Beaver Dam Lake Report 2012

Beaver Dam Lake

Aquatic Macrophytic Survey Report

580 Rockport Rd. Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Phone: 908-850-8690 Fax: 908-850-4994 www.alliedbiological.com Table of Contents Introduction ...... 3 Procedures: ...... 3 Macrophyte Summary: ...... 4 Macrophyte Abundance and Distribution Discussion ...... 9 Summary of Findings: ...... 12

11/30/2012

Beaver Dam Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District 557 Shore Drive New Windsor, NY 12553

2012 Aquatic Macrophytic Survey Report

Beaver Dam Lake Orange County, New York

Introduction

On September 7, 2012 Allied Biological, Inc. conducted a detailed aquatic macrophyte survey at Beaver Dam Lake located in Orange County, NY. During the survey, 102 GPS-referenced locations were sampled for the presence of aquatic macrophytes in the main basin of the lake. The primary goal of the survey was to map the diverse vegetation present in the lake for scientific determination of best management strategies. In the Appendix of this report are a total of 16 maps representing distribution and abundance of the major aquatic species observed, the sample points utilized, and water depth at each sample point.

Procedures:

The total number of sample locations is typically based on the total acreage of the lake. As a rule of thumb, one sample location per acre (minimum 50 sample locations) is surveyed. If the lake is over 100 acres in size, the number of sample locations is reduced to about 100. Since every lake is different, the survey can focus on problematic locations according to the client’s instructions. It should also be noted that deeper water areas (total depth greater than 15 feet) are generally not surveyed due to the lack of aquatic macrophyte growth caused by poor light penetration. The area of a lake that can support submersed aquatic plant growth is referred to as the littoral zone.

Before the survey began, random sample locations were plotted on a grid overlay map of the lake focusing on the littoral areas. The narrow northern section of the lake was divided evenly and additional sample locations were added to the shallow southern end of the lake, and the western cove area. The sample locations are depicted on a map in the Appendix of this report. The central basin was not included as it exceeds the maximum normal water depth for plant growth.

Using the overlay grid loaded onto the GPS unit, the survey boat was piloted to the first sample location. On arrival, the GPS coordinates of the sample location was recorded using a Trimble GeoXH 2008 series

handheld GPS unit with sub-meter accuracy. The water depth was also measured, using a boat mounted depth finder, a handheld depth gun (HawkEye digital sonar system, or equivalent), or a calibrated metal pole, as appropriate to the conditions. The water depth was recorded on a field log, and is depicted on a map in the Appendix. Any other pertinent field notes regarding the sample location were also recorded on a field log.

Next, a weed anchor attached to a 10 meter-long piece of rope is tossed from a random side of the boat. It is important to toss the weed anchor the full 10 meters (a loop at the end of the rope is attached to the boat to prevent losing the anchor). The weed anchor is slowly retrieved along the bottom, and carefully hoisted into the boat. To determine the overall submersed vegetation amount, the weed mass is assigned one of five densities, based on semi-quantitative metrics developed by Cornell University (Lord, et al, 2005). These densities are: No Plants (empty anchor), Trace (one or two stems per anchor, or the amount that can be held between two fingers), Sparse (three to 10 stems, but lightly covering the anchor, or about a handful), Medium (more than 10 stems, and covering all the tines of the anchor), or Dense (entire anchor full of stems, and one has trouble getting the mass into the boat). See the Appendix of this report for pictures of these representative densities. These densities are abbreviated in the field notes as 0, T, S, M, and D. Next the submersed weed mass is sorted by genus (or species if possible) and one of the five densities (as described above) is assigned to each genus and/or species. Finally, overall floating macrophyte density within a 10 meter diameter of the survey boat is assigned a density, as well as an estimated density for each separate Genus (or species) observed. This data is recorded in the field notes. This procedure is then repeated for the remaining sample points.

A sample of each different macrophyte is collected and placed in a bottle with a letter or number code (A, B, 1, 2, etc.). If possible, these samples included both submersed and floating leaves (if any), seeds, and flowers (if present), to facilitate identification. These bottles are placed in a cooler stocked with blue-ice packs or ice, and returned to Allied Biological’s lab for positive identification and photographing. Regionally appropriate taxonomic keys are used to identify the aquatic macrophytes (a list of references is included in the appendix) to the lowest practical taxa, typically to species.

