DOCSLIB.ORG

The Population of Yugoslavia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Population of Yugoslavia World Population Year THE POPULATION OF YUGOSLAV! CI.CR.Ê.D. Series 1974 WORLD POPULATION YEAR THE POPULATION OF YUGOSLAVIA DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH CENTER Institute of Social Sciences Belgrade, 1974 FOREWORD At its Twenty-fifth Jubilee Session, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided that 1974 would be de,voted to population problems, under the general appellation "World Population Year, 1974'. At the end of August 1974. the World Population Conference was held in Bucharest and numerous other gatherings given over to population problems are being held in various countries in connection with World Population Year. Furthermore, the Secretariat of the United Nations has drawn up a program of activities for this year. Similarly, in many countries special committees were set up to prepare for participation in the World Population Conference and to stimulate activity that will help draw fitting attention to population, as a crucial but neglected problem. In Yugoslavia, the Federal Executive Council set up a Federal Committee for World Population Year to supervise preparations for Yugoslavia's participation in the Bucharest conference and to promote activities in the domain of population study in this country. In 1972, the International Committee for Coordination of Demographic Research (CICRED) was established to coordinate demographic research. Its membership is almost a complete catalogue of world demographic institutes and other institutions dealing with matters related to population. The Committee has organized a number of meetings of its members and seminars on the most diverse population problems, defined priority areas of research and coordinated the compilation of national monographs on population. It is expected that more than sixty such monographs will be published in the course of 1974. With financial assistance from the Population Department of the United Nations, and the UN Trust Fund for Population Activity, CICRED has supported the publication of these monographs, which has certainly helped to make their number so large. Preparation of this English-language monograph on the population of Yugoslavia was coordinated by the Center for Demographic Research of the Institute for Social Sciences in Belgrade. The authors of its individual sections were: Dolfe Vogelnik: 'Population Growth' and 'Components of Growth'; Milica Sentie: 'Composition of+he Yugoslav Population'; Mladen Friganovic: 'Population Distribution, Internal Migration, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural, Rural and Urban Population'; Lazar Sokolov: 'Labor Force (Economically Active Population)'; Gordana Todorovic: 'Projections of the Population'; Milos Macura: 'Socio—Economic Conditions and Policy Related to Develo- pment and Population'. The appendix to the monograph contains certain detailed tables on population trends (fertility and mortality) and demographic structures. Presented there also is certain basic information on the sources of the statistical data and a bibliography of the works employed by the several authors of the monograph. It must also be mentioned that Jovan Ilic contributed a brief survey of the socio-political system, economic characteristics, and the like, of Yugoslavia, which has been incorporated into this foreword, below. It has been the intention of the authors and the editor of the monograph to keep its exposition simple and thereby accessible to a broad spectrum of readers, and not just specialized demographers. In view of the great regional variation in Yugoslavia in population trends and demographic structures, an effort has been made to make regional analyses all—pervasive. The editing of the mongraph was entrusted to Dusan Breznik. Translation into English was done by Nada Kronja—Stanic. To illuminate demographic processes, and especially the interdependencies of population development(_more fully, we present here the broad contours of social and economic development in Yugoslavia and regional differences in economic and other characteristics. Before the Second World War, Yugoslavia bore all the features of an . undeveloped agrarian country. More than 75% of the working population was engaged in agriculture — characterized by low productivity and low yields. Industry and other non-agricultural activities were poorly-developed and the rate of growth of the national income, around 2%, was hardly greater than the rate of population growth. As a consequence of the very, different historical backgrounds of the individual regions there was great regional differentiation in economic and social development, which was particularly reflected in the components of natural population trends and in the economic, educational and other structures of the populations. In the aftermath of the Second World War, development was even further retarded. Firstly and foremostly," Yugoslavia suffered enormous human losses (1,700,000 wat victims, (constituting 11% of its population) while in terms ot material losses its; war—devastation was amongst the heaviest in the world. After the close of the war, despite the very bad situation inherited, the nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia began to build their socialist" community. First the war—ravaged country had to be rebuilt and then a path chosen that would allow economic backwardness to be overcome as quickly as possible and promote the fastest possible advance in other fields: in health, education, standard of living, etc. The path of socialist industrialization was elected as the only way to resolve the accumulated problems. Yugoslavia is a federal state with social ownership of the means of production and social self—management as the fundamentals of its socio-economic system. As behoves the interests of all the nations and nationalities living in the country, it has a unified socio-political and economic system. Yugoslavia is composed of six socialist republics: Bosnia—Hercegovina (51,129 km2, 3,746,000 population), Montenegro (13,812 km2 530,000 population), Croatia (56,538 km2, 4,426,000 population), Macedonia (25,713 km2. 