Spatiotemporal Variation of Water Quality and Assessment of Pollution Potential in Paradip Port Due to Port Activities
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Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol.46 (07), July 2017, pp. 1274-1286 Spatiotemporal variation of water quality and assessment of pollution potential in Paradip port due to port activities Ranjan Kumar Mohapatra & Chitta Ranjan Panda* Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar-751013, India *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 21 January 2015 ; revised 20 September 2016 Present study focused on the evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in different bio-physicochemical parameters at ten different locations inside port harbour by applying statistical and multivariate approaches. Various physico-chemical parameters along with chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton, total viable and coliform bacteria were analysed for the harbour water throughout the year. Seasonal changes responsible for temporal variations were observed during monsoon, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. Noticeable spatial variation was found due to port’s ongoing activities mainly at Iron ore handling berth, South Quay, East Quay, ADB-Coal berth, General cargo berth and Fertiliser berth. From the cluster and correlation analysis, greater inter dependency are found among the variables like phytoplankton, chlorophyll-a, PO4, NO3, NH3, TSS, Cr, DO, BOD and pH. [Keywords: Port activity, harbour water quality, spatiotemporal variation, factor and cluster analysis] Introduction Bay of Bengal (North Indian Ocean) is a years nutrient delivery to coastal areas has unique dynamic system with reference to increased as a consequence of human activity, seasonal changes due to immense river mainly due to agricultural practices, terrestrial discharges, excess precipitation and and sea-based industrial runoff and sewage evaporation, frequent depression, wind direction discharges3. Adjacent coastal waters are also and cyclones 1. In India, Paradip Port is one of inevitably affected by the nearby ports that can the major ports, acting as the gateway of be considered as a transition zone between the national and international maritime trade natural environment and the area impaired by transactions situated in Odisha coastline of Bay port activities. Sea ports are very complex of Bengal. Paradip Port harbour is considered systems with a broad range of environmental as semi-closed water body affected mainly by issues relating to water, wastewater, continual loading and unloading operations and nearby dredging, waste production, maintenance cargo storage heap runoff which may cause operations, recreational activity and storage, severe alteration of nearby coastal ecosystem. loading and unloading of raw materials and The chief materials handled by the port are coal, finished products4. Phytoplanktons are the major iron ore, fertilizer, petroleum products and constituents of the sea surface water which are various other minerals. The material handling mainly affected by various environmental through port may influence the concentration of factors. Chlorophyll-a is the primary nutrients, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, photosynthetic pigment, and its concentration is phytoplankton population, bacterial load, etc. It an important indicator of phytoplankton is generally agreed that, the pollution in surface abundance in coastal waters. Higher water system may reach a critical level of phytoplankton count indicated as blooming considerable influence of tidal currents on the stage responsible for the eutrophication vertical mixing of the port water 2. condition, which could be harmful to marine Nutrient input to the sea may occur ecosystems4. Above phenomenon occurs due to anthropogenically or through natural physical, the addition or depletion of nutrient in the water chemical and biological processes. In the recent system by means of port and nearby industrial INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017 1275 activities5. Therefore, a constant monitoring of done in post monsoon (September-2011), winter the port water quality is undertaken to study the (December-2011), pre monsoon (April-2012) physico-chemical and biological variables in and monsoon (July-2012). four different seasons during the year 2011-12. Analysis of physico-chemical Multivariate statistical studies such as parameters like temperature, pH, Salinity, correlation, cluster and factor analysis were Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen applied to evaluate the biotic and abiotic demand (BOD), Total suspended solids (TSS), - - variability and their inter-relationship. Objective Ammonia (NH3), Nitrate (NO3 ), Nitrite (NO2 ), of this study is to assess the spatial and temporal Phosphate (SO4), Chromium metal (Cr) and changes in related