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Nascita E Sviluppo Dell'ordoliberalismo

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SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE CLASSE DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA CORSO DI PERFEZIONAMENTO IN FILOSOFIA NASCITA E SVILUPPO DELL’ORDOLIBERALISMO DALLA CRISI DI WEIMAR ALLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE TEDESCA 1929-1949 Candidato LORENZO MESINI Relatore Prof. CARLO GALLI Tutor Prof. ROBERTO ESPOSITO ANNO ACCADEMICO 2019/2020 NASCITA E SVILUPPO DELL’ORDOLIBERALISMO DALLA CRISI DI WEIMAR ALLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE TEDESCA 1929-1949 Un sincero e doveroso ringraziamento a tutti coloro che hanno incoraggiato e sostenuto la realizzazione di questa ricerca. Ringrazio in primo luogo tutti i docenti della Scuola Normale che in vario modo hanno fornito il loro prezioso supporto durante gli anni trascorsi a Pisa: Roberto Esposito, per la fiducia con cui mi ha accolto nel programma di perfezionamento della Scuola; Michele Ciliberto, Daniele Menozzi e Silvio Pons per l’importante lavoro svolto nei seminari annuali di Storia della filosofia e Storia contemporanea. Senza di essi non avrei potuto consolidare in maniera adeguata le mie conoscenze storiche e il percorso di perfezionamento presso la Scuola sarebbe inevitabilmente risultato incompleto. Un ringraziamento particolare a Roberto Scazzieri dell’Università di Bologna, per aver seguito con preziosi consigli lo sviluppo del lavoro, per avermi introdotto sapientemente allo studio della storia dell’analisi economica e per l’importante soggiorno di ricerca che mi ha consentito di svolgere presso l’Università di Cambridge (UK); a Carlo Galli, infine, per il sostegno che mi ha fornito costantemente durante tutte le fasi del mio percorso. Al suo supporto e al suo insegnamento devo gran parte dei risultati conseguiti lungo il mio percorso formativo e di ricerca; a lui devo i miei più sinceri ringraziamenti. Ringrazio infine tutti i miei amici e colleghi che in vario modo hanno accompagnato il mio percorso duranti gli anni trascorsi a Pisa e nel mio soggiorno a Cambridge e a Londra. Naturalmente la responsabilità dei difetti presenti nel lavoro è esclusivamente mia. «Il Marco non è un mezzo che si presti ad esperimenti» WALTER FUNK, 9 febbraio 1944 «La ragione non ha saputo far altro che indebolire il grande passato e ridurlo al liberalismo. Ma forse noi non vediamo abbastanza lontano e calcoliamo con misure troppo piccole; ogni istante può essere quello di una scelta nella storia del mondo» ROBERT MUSIL, L’uomo senza qualità Indice Introduzione p. 1 PARTE PRIMA: LA GENESI DELL’ORDOLIBERALISMO: 1929-1932 1. La definizione di una strategia conservatrice per la crisi di Weimar p. 29 2. Crisi di Weimar e crisi del capitalismo p. 36 1. La fine del laissez-faire e la crisi dello stato interventista: Eucken e Rüstow. - 2. Il problema del potere privato: Böhm. - 3. Rivolta delle masse e crisi della società borghese: Röpke. - 4. Sviluppo capitalistico e costituzione economica: Müller-Armack. 3. La strategia ordoliberale: ‘Stato forte’ e neutralizzazione p. 75 1. Lo ‘Stato forte’: Eucken, Rüstow, Böhm, Röpke. - 2. Lo ‘Stato economico nazionale’: Müller-Armack. - 3. Schmitt, von Papen e la rivoluzione conservatrice: analogie e differenze con l’ordoliberalismo. PARTE SECONDA: LO SVILUPPO DELL’ORDOLIBERALISMO: 1933-1942 1. La politica economica del Terzo Reich: commercio internazionale, riarmo e direzione nazionale dell’economia p. 109 2. Pensare per ordini p. 129 1. Scienza e costituzione: il programma della Scuola di Friburgo. - 2. Costituzione economica e decisione politica: Eucken, Böhm. 3. Neoliberalismi a confronto: il colloquio Walter Lippmann e la questione di un nuovo ordine per l’economia mondiale p. 169 PARTE TERZA: ORDOLIBERALISMO ED ECONOMIA SOCIALE DI MERCATO. ALLE ORIGINI DELLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE TEDESCA: 1943-1949 1. Ricostruzione e riforma: progetti per l’ordinamento economico tedesco del dopoguerra p. 185 1. Progetti economici per il dopoguerra. - 2. Erhard. - 3. Eucken, Dietze, Lampe 1943. 