1,647,000 population), Slovenia (20,251 km2, 1,727,000 population) and Serbia (88,361 km2, 8,447,000 population). Within the framework of the Republic of Serbia there are the Socialist Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina (21,506 km2, 1,953,000 population) and Kosovo (10,887 km2, 1,244,000 population). The Provinces participate directly in all federal forums and organs, that is, in the operation and advancement of the Yugoslav federative system. The economic development of the country since the Second World War has been dynamic in every respect. In pace of economic growth and depth of changes in the socio-economic structure, Yugoslavia is outstanding in the world. From 1947 to 1972 the social product multiplied 4.8 times (according to 1966 prices). The annual rate of growth of the social product in this period was 6.6% (or 5.3% per capita). The structure of the social product has undergone considerable changes. In 1947, agriculture accounted for 43% and industry 18% of the social product. In 1972 the situation was reversed, and industry accounted for 38% and agriculture for 19%. The socialist sector accounts for 80% of the social product today. Yugoslavia's transformation from an agrarian to an industrial-agrarian country is patent from the data cited. Indeed, the rapid development of industry has been the basic feature of the economic development of the country in the postwar period. Agriculture is the second most important economic sector. Before the last war it was. likewise, poorly developed even though it acounted for around 80% of the population. Agriculture developed slower than industry after the war because less was invested in it. Moreover, for a long time, it was the main source of car'tal formation for the development of industry and other activities. Only in 1957 did the situation begin to get better as more began to be invested in agriculture. In relation to pre-war levels, agricultural output has risen 1.9 times. The greatest part of output comes from the private sector since it holds 85% of the arable land. The remaining 15% belongs to the social sector. However, the social sector provides 24% of the social product earned in agriculture and 45% of the agricultural commodity trade. Productivity, then, is far greater on the socialist than on private farms, which are characterized by great fragmentation, poor organization and low productivity. As a fundamental system of spatial interlinking and integration, transport and communications have been paid considerable attention since liberation, and there has been rapid growth in this sector, especially in certain of its branches. The annual rate of growth in volume of services has been: 26% in air transport, 23% in motor transport, 13% in maritime, 10% in river and 4% in rail transport. At present, Yugoslavia has 10,417 km of railway tracks (almost 2,000 km electrified), 96,160 km of roads (nearly 30,000 km with modern surfaces), 1,522 million DWT mercantile shipping fleet, a million passenger cars (113,000 in 1963), around 350,000 other motor vehicles, 911,000 telephones, etc. Throughout the entire postwar period, commerce, together with hotels and catering and the tourist industry, has recorded a constantly high and stable growth in social product. The average annual growth rate over the period 1948—1972 was 8.7%, which has permitted continual expansion and modernization of capacities, the introduction of contemporary methods of operation and the like. The growth in commerce has contributed considerably to the advance of the rest of the economy and improvement in the standard of living. At present there are around 72,000 retail shops which means that there is one shop per 290 population (in 1952 there was one per 506 population). There has been especially fast growth in hotels and catering and tourism over the past 15 years. In that time the number of beds has increased 5.7 times, the number of employed 2.7 times. In 1972 there were 606,000 beds available, 440,000 of them in the social sector. From 1963 to 1972 the number of tourists swelled from 6 to 13 million. At the same time the number of foreign tourists has doubled.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Museums in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovenia: a Story of Making ’Us’ Vanja Lozic
    Building National Museums in Europe 1750-2010. Conference proceedings from EuNaMus, European National Museums: Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, Bologna 28-30 April 2011. Peter Aronsson & Gabriella Elgenius (eds) EuNaMus Report No 1. Published by Linköping University Electronic Press: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=064 © The Author. National Museums in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovenia: A Story of Making ’Us’ Vanja Lozic Summary This study explores the history of the five most significant national and regional museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia. The aim is to show how these museums contribute to the construction of national and other identities through collections, selections and classifications of objects of interest and through historical narratives. The three museums from Bosnia and Herzegovina that are included in this study are