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Examining 18Th Century French Colonial Identity Through Selective Consumption of Animal Resources in the North American Interior

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Examining 18Th Century French Colonial Identity Through Selective Consumption of Animal Resources in the North American Interior Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2004 Eating Ethnicity: Examining 18th Century French Colonial Identity Through Selective Consumption of Animal Resources in the North American Interior Rory J. Becker Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Becker, Rory J., "Eating Ethnicity: Examining 18th Century French Colonial Identity Through Selective Consumption of Animal Resources in the North American Interior" (2004). Master's Theses. 3925. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3925 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EATING ETIINICITY: EXAMINlNG 1811-1 CENTURYFRENCH COLONIAL IDENTITY THROUGHSELECTIVE CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL RESOURCES IN THE NORTIIAMERICAN INTERIOR by Rory J. Becker A Thesis Submitted to the FacultyofThe Graduate College in partial ful:fillmentof the requirements forthe Degreeof Master of Arts Departmentof Anthropology WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo,Michigan June2004 Copygt by Rory J. Becker 20 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledgethe numerousindividuals who have provided advice andsupport for this project. I would like to thankDr. Michael S. Nassaney, my thesis advisorand chairperson, for his suggestionsand patience throughout this research. A special thanksto Dr. TerranceJ. Martin,Curator of Anthropology at the IllinoisState Museum, for granting access to the faunalcollections housed at the IllinoisState Museum's Researchand Collections Center, providingguidance in the methods offaunal analysis, and for opening his home to me as aguest duringthe courseof this research. Tue manytrips to Springfieldwould not have been feasible without this added kindnessfrom the MartinFamily. My thanksgo out to the other membersof my thesiscommittee, Dr. WilliamCremin and Dr. Michael Chiarappa, fortheir enthusiasm andopen mind concerningthis project. Additionally,I would like to thankSupport the FortInc., the FortSt. Joseph Museum,and the participants ofthe2002 WesternMichigan University archaeological fieldschoolwhose efforts resultedin the FortSt. Josephspecimens used in this analysis. BrockGiordano and Daniel Lynch receivespecial thanks for the manyhours ofconversation and informationsharing that have ledto the ideaspresented in thisthesis. Finally,I would like to express my deepestgratitude to my wife Eliz.abethBecker and myparents Harleyand Jackie Becker for their continued support throughout thisproject. All interpretationsof the data and anyshortcomings or deficienciesfound in thiswork remainthe sole responsibilityof the author. RoryJ. Becker ll EATINGETIINICITY: EXAMINING 18m CENTURYFRENCH COLONIAL IDENTITYTHROUGH SELECTIVE CONSUMPTIONOF ANIMAL RESOURCES IN 11IENORTII AMERICANINTERIOR RoryJ. Becker,M.A. WesternMichigan University, 2004 Culturalidentities can becreated and maintainedthrough daily practiceand foodconsum.ption is one such practice. Peopleneed food in orderto survive, but the typesof food they eat arelargely determinedby the interaction of culture and their environment. By approaching the topic of subsistence practicesas being culturally constituted, the studyof foodways provides anavenue to examine issues of cultural identitythrough selective consumption. Eatingcertain foods to the exclusion of othersis one method forestablishing social distance betweenpeoples and is simultaneously a reflectionof this relationshipand the types of interactions that take place betweengroups. Thisstudy explores the issue of cultural identityas expressed throughselective consumption of animal resources. Tueoutpost known as Fort St. Joseph will serveas an example ofhow one canutiliz.e animal exploitation pattems to determine selectiveconsumption and theseresults are compared to animal exploitationpattems at Fort Ouiatenon, French Cahokia,Fort de ChartresI, andFort de Chartresm. Variationin thesepattems suggests the differentways in which culturalidentities were expressed ateach site. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... u LIST OF TABLES .........................................................-......................................... V LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................ 7 Ill. ENVIRONMENTAL AND IIlSTORICOVERVIEW ............................... 19 Environmental andHistorical Context ofFort St. Joseph................... 19 Social and DemographieContext at Fort St. Joseph........................... 25 Environmental, Historical, and Social Context at the other Four Sites ..................................................................................................... 28 IV. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 36 V. ANALYSIS................................................................................................. 45 Number ofIdentified Specimens ......................................................... 47 Minimum Number oflndividuals.. .......................... ............................ 52 Biomass Estimates............................................................................... 54 Summary.............................................................................................. 55 VI. INTER-SITECOMPARISON OF RESULTS............................................ 57 Fort Ouiatenon..................................................................................... 57 French Cahokia.................................................................................... 63 Fort de ChartresI. ..... .. .... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .... .. ... .. .... .. .. .... 64 111 Table of Contents-continued Fort de Chartres ill.............................................................................. 66 VII. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 73 APPENDICES A Skeletal Portions ofWhite-tailed Deer from Feature Contexts at Fort St. Joseph .................................................................................................... 81 B Elements Utilized to Calculate Minimum Number of Individuals for LargeMammals from Each Featureat Fort St. Joseph............................... 82 C Species Composition fromIndividual Features at Fort St. Joseph ............. 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................ ;.......................................... 88 lV LIST OF• TABLES 1. Class Composition fromAll Feature Contexts at Fort St. Joseph: Combined Macro andWet Screen Recovery................................................. 46 2. Species Composition fromAll Feature Contexts at Fort St. Joseph: Combined Macro andWet Screen Recovery................................................. 48 V LIST OF FIGURES 1. Fort St. Joseph Site Map ................................................................................ 38 2. Graph: Percent of Class Representation from Feature Contexts at Fort St. Joseph ....................................................................................................... 45 3. Graph: Total NISP % forWhite-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at Fort St. Joseph ....................................................................................................... 52 4. Graph: Total MNI% forWhite-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at Fort St. Joseph............................................................................................................. 53 5. Graph: Total Biomass % for White-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at Fort St. Joseph................................................................................................ 54 6. Graph: Total NISP Count, MNI, and Biomass % forWhite-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at Fort St. Joseph................................................................ 55 7. Graph: NISP Count % for White-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at All Five Sites.............. ........ ..... ... ...... .. .. ... ...... ... ............ ...... ........ .... .. .......... ...... ... 60 8. Graph: MNI % forWhite-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at All Five Sites................................................................................................................ 60 9. Graph: Biomass % forWhite-Tailed Deer vs. Domesticates at All Five Sites................................................................................................................ 61 VI CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION Tue creationand maintenanceof culturalidentity can be realizedthrough daily practices(Meskell 2002). Language,clothing, and personal adormnent can all be utilizedas markersof coltural identity. In addition, foodtypes are largely determined by resourceavailability and culturalpreference and as such, subsistence is a cultural practicethat canbe manipulated to create andreproduce social boundaries(Meigs 1988). By approachingthe topic of subsistencepractices as beingculturally constituted, the studyof foodways providesan avenue to examineissues
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