The weed anchor used for aquatic macrophyte surveys has a specific design. It is constructed with two 13.5-inch wide metal garden rakes attached back to back with several hose clamps. The wooden handles are removed and a 10 meter-long nylon rope is attached to the rake heads.

Macrophyte Summary:

The following aquatic macrophytes were observed at Beaver Dam Lake on September 7, 2012. The respective macrophyte percent abundance data are summarized in Table #1 in the Appendix. The distribution of all the aquatic macrophytes is summarized in Table #2. In addition, the distribution of each individual macrophyte is depicted on separate maps located in the Appendix of this report. Below is a short description of each macrophyte and a picture. Ten submersed macrophytes (plus benthic filamentous algae) were collected during the 2012 survey, while four floating macrophytes were observed. When possible, pictures of macrophytes represent the actual plants located at Beaver Dam Lake, either taken in the field, or from samples returned to Allied Biological’s laboratory. All other photos are from the archives at Allied Biological.

Eurasian Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum. Common Names: Asian Water milfoil. Aggressive, Exotic, Invasive.): Eurasian water milfoil has long (2 meters or more) spaghetti-like stems that grow from submerged rhizomes. The stems often branch repeatedly at the water’s surface creating a canopy that can crowd out other vegetation, and obstruct recreation and navigation. The leaves are arranged in whorls of 4 to 5, and spread out along the stem. The leaves are divided like a feather, resembling the bones on a fish spine. Eurasian water milfoil is an exotic originating in Europe and Asia, but its range now includes most of the United States. It’s ability to grow in cool water and at low light conditions gives it an early season advantage over other native submersed plants. In addition to reproducing via fruit production, it can also reproduce via fragmentation. Waterfowl graze on Eurasian water milfoil, and its vegetation provides habitat for invertebrates. However, studies have determined mixed beds of pondweeds and wild celery can support more diverse invertebrate populations.

Benthic Filamentous Algae: Filamentous algae is a chain or series of similar algae cells arranged in an end to end manner. Benthic filamentous algae is attached to a hard substrate, such as logs, rocks, a lake bottom, or even other aquatic plants. When growing in heavy densities, benthic filamentous algae can appear as brown or green mats of vegetation that can reach the surface. When large pieces break off the bottom substrate they become floating filamentous algae patches. Benthic filamentous algae can comprise an entire range of morphologies, but flagellated taxa are far less common.

Sago Pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus: Common Name: Sago, Sago Pondweed. Native). The stems of sago pondweed originate from fine rhizomes studded with starchy tubers. The leaves are three to 10 cm long and very thin, resembling pine needles, complete with a sharp point. The branches often are forked several times, resulting in a fan-like arrangement. Stipules are fused to the leaves creating a stipular sheath. Flowers and fruit are produced on a slender stalk that can be submersed, or float on the water. Sago pondweed is widespread, and often inhabits water one to two meters deep. It can tolerate a variety of sediment types and a wide range of water conditions. It is adapted to thrive in low-light, high turbid conditions, and is often the last surviving plant when such conditions persist for an extended amount of time. Sago pondweed is considered a top food producer

for waterfowl, which graze heavily on its fruit and tubers. Juvenile fish also utilize sago pondweed as a food source and shelter.

Leafy Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus: Common Name: leafy pondweed. Native.): Leafy pondweed has freely branched stems that hold slender submersed leaves that become slightly more narrow as they approach the stem. The leaf contains 3-5 veins and often tapers to a point. No floating leaves are produced. It produces early season fruits in tight clusters on short stalks in the leaf axils. These early season fruits are often the first grazed upon by waterfowl during the season. Muskrat, beaver, deer and even moose also graze on the fruit. It inhabits a wide range of habitats, but usually prefers shallow water. It has a high tolerance for eutrophic conditions, allowing it to even colonize secondary water treatment ponds.

Northern Naiad (Najas gracillima. Common Names: Thread- like naiad, slender water nymph. Native.): Northern naiad is similar in shape and form to slender naiad. It has fine- branched stems that can taper to lengths of one meter, originating from delicate rootstalks. Plant shape varies; sometimes compact and bushy, other times long and slender, depending on growing conditions. It prefers softer water and is highly sensitive to pollutants. The leaves are short (1-4 cm long) and serrated, tapering to a point with a jagged lobe at the leaf base. It is a true annual, and dies off in the fall, relying on seed dispersal to return the next year. It is an important food source for waterfowl.