2. Il canto del cigno della Scuola di Friburgo p. 206 1. La Scuola di Friburgo dopo il 1945. - 2. Il paradigma ordoliberale della Scuola di Friburgo. - 3. Grunsätze der Wirtschaftspolitik. 3. Due varianti del paradigma ordoliberale p. 226 1. La via tedesca al liberalismo: l’economia sociale di mercato secondo Müller Armack. - 2. Civitas humana: la prospettiva liberal-conservatrice di Röpke. Bibliografia p. 268 INTRODUZIONE 1. Al centro di questo lavoro vi è la nascita e lo sviluppo dell’ordoliberalismo tedesco negli anni compresi tra la crisi di Weimar e l’origine della Repubblica Federale Tedesca. L’ordoliberalismo è una corrente di pensiero e un prodotto specificamente tedesco che costituisce una sintesi teorica e politica a lungo capace di interagire in maniera costruttiva con la politica e le classi dirigenti della Germania, di incorporarne aspirazioni ed elementi di lungo corso, di adattarsi ed evolvere al mutare degli scenari storici, fornendo di volta in volta risposte contingenti alle sfide fronteggiate dalla Germania. L’ordoliberalismo non è il frutto di una scuola monolitica ma deriva dall’attività di diversi intellettuali tedeschi il cui impegno accademico e politico ha fatto nascere un prodotto polifonico. La collocazione degli esponenti ordoliberali all’interno della Germania, prima e dopo la caduta del Terzo Reich, è di natura anfibia: essi si collocano tra l’accademia e gli apparati burocratici di Stato, tra l’industria privata e i ministeri responsabili per la politica economica del governo. Alla molteplicità dei suoi protagonisti e alla loro diversa collocazione, corrispondono diverse declinazioni del paradigma ordoliberale, diverse sensibilità politiche e diversi elementi che sono all’origine della sua variegata fisionomia teorica. Quest’ultima ha consentito all’ordoliberalismo di adattarsi al mutare dei contesti e di interloquire con differenti attori politici, a volte con successo, a volte senza. Dopo il 1945 il progetto politico correlato all’ordoliberalismo (l’economia sociale di mercato) si è affermato sulla scena politica della Germania occidentale, contribuendo in maniera decisiva a ridefinire l’identità e la cultura politica tedesca fino ai nostri giorni. Come ha sottolineato Ralf Dahrendorf: «l’economia sociale di mercato è in effetti un ibrido, una misura di ingredienti apparentemente incompatibili, che però nel caso tedesco produssero una bevanda piuttosto salutare. Non c’è dunque un “sistema” a cui dare il nome di “economia sociale di mercato”, c’è solo una realtà formatasi in circostanze particolari sebbene non necessariamente uniche»1. Nel 2016, in occasione del centoventicinquesimo anniversario dalla sua nascita, la cancelliera Angela Merkel ha ribadito l’importanza fondamentale dell’insegnamento di Walter Eucken padre dell’ordoliberalismo e nume tutelare dell’economia sociale di mercato. Come emerge dal discorso ufficiale della cancelliera la lezione di Eucken rappresenta ancora oggi un elemento dall’alto valore simbolico per l’identità tedesca e continua a fornire le coordinate teoriche di fondo con cui la Germania guarda ai problemi politici ed economici del nostro secolo2. L’ordoliberalismo costituisce un punto d’incrocio unico tra pensiero e storia politica, tra identità collettiva e storia economica. L’assunto principale che in questo 1 R. DAHRENDORF, 1989. Riflessioni sulla rivoluzione in Europa, Laterza, Bari-Roma 1990, p. 80. 