work hard to survive.

In this second chapter, Adam is depicted as a man who works in a mini market. He also involved into a gangster. The mini market seems so quiet and has fewer visitors. His job is a representation on how he gets punishment from God which has to give a basic necessity of life. Otherwise, it seems not enough as the store quiet from visitor. Moreover, in spite of his occupation, he gets discrimination among his gang through his physical appearance. Adam, in this short-music film¸ is depicted as an albino—a person with very pale skin, white hair, and pink eyes. Because of this matter, which is the responsibility of the basic needs and the discrimination, Adam feels nauseated and depressed. Because of this feeling and reason, Adam decided to take an action by robbing some money.

Picture 8. Adam in a mini market (Tropico 00:07:10) Picture 9. Adam feel depressed (Tropico 00:08:46-00:11:56)

Picture 10. Adam leads to make a robery plan (Tropico 00:12:02)

Picture 8 depicts Adam in a mini market. Picture 9 depicts how Adam actually feels. He wants to do something which can change his life. He raises the vaccum toilet as if it is a weapon. He reaches the top of his nauseated feeling until he screams aloud. Finally, he encourages himself to take an action. Picture 10 depicts he gathers his gang and starts to plan a robbery. He takes a role as a leader of the gang. Adam and the gang rob at a striptease party held by white collars. In the middle of the party, Adam and the gang come inside and attack the party’s participants. Adam and the gang use weapon as their tools to threaten party’s participants. They take all of party participant’s money.

Picture 11. Adam and the gang’s robbery (Tropico 00:17:06)

Picture 11 depicts the situation when Adam and his gang do a robbery.

This robbery is a crime. Robbery has been catagorized as crime by Federal Bureau

Investigation (FBI). In the FBI’s crime report, robbery is defined as taking or attempting to take anything value from the care, custody, or control of a person or a persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear (Uniform Crime Reporting). Moreover, Adam and the gang use weapon to threat the victims. Weapon is also considered as crime tools since it help them to threat the victims and causes the victim in fear. This form of crime represented by

Adam is a symbol of how Adam struggles for his life on Earth after he was casted out from Heaven.

While Adam survives his life by becoming a robber, Eve is portrayed as a stripper. Eve is depicted as a beautiful sexy woman. She is portrayed with a long black hair with a proportional body shape, fair skin, and pretty and has a sexy face. Eve struggles from her life by working as a stripper.

In the beginning of the second chapter, it shows Eve who lays down on a stage. She only wears a bikini with red color and is surrounded with money.

Picture 12. Eve as a strip dancer Picture 13. Eve with her gang (Tropico 00:06:27) (Tropico 00:10:22)

Picture 12 shows about Eve’s occupation as a stripper. Being a stripper means to dance erotically and sensually in front of people. The short music-film also shows when Eve dances in front of an audience, one of the audience put some money into Eve’s underwear. It means, in order to survive, Eve has to work as a stripper and lets her body touched by anybody else.

During their life on Earth, in the short music film, Eve shows a sad expression. It seems that Eve feels uncomfortable with her life right now as she has to struggle in life such as a stripper to collect some money.

Picture 14.Adam and Eve’s conversation after Adam do the robbery (Tropico 00:14:04)

Adam : You know that’s not always gonna be this great, right? Eve : yeah… Adam : So just chill, right? Eve : Mhmm (nodded) Adam : Alright Eve : Yeah. (00:14:04 – 00:14:11)

The conversation between Adam and Eve above depicts Adam who tries to support Eve when Eve feels uncomfortable with the life. The statement of “You know that’s not always gonna be this great, right?” shows that Adam believes that Eve already knows that their hard life will change someday and they will pass their hard life. Even if Adam also struggles in his life, he keeps supporting Eve.

Both Adam and Eve support each other as they have to relax and face anything which comes to their life as they believe it will come the day when everything will get better.