The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo; which was founded in 1888 and is the oldest institution of this kind in the country; the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina founded in 1945 (Sarajevo) and the Museum of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka (the second largest city in BiH), which was founded in 1930 under the name the Museum of Vrbas Banovina. As far as Slovenia is concerned, two analysed museums, namely the National Museum of Slovenia (est. 1821) and the Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia (est. 1944/1948), are situated in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. The most significant periods for the creation of museums as a part of the consolidation of political power and construction of regional and/or national identities can be labelled: The period under the Austrian empire (-1918) and the establishment of first regional museums.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Ethnic Albanians Living in the Presevo Valley, Vojvodina And
    Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIR's | Help 04 March 2005 SCG43300.E Serbia and Montenegro: Treatment of ethnic Albanians living in the Presevo Valley, Vojvodina and Sandjak region of Serbia by the state, and by society in general (January 2003-February 2005) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa A legal adviser from the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia stated that her organization had not noted any major human rights violations against ethnic Albanians in the Presevo Valley, where they form the majority of the population (28 Feb. 2005). The legal adviser indicated that there are other ethnic minorities, but not many Albanians, living in Vojvodina (Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia 28 Feb. 2005). In Sandzak, "Bosnians, not Albanians" are the main minority group (ibid.). Country Reports 2004 provides further details on the ethnic composition of the two regions: "In Vojvodina, the Hungarian minority constituted approximately 15 percent of the population, and many regional political offices were held by ethnic Hungarians. In the Sandzak, Bosniaks controlled the municipal governments of Novi Pazar, Tutin, and Sjenica, and Prijepolje". (28 Feb. 2005 Sec. 3) The March 2003 report to the Council of Europe by the Voivodina Center for Human Rights did not include ethnic Albanians in Voivodina as one of the region's minorities, which include Croats, Hungarians, Roma, Romanians, Ruthenians and Slovaks. An article in Le Courrier des Balkans stated that Vojvodina had a record of non-violent cohabitation among its close to 30 different minorities, but that between 2003 and 2004 ethnic incidents had occurred, mostly directed at Croats and Hungarians (25 Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Rights Assessment Report Fourth Edition
    COMMUNITY RIGHTS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOURTH EDITION NOVEMBER, 2015 Cover photograph: OSCE/Šehida Miftari, March 2015 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe MISSION IN KOSOVO Community Rights Assessment Report Fourth Edition November, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1. INTER-COMMUNITY DIALOGUE ..................................................................................................... 6 Inter-ethnic dialogue and dealing with the past ................................................................................ 6 Education and dialogue ...................................................................................................................... 7 2. SECURITY AND JUSTICE SYSTEM ..................................................................................................... 9 Security trends and responses ............................................................................................................ 9 Rule of Law ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Property rights and reduction of backlog ......................................................................................... 13 Access to Justice ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Montenegro's Tribal Legacy
    WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Montenegro's Tribal Legacy by Major Steven C. Calhoun, US Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article appeared in Military Review July-August 2000 The mentality of our people is still very patriarchal. Here the knife, revenge and a tribal (plemenski) system exist as nowhere else.1 The whole country is interconnected and almost everyone knows everyone else. Montenegro is nothing but a large family—all of this augurs nothing good. —Mihajlo Dedejic2 When the military receives an order to deploy into a particular area, planners focus on the terrain so the military can use the ground to its advantage. Montenegro provides an abundance of terrain to study, and it is apparent from the rugged karst topography how this tiny republic received its moniker—the Black Mountain. The territory of Montenegro borders Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania and is about the size of Connecticut. Together with the much larger republic of Serbia, Montenegro makes up the current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). But the jagged terrain of Montenegro is only part of the military equation. Montenegro has a complex, multilayered society in which tribe and clan can still influence attitudes and loyalties. Misunderstanding tribal dynamics can lead a mission to failure. Russian misunderstanding of tribal and clan influence led to unsuccessful interventions in Afghanistan and Chechnya.3 In Afghanistan, the rural population's tribal organization facilitated their initial resistance to the Soviets.