variables, which are biological parameters like Chlorophyll-a (Chl- responsible in changing the water quality inside a), Total phytoplankton population count (TPC), the Paradip Port harbour. Total viable bacterial bacteria count (TVC) and Total coliform bacteria count (TCC) were done Materials and Methods at each sampling stations in four different Paradip Port, a sea port in the east coast seasons throughout the year. The analyses of the of India, is situated about 125 km from above variables were made by standard methods Bhubaneswar (Capital of Odisha) between the as described in APHA 6. Temperature, pH and latitude 20015’ – 55044’N and longitude 86040’ salinity were measured by using WTW kit/multi – 36062’E. The study area comprises of ten 340i/SET at the sampling site. Dissolved oxygen different sampling locations (Fig. 1) inside the and biological oxygen demand (after 5 days) port harbour such as Approach channel (AC), were measured by conventional Winkler Oil jetty (OJ), Iron ore handling berth (IOHB), method6. Total suspended solids were measured ADB-Coal handling berth (ADB), North quay by filtration method. Nutrients like ammonia, (NQ), General cargo berth (GCB), South quay nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were measured (SQ), East quay (EQ), Fertilizer berth (FB) and colourimetrically, using Varian 50 Bio U.V 7 - Marine site (MS). visible spectrophotometer . Nitrate (NO3 ) was Paradip Port surface water samples were analysed after reducing it by a cadmium collected during the year 2011-2012 from ten reduction column6. fixed locations. Four quarterly sampling were Fig. 1-Location map of Paradip Port with ten sampling stations inside harbour. 1276 MOHAPATRA & PANDA: POLLUTION ASSESSMENT OF PARADIP PORT WATER Phenate and ascorbic acid methods were used (July) season (Fig. 2A), depending on solar 3- 8 19 for NH4-N and PO4 -P analysis . Cr of sea radiation, evaporation and cooling . As water was extracted by APDC-MIBK method described by Sarma et al.1, water surface and analysed using atomic absorption temperature followed the classical solar spectrophotometer9. Chlorophyll-a was radiation pattern which was cooler during winter estimated by spectrophotometric method10, after and warmer during the summer. Here, the port extraction with 90% acetone 11, 12 and total surface water temperature was followed the phytoplankton count was done for the preserved same trend of increasing from winter towards sample with Lugol’s iodine solution (10 mll-1) summer in the following order i.e. December < under light microscope with the help of a April < September < July (Fig. 2A). The pH of Sedgwick-rafter counting chamber. surface water was alkaline and varied between Phytoplanktons present in the sample were 7.84 and 8.36. The highest value was observed identified according to their morphological view during winter (Fig. 2B), which may be due to according to the identification manual 13, 14. To higher DO concentration20. Minimum salinity know the species diversity of the phytoplankton was found during September and December due communities, diversity index (H) was calculated to heavy precipitation associated with the rain by the formulae proposed by Shannon and fall (Fig. 2C). Lowest salinity (24.5g/l) was Weaver 15. For microbial analysis, water observed at AC in post-monsoon (September) samples were collected in the pre sterilized 100 may be due to the impact of monsoon resulted in ml glass bottles and brought under ice pack to dilution of port water 20. Total suspended solid the laboratory. Bacterial load in water samples of the harbour water was contributed by mainly were estimated by using pour plate method 6. lithogenic materials and biogenic parts including Total viable and coliform bacterial populations plankton and detritus. TSS was found minimum were estimated by counting the colony forming 11 mg/l in April-2012 at AC (Fig. 2D). This is unit (CFU) on the nutrient agar (NA) plate and due to less port activity, and the point is situated Eosine-methylene blue (EMB) agar plate, far away from the jetties and act as opening of respectively. the port to the sea (Fig. 1). Highest TSS value Statistical and multivariate techniques was recorded as 140 mg/l at IOHB in winter due such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient, cluster to floating of iron ore particle on the surface analysis (CA) and Principal component analysis water. In comparison with different seasons, (PCA) by means of factor loading analysis (FA) TSS was higher during the winter (December) have been applied to all sixteen analysed (Fig. 2D) due to dry atmosphere, enhanced wind parameters of port surface water. The obtained velocity, induced dispersion of dust particles results help to identify important critical factors from vehicular movement, materials handling and their interdependency responsible for activity and water turbulence during this spatiotemporal variation