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Riparian Management in Taranaki – a Success for Native Biodiversity?

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Riparian Management in Taranaki – a Success for Native Biodiversity? Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences “Diplomstudiengang Landschaftsökologie” Diploma thesis: RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT IN TARANAKI – A SUCCESS FOR NATIVE BIODIVERSITY? By: Susanne Krejcek First supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rainer Buchwald Second supervisor: Dr. Julia Stahl Oldenburg, March 2009 Diploma thesis DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, it neither contains material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement it has been made clear in the text. Date: 15th of March, 2009 Signature: Susanne Krejcek Riparian management in Taranaki – A success for native biodiversity? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I want to thank my family; especially my parents to whom I dedicate my thesis. My studies of Landscape Ecology and my thesis with its research based in New Zealand were only possible with your constant emotional and financial support. I am especially grateful for the excellent supervision and support I received during my fieldwork and the process of writing my thesis from my supervisors Prof. Dr. Rainer Buchwald and Dr. Julia Stahl. I really appreciate the open ear both of you always had for my questions and the valuable comments you made and the discussions we had. Furthermore, I am especially thankful for the employment at the Taranaki Regional council. I owe many thanks to Don Shearman who was my first contact at the Taranaki Regional Council and who later did an excellent job as my supervisor in New Zealand, for having an open ear to my questions and contributing to my knowledge about riparian margins in New Zealand. I also thank Basil Chamberlain who accepted my research proposal and thus employed me. Special thanks are directed to Shay Dean, who worked closely together with me on the realization of the research project. Thereby, I am especially thankful for her advice and help with field site choice, the provision of farmer consents, and for introducing me to New Zealand’s beautiful flora and fauna, as well as her assistance in the field. Furthermore, I thank Barbara Hammonds, who assisted in the field and shared her passion for botany and her botanical knowledge with me. I further want to thank Jane Bowden, Stephen Ellis, Chris Fowles, Ray Harris, Fioana Jansma, Chris Lambert, Lisa Mahony, Rosemary Miller, Brent Nicol, Katrina Spencer, Lou Rata, Eileen Pattinson and all other colleagues from the Taranaki Regional Council for their support and the good times I had while working with them. I thank Ines Schönberger from Landcare Research for helping with the identification of some plant species. I thank Victoria Froude for the development of the methodology used for the vegetation and bird surveys. Furthermore, I thank all farmers who are contributing to New Zealand’s native biodiversity with their riparian management and were kindly allowing me access to their property, answered my questions and thus made this study possible. ii Susanne Krejcek I am very grateful for the support of my kiwi-friends while working in New Zealand and the good times we shared. I owe many special thanks to my friend Nicole Schneider who gave valuable conceptual hints, suggestions and comments on the manuscript and whose emotional support and friendship I very highly value. Furthermore I thank Vanessa Farley and Alex Ross for correcting my English. Last, but not least, I thank the DAAD for the scholarship I received for covering my flight costs to New Zealand. iii Riparian management in Taranaki – A success for native biodiversity? ABSTRACT Although riparian margins are internationally recognized as areas of high natural biodiversity, they have been widely degraded by land development and urbanization. New Zealand is a typical example thereof. Riparian restoration in New Zealand is mainly aimed for water quality improvements and thus benefits for terrestrial biodiversity have been largely neglected by research approaches in the past. With my study I aimed to investigate the restoration success of managed lowland riparian margins for native terrestrial biodiversity in Taranaki. I therefore compared five different management categories (unfenced, fenced (1-4 years, no plantings), medium aged (4-7 years with plantings), old aged (8-12 years) and as a baseline regenerated field sites (fenced more >20 years)) by mapping vegetation and conducting five minute bird counts. My results have demonstrated the good, succession promoting development of riparian plantings in Taranaki with increases in native plant species richness (i. e. especially ferns and vines), vegetation cover diversity and structural complexity. A further improvement of weed control was identified as a highly recommendable management action with a focus on targeting wandering willie (Tradescantia fluminensis) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.). Fantails (Rhipidura fuliginosa), waxeyes (Zosterops lateralis) and grey warblers (Gerygone igata) were the only native bird species which profited from riparian management with field site age and were thus positively correlated with the number of tiers above two metres height and the increase in tree and shrub cover. Although riparian margins develop well, not all ecosystem functions seem to be restored, as I did not record any threatened or habitat sensitive plant or bird species. This is possibly due to evident edge-effects caused by too narrow riparian margins. Consequently, allowing for wider riparian margins would be highly recommendable. iv Susanne Krejcek ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Obwohl Fluss- und Bachauen international als Lebensräume mit natürlich hoher Biodiversität anerkannt sind, wurden sie durch Landentwicklung und Urbanisierung weiträumig modifiziert. Dies ist auch in Neuseeland der Fall, wo anschließende Renaturierungsmaßnahmen hauptsächlich die Verbesserung der Wasserqualität durch Wiederaufforstungsprogramme zum Ziel hatten. Aus diesem Grund sind die Vorteile dieser Programme für die terrestrische Biodiversität wenig bekannt. Mit meiner Studie möchte ich dazu beitragen, diese Lücke zu schließen und habe folglich die Auswirkungen von Taranakis Uferrandstreifen-Renaturierungsprogramm auf die Entwicklung der indigenen Vegetation und Avifauna untersucht. Dazu habe ich fünf verschiedene Untersuchungsgebietskategorien („beweidet“, „ausgezäunt“ (seit 1-4 Jahren), „mittelalt“ (Anpflanzungen sind 4-7 Jahre alt) und „alt“ (Anpflanzungen 8-12 Jahre alt), sowie als Vergleichskategorie natürlich „regenerierte“ Uferrandstreifen (seit mehr als 20 Jahren aus der Beweidung genommen und ausgezäunt)) miteinander verglichen und Vegetationsaufnahmen sowie Vogelkartierungen vorgenommen. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die angepflanzten Arten sowohl gut etabliert haben als auch die Sukzession sich weiter beschleunigt hat. Ein Anstieg des Artenreichtums der Pflanzen, (insbesondere von Farnen und Lianen), sowie Veränderungen bezüglich der Deckungsgrade und der Steigerung der strukturellen Vielfalt konnten nachgewiesen werden. Zudem wurden Brombeeren (Rubus fruticosus agg.) und Wandering Willies (Tradescantia fluminensis) als Problemarten, die weitere Kontrollmaßnahmen benötigen, identifiziert. Die einzigen indigenen Vogelarten, die vom Renaturierungsprogramm mit voranschreitender Sukzession profitierten, waren Fantails (Rhipidura fuliginosa), Waxeyes (Zosterops lateralis) und Grey Warblers (Gerygone igata). Diese Arten waren positiv mit der Anzahl der Vegetationsschichten und der Bewuchsdichte von Bäumen und Sträuchern korreliert. Obwohl sich die Uferrandstreifen gut entwickelt haben, scheinen nicht alle Ökosystemsfunktionen rehabilitiert worden zu sein, da ich weder bedrohte Arten noch Arten mit besonderen Habitatsansprüchen nachweisen konnte. Dies ist vermutlich auf die sichtbaren Randeffekte (nur schmale Uferrandstreifen) zurückzuführen. Dementsprechend ist eine Verbreiterung der Uferrandstreifen für künftige Uferrandstreifen-Renaturierungen sehr empfehlenswert. v Riparian management in Taranaki – A success for native biodiversity? CONTENTS DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iv ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................ x GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 2 NATURAL PROPERTIES OF THE INVESTIGATED AREA ................................................. 5 2.1 Abiotic characteristics ..................................................................................................
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