To conclude, the second chapter of the short music film represents about the phases of life of Adam and Eve while they live on Earth. The phases contain the struggles of Adam and Eve’s life on Earth after they were casted out from

Heaven. When they first come to Earth, they are sinners. Their life on the Earth is

a cause of their mistake while they are in Heaven. The life on Earth does not same with the life in Heave which everything can be easy. They have to work hard to survive and to get what they want. The occupation which Adam and Eve has during their life on Earth is a reflection of how hard their life on Earth is. They choose to work as a salesman, a robber, and a stripper rather than apply for another occupation to survive in life. c. Representation of the Life of Adam and Eve for Better People

This is the third chapter of the story of Adam and Eve in the short music- film. Since Eve feels uncomfortable with her life, she prays to Maria and to God to forgive Adam and Eve. Then, through Maria, they wish to God to forgive their mistakes.

Picture 15. Maria prays to God (Tropico 00:18:04)

Maria : Dear John forgive us our sins. Dear John forgive us our sins. Master of the universe, creator of all, forgive us our sins. Dear John, forgive us our sins.

Picture 15 above depicts Maria who prays for Adam and Eve to John Wayne. As already mentioned before, John Wayne simbolizes God, so Maria begs John

Wayne to forgive both Adam and Eve. Maria symbolize the one who always prays for Adam and Eve’s goodness. This is the first step of Adam and Eve while they wish for redemption to be better people.

Besides, Adam and Eve do some changes to symbolize their redemption.

They leave anything which relate to anything that valuable in the second phase, like bad action and wealth. In the short music-film, the process of their redemption is depicted through changes of their outfit, they throw some materialistic things, and take a bath.

Picture 16.Adam and Eve wear white clothes (00:20:19)

Picture 17. Adam and Eve take a Baptist Picture 18. Adam and Eve wear white bath. clothes (Tropico 00:19:35) (Tropico 00:20:19)

In Picture 16, Adam and Eve are in a car, heading to somewhere. It depicts Eve throwing something out of the car. The things that Eve throws are wallet and necklace/jewelry. Wallet and necklace/jewelry are a symbol of wealth.

This picture symbolizes that Adam and Eve are not concerned with wealth anymore. Picture 17 depicts an action of Adam and Eve where they are taking a bath. The Baptist bath indicates as a symbol of purification to purify their body and soul. Picture 18 also depicts the changes that they do. They change their

clothes from black color into white color. Black color is a representation of death, evil, mystery and a symbol as grief (Cerrato 15). While white color depicts goodness, innocence, faith, and purify. White color is often used by Angels as the color their clothes as well (Cerrato 14). By changing their black clothes into white clothes, they aim to purify themself and are willing not to do another bad or negative thing again. All the things that they do above are their action to prove that they are leaving the dark world which they lived before.

Eve’s determination to be a better person is depicted in the lyric of “Bel

Air” and the short-music film when she starts to feel uncomfortable with her life.

Then, Adam comes to support her as he reassures her to just relax and face their life as their hard life will not last forever. The lyric of “Bel Air” describes Eve who comes to a church to do a redemption with Adam. Eve explains that she does not want to be a bad person anymore and she wants Adam to lead her to a new journey of their life. She also apologizes him for making him suffered from struggling the life on Earth. Ever since, from the first phase of life in Heaven, Eve is the one who persuades Adam to make the mistake, so Eve tries to apologize to him. Then, both of them do redemption and return to Heaven. All their action in the third chapter reflects how they try to be a better people for a better life. They take a Baptist bath, throw the jewelry and wallet, and change their black clothes into white clothes as their symbol of redemption. Moreover, in the lyric of “Bel

Air”, Eve said that she feels sorry for making Adam suffers.

The story of Adam and Eve in the short-music film of Tropico is made to retell the story of Adam and Eve from Biblical story through a new style of work

of art. The short-music film of Tropico delivers the story of Adam and Eve through the songs of the short-music film and the narration the short-music film itself into one work of art. The story of Adam and Eve in the short music-film of

Tropico represents about the phases of life of Adam and Eve. Each phase has different way of life in three different chapters of the short music-film. The first chapter represents a phase and reflects a Biblical story when Adam and Eve in

Heaven. The second chapter represents a phase when Adam and Eve cast out of

Heaven to Earth and struggle a hard life on Earth. This chapter represents a reflection of the hard life of Adam and Eve while they are on Earth by showing through Adam and Eve’s occupation. The third chapter represents a phase when

Adam and Eve wish for redemption and want to be better people and better life.