2 Cfr. Rede von Bundeskanzlerin Merkel beim Festakt zum 125. Geburtstag von Walter Eucken am 13. Januar 2016 (https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-de/aktuelles/rede-von-bundeskanzlerin-merkel-beim- festakt-zum-125-geburtstag-von-walter-eucken-am-13-januar-2016-320988). !1 lavoro ci si è occupato di mettere alla prova è che nel suo stretto rapporto con la storia tedesca l’ordoliberalismo è un prisma privilegiato attraverso cui leggere la storia della Germania nel Novecento e la formazione delle sue classi dirigenti all’insegna di un paradigma di matrice liberale e conservatrice. Si è cercato di storicizzare integralmente l’ordoliberalismo nella convinzione che le letture di carattere strettamente teorico (secondo i canoni della teoria politica ed economica) risultino ampiamente insufficienti per metterne a fuoco le caratteristiche di fondo e la loro più ampia portata. La nascita e lo sviluppo dell’ordoliberalismo non sono comprensibili al di fuori del rapporto che quest’ultimo intrattiene con la storia tedesca. L’ordoliberalismo non è infatti riducibile in maniera astratta a una versione specifica del liberalismo novecentesco ma è all’origine dell’identità collettiva della Bundesrepublik sorta sulle ceneri del Terzo Reich e del fallimento di Weimar. La vicenda ordoliberale fornisce un valido esempio di come ogni declinazione del pensiero politico, anche filosofico, debba essere verificata sul banco della storia e dei suoi conflitti. Quello che in questo lavoro si è cercato di fare è stato dunque mettere a fuoco un segmento rilevante della storia del pensiero politico tedesco nel suo rapporto essenziale con una storia più ampia, segnata da fallimenti e successi, da paure e ambizioni, da fragilità e arroganza, da conflitti per l’egemonia che trovano nella storia il terreno della propria verifica. 2.1 Tra la crisi economica mondiale del 1929 e l’entrata in vigore della Grundgesetz tedesca nel 1949 l’ordoliberalismo ha attraversato insieme alla Germania profondi e drammatici cambiamenti. All’interno di quell’arco di tempo si sono individuate tre fasi principali che, in concomitanza di determinati momenti di svolta politica, hanno scandito il ritmo della storia dell’ordoliberalismo: la Grande depressione (1929), la nascita del Terzo Reich (1933), l’inizio del
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  • HEINRICH VON STACKELBERG Y EL NACIONALSOCIALISMO: UNA CORRECCIÓN NECESARIA Heinrich Von Stackelberg and National Socialism: a Necessary Correction

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    HEINRICH VON STACKELBERG Y EL NACIONALSOCIALISMO: UNA CORRECCIÓN NECESARIA Heinrich von Stackelberg and national socialism: A necessary correction THOMAS BAUMERT Universidad Antonio de Nebrija & CES "Cardenal Cisneros", Madrid (Spain) [email protected], [email protected] Cómo citar/Citation Baumert, T. (2021). Heinrich von Stackelberg y el nacionalismo: una corrección necesaria. Revista de Estudios Políticos, 192, 155-190. doi: https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/rep.192.06 Resumen El presente artículo analiza la relación del economista Heinrich von Stackelberg (que desempeñó un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la ciencia económica en España) con el nacionalsocialismo, partido en el que militó desde 1931. La documen- tación consultada —en su gran mayoría inédita hasta la fecha, incluyendo el acta de desnazificación de von Stackelberg— demuestra que a partir de 1936 se distanció progresiva y rotundamente del régimen hitleriano y del partido nacionalsocialista. A su llegada a España en 1943 von Stackelberg había pasado a colaborar activamente en la resistencia contra Hitler, estando estrechamente vinculado a quienes planificaron y ejecutaron el atentado contra el Führer del 20 de julio de 1944 en la llamada «Opera- ción Valquiria». Palabras clave Heinrich von Stackelberg; nacionalsocialismo; NSDAP; SS; resistencia contra Hitler; Operación Valquiria. 156 THOMAS BAUMERT Abstract The present paper studies the relation of the economist Heinrich von Stackel- berg (who played a crucial part in the development of economic science in Spain) with national socialism, whose party he had joined in 1931. The original sources employed —most of which, including his denazificaction file, have remained unpu- blished to this day— show that from 1936 onwards von Stackelberg progressively and outrightly distanced imself from the Hitler regime and the National Socialist Party.