    [Show full text]
  • A THREAT to "STABILITY" Human Rights Violations in Macedonia
    Macedoni Page 1 of 10 A THREAT TO "STABILITY" Human Rights Violations in Macedonia Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Human Rights Watch Copyright © June 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-170-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-77111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Fred Abrahams, a consultant to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. It is based primarily on a mission to Macedonia conducted in July and August 1995. During that time, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki spoke with dozens of people from all ethnic groups and political persuasions. Extensive interviews were conducted throughout the country with members of government, leaders of the ethnic communities, human rights activists, diplomats, journalists, lawyers, prison inmates and students. The report was edited by Jeri Laber, Senior Advisor to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. Anne Kuper provided production assistance. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki would like to thank the many people in Macedonia and elsewhere who assisted in the preparation of this report, especially those who took the time to read early drafts. Thanks also go to those members of the Macedonian government who helped by organizing a prison visit, providing information or granting lengthy interviews. I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Macedonia faces difficulties on several fronts. As a former member of the Yugoslav federation, the young republic is in a transition from communism in which it must decentralize its economy, construct democratic institutions and revitalize its civil society. These tasks, demanding under any circumstances, have been made more difficult by Macedonia's proximity to the war in Bosnia.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
    UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnian-War-BG
    NATOSim DELIBERATING FORCE T H E B O S N I A N W A R 1 9 9 5 R E S E A R C H G U I D E NATOSim 2019 Deliberating Force, 1995 Director: Adil Rehman Moderator: Madeleine Milne INTRODUCTION The Bosnian War was an armed conflict that took place within the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 1992 and 1995. The war itself was only one part of the Yugoslav Wars, a series of distinct conflicts which took place throughout the 1990s, amongst the breakup of Yugoslavia. These wars were characterized by competing nationalisms and ethnic violence; the Bosnian portion provided the most clear examples of this, and saw fighting between the state’s Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks. This included instances of ethnic cleansing and indiscriminate shelling, which eventually led to the intervention of NATO in 1995. In this committee, you will act as members of the NATO decision-making body tasked with appraising the situation in Bosnia, and formulating a solution to the crisis. It is 1995 and the Srebrenica massacre has just taken place, shocking the international community into taking action. While NATO has been conducting limited air-strikes in the region for a short time, the situation now calls for a more intensive approach. It is the responsibility of this committee to understand the nature of this conflict and how best to resolve it. This background guide has been provided as a launching point to help begin your research into the history of this conflict. The Creation and Dissolution of Yugoslavia What we commonly refer to as Yugoslavia began as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918.
    [Show full text]
  • Monetary Conditions in the Kingdom of Serbia (1884-1914)
    Monetary Conditions in the Kingdom of Serbia (1884-1914) Branko Hinić, National Bank of Serbia Milan Šojić, National Bank of Serbia Ljiljana Đurđević, National Bank of Serbia Abstract: From 1884 to 1914, the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia managed to establish and maintain relatively stable monetary conditions. On the one hand, its interest rates and lending policy contributed to the lowering and stabilization of exceptionally high market interest rates, and on the other, the National Bank managed to preserve relative stability of the domestic currency. The conversion of paper money to gold or silver was ensured at all times, except in two instances – at the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and World War I. The National Bank could not eliminate agio, but did the best it could to ease its fluctuations. Agio declined as a result of a sharp turnabout in public finances never again to reach the level prior to 1903. The effectiveness of the National Bank in achieving relatively stable monetary conditions is particularly important in light of the circumstances prevailing at the time: wars and economic crises, budget deficits and internal political upheavals. It would be right to say that monetary conditions were largely shaped by the state of public finances. As budget expenditures outstripped the revenues, the government was forced to look for additional funds to cover the deficit by borrowing either abroad or locally, primarily from the National Bank. This had a direct negative effect on the level of gold reserves and indirectly affected the stability of the domestic currency and Bank lending activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – Was Formed in 1918, One of I
    Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – was formed in 1918, one of its most important tasks was to forge a common collective identity. Intellectual elites in the young state with great optimism agreed that education would play a crucial role in this process. It should come as no surprise, then, that a relatively rich tradition of scholarly research into the representation of collective identities in Yugoslav education has originated, precisely to account for the failure of the Yugoslav project in the long term. Recently, a growing body of scholarly research has established textbooks as one of the more rewarding sources for studying collective identity in education, focusing on ‘what knowledge is included and rejected in ... textbooks, and how the transmission of this selected knowledge often attempts to shape a particular form of national memory, national identity and national consciousness’.1 For the Yugoslav case this emerging research field so far has primarily examined textbooks which were used in the period directly preceding, during and following the disintegration of Yugoslavia.2 However, as the present article hopes to illustrate, textbook analysis can also provide the historian with interesting new elements for the study of collective identities in Yugoslavia’s more distant past. With its focus on national identity in Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian textbooks before the First World War, and later also in interwar Yugoslavia, the work of Charles Jelavich still occupies a somewhat
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA APPENDICES VOLUME 5 1 MARCH 2001 II III Contents Page Appendix 1 Chronology of Events, 1980-2000 1 Appendix 2 Video Tape Transcript 37 Appendix 3 Hate Speech: The Stimulation of Serbian Discontent and Eventual Incitement to Commit Genocide 45 Appendix 4 Testimonies of the Actors (Books and Memoirs) 73 4.1 Veljko Kadijević: “As I see the disintegration – An Army without a State” 4.2 Stipe Mesić: “How Yugoslavia was Brought Down” 4.3 Borisav Jović: “Last Days of the SFRY (Excerpts from a Diary)” Appendix 5a Serb Paramilitary Groups Active in Croatia (1991-95) 119 5b The “21st Volunteer Commando Task Force” of the “RSK Army” 129 Appendix 6 Prison Camps 141 Appendix 7 Damage to Cultural Monuments on Croatian Territory 163 Appendix 8 Personal Continuity, 1991-2001 363 IV APPENDIX 1 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS1 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE CHRONOLOGY BH Bosnia and Herzegovina CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe CK SKJ Centralni komitet Saveza komunista Jugoslavije (Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) EC European Community EU European Union FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia HDZ Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HV Hrvatska vojska (Croatian Army) IMF International Monetary Fund JNA Jugoslavenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
    [Show full text]
  • Investigative Mission By
    FACT-FINDING MISSION BY THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AD HOC DELEGATION TO VOÏVODINA AND BELGRADE (29-31 JANUARY 2005) REPORT Brussels, 2 March 2005 DV\559830EN.doc PE 350.475 EN EN CONTENTS Page I.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 3 II.THE EVENTS......................................................................................................... 5 III.CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 11 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................. 13 PE 350.475 2/20 DV\559830EN.doc EN I. INTRODUCTION Voïvodina, a region in Northern Serbia, is the southern part of the Pannonian plane, bordering with Croatia on the west, Romania on the east and Hungary to the north. The surface area is 21,506 km2, almost as large as Slovenia, with two million inhabitants of some twenty different nationalities. At the end of the IXth century, the Hungarians colonised Voïvodina, which became part of the Kingdom of Hungary and stayed so until the Turkish occupation in 1529. When the latter ended at the turn of the XVII-XVIIIth centuries, Voïvodina was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1918. The region's inter-ethnic complexity is rooted in the XVIIIth century Habsburg policy of repopulation, which brought in people from the various nationalities that made up their empire at the time: Serbians fleeing Ottoman rule, Croatians, Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks, Ruthenes, etc. The events of 1848-49 had repercussions in Voïvodina, which was transformed into a region enjoying a modicum of autonomy, with the Emperor François-Joseph bearing the title Voïvode. It was then joined to Hungary in 1860, and then the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1867. Within the Compromise of 1867, Austria and Hungary undertook to treat all the various nationalities on an equal basis, and recognised the equality of all the empire's languages in schools, the administration and public life.
    [Show full text]
  • Is the Population Census a Reliable Source of Data for Ethno-Demographic Research?
    From ethno-statistics to ethno-politics - Is the population census a reliable source of data for ethno-demographic research? Dr Aleksandar Knežević University of Belgrade Faculty of Geography, Department of DEMOGRAPHY Methodological problems of the Census ethno- statistic data 1. The influence of national policies • An illusion of the ethnic monolithicity of the Kingdom of the SHS / Yugoslavia; • Effect of the so-called new methodological solutions to ethnographic records to create new and unclear ethno-national modalities / identities; • Politization of the censuses in the function of national counting and ethnic dispersion through targeted stratification of existing nationalities. 2. The impact of using the subjective criteria as the official principle of national identification • The occurrence of ethnical dissimulation and ethnic transfer; • Disagreement between real ethnic and declared nationality; • The emergence of flotant ethnic groups in which variability is present in declaring their national, linguistic and religious identity; • Expressed alterophony (disproportion of nationally declared (persons) in regard to mother tongue). 3. The problem of categorization of minorities • ethnic minorities, national minorities, ethnic groups, nationalities, national groups (gradation in the function of ideological and political influence: nation-nationality-ethnic group) 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2011 Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Šiptari Šiptari Albanci Albanci Albanci Albanci Albanci Albanci Austrijanci Austrijanci Austrijanci
    [Show full text]