Their action when they do the redemption is reflected through the Baptist bath, changes the clothes, and throws their earthly things like jewelry and wallet/money.

Chapter IV

Conclusion and Suggestion

A. Conclusion

Short-music film of Tropico and its three lyrics are the unit analysis of this research. The short-music film of Tropico is directed by Anthony Mendler and written by Lana Del Rey. This short music-film was released in 2012 and produced by Jennifer Chavarria, Heather Heller, and Karl Reid (IMDb). The film contains three lyrics with three different titles, namely “Body Electric”, “Gods and Monsters”, and “Bel Air”. The focus of this research is in the representation of the story of Adam and Eve and the characters of Adam and Eve in the short- music film of Tropico and its three lyrics. This research uses two theory to analyze which is theory of poetry by Laurence Perrine and theory of representation by Stuart Hall.

In theory of poetry, poetry is divided into three kinds of poetry namely lyric poetry, narrative poetry, and dramatic poetry. In poetry, there are some elements of poetry, there are denotation and connotation, imagery, figurative language, allusion, meaning and idea, rhythm and meter, sound and meaning, and pattern. Each element contains more details of the elements such as auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory, visual, tactile, and organic in imagery, and many more. Meanwhile, the theory of representation, according to Stuart Hall, stands to represent things which connect the use of language, sign, and image to make something more meaningful. There are two systems of representation in theory of

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representation, namely conceptual maps and language. Both systems are used to deliver something to be represented. Representation has three approaches namely reflective approaches, intentional approaches, and constructionist approaches.

The theory of poetry is used to analyze the three lyrics of the short-music film of

Tropico, meanwhile the theory of representation is used to know how the short- music film of Tropico represent the story of Adam and Eve.

The short music-film of Tropico reflects the story of Adam and Eve from

Biblical story which represents through the short music-film and the three lyrics of the short music-film. Since the short music-film is divided into three chapter, each chapter contain a song/lyric which describes about the life of Adam and Eve.

The first chapter represents about Adam and Eve in Heaven and contains the lyric of “Body Electric” which describes about the connection of Adam and Eve with all the things in Heaven. Some elements of poetry are found in this lyric namely, apostrophe, symbol, allusion, and kinesthetic imagery. This element of poetry describes about the speaker of the lyric/Eve and Adam while in Heaven. Both

Adam and Eve live happily in Heaven.

The second chapter of the short music film symbolizes the phase of life of Adam and Eve on Earth. Adam and Eve struggle a hard life on Earth where they have to work really hard to survive the life even the works which they do are full of sins. The lyric of “Gods and Monsters” describes the phases of life of

Adam and Eve on Earth in this second chapter. It represents about a new world where Adam and Eve live after they casted out from Heaven. Some elements of

poetry are found in this lyric to describe about Eve and Adam’s life on Earth, namely symbol, simile, metonymy, and allusion.

The last chapter symbolizes the phases of Adam and Eve who try to be better people. They wish for God’s forgiveness and do some changes to leave all the bad life which they ever did before. The lyric of “Bel Air” describes this phase where Eve comes to a church along with Adam and wishes for redemption. Some elements of poetry such as symbol, hyperbole, and symbol are found in this lyric to describe about Eve and Adam’s action while they wish for redemption. At the end of this phases, both Adam and Eve return to Heaven.

B. Suggestion

The short music-film of Tropico (2012) is an interesting film to be analyze. It is a kind of a unique corpus to be analyzed since the film itself is a short film and it contains some songs as the narration. The writer of this research hopes there are another researcher who will continue this research, especially in sociology problem. Hopefully, this research can be useful for the future improvement of literature study and become one of references especially in

English literature study in State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

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Appendix