Common Waterweed (Elodea Canadensis: Common Names: elodea, common waterweed. Native.): Common waterweed has slender stems that can reach a meter in length, and a shallow root system. The stem is adorned with lance-like leaves that are attached directly to the stalk that tend to congregate near the stem tip. The leaves are populated by a variety of aquatic invertebrates. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants, but it can also reproduce via stem fragmentation. Since common waterweed is disease resistant, and tolerant to low-light conditions, it can reach nuisance levels, creating dense mats that can obstruct fish movement, and the operation of boat motors.

Brittle Naiad (Najas minor. Common Names: brittle water nymph, European naiad. Exotic, Invasive): Brittle naiad is a submersed annual that flowers in August to October. It resembles other naiads, except its leaves are highly toothed with 6-15 spinules on each side of the leaf, visible without the aid of magnification. The leaves are opposite, simple, thread-like, and usually lime-green in color, often with a “brittle” feel to them. Brittle naiad fruit are narrow, slightly curved, and marked with 10-18 longitudinal ribs, resembling a ladder. Brittle Naiad has been introduced from Europe in the early 1900’s, and can be found in most of the northeastern states. Brittle naiad prefers sandy and gravel substrates, but can tolerate a wide range of bottom types. It’s tolerant of turbid and eutrophic conditions. Waterfowl graze on the fruit.

Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum. Common Names: coontail, hornwort. Native.): Coontail has long trailing stems that lack true roots, although it can become loosely anchored to sediment by modified leaves. The leaves are stiff, and arranged in whorls of 5-12 at each node. Each leaf is forked once or twice, and has teeth along the margins. The whorls of leaves are spaced closer at the end of the stem, creating a raccoon tail appearance. Coontail is tolerant of low light conditions, and since it is not rooted, it can drift into different depth zones. Coontail can also tolerate cool water and can over winter as a green plant under the ice. Typically, it reproduces via fragmentation. Bushy stems of coontail provide valuable habitat for invertebrates and fish (especially during winter), and the leaves are grazed on by waterfowl.

Curly-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus. Common Name: curly-leaf pondweed. Exotic, Invasive.): Curly-leaf pondweed has spaghetti-like stems that often reach the surface by mid-June. Its submersed leaves are oblong, and attached directly to the stem in an alternate pattern. The margins of the leaves are wavy and finely serrated, hence its name. No floating leaves are produced. Curly-leaf pondweed can tolerate turbid water conditions better than most other macrophytes. In late summer, Curly-leaf pondweed enters its summer dormancy stage. It naturally dies off (often creating a sudden loss of habitat and releasing nutrients into the water to fuel algae growth) and produces vegetative buds called turions. These turions germinate when the water gets cooler in the autumn and give way to a winter growth form that allows it to thrive under ice and snow cover, providing habitat for fish and invertebrates.

Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes. Common names: Nile cabbage, Shellflower. Exotic, Invasive.) Water lettuce is a floating, perennial plant with soft, velvet-like pubescent leaves. Flower and fruit are inconspicuous, and the fruit appears as a many seeded small green berry. The plant reproduces by vegetative offshoots from the floating root. Though native to parts of North America it is can reach nuisance densities in shallow littoral areas. Most often introduced via commercial sources, water lettuce is considered non-hardy in the Northeast by aquatic plant experts, but has been known to over winter in mild seasons.

Water Chestnut (Trapa natans. Common Names: Water nut, water chestnut. Aggressive, Exotic, Invasive.): Water chestnut is native to Europe and Asia, and was first observed in the United States in the late 1800’s in Massachusetts. Water chestnut has two types of leaves, submerged and floating rosettes. The submersed leaves are delicate, opposite and contain numerous adventitious roots. Floating leaves are strongly toothed triangular leaves displayed in a rosette fashion, supported by long petioles with spongy inflated bladders for buoyancy. These petioles can reach lengths of up to 16 feet. Water chestnut prefers to inhabit nutrient-rich slow moving waters in lakes, ponds or streams. Although water chestnut can reproduce via fragmented rosettes, the plant produces numerous single-seeded horned nuts armed with sharp ½” barbs. After maturation, these nuts fall off the plant and over winter, producing 10-15 new rosettes the following season. These nuts can inflict painful wounds to swimmers if stepped on. Studies have shown a water chestnut can lie dormant on a lake bottom for up to 12 years, and still germinate. Water chestnut is a poor source of food for waterfowl. High densities of water chestnut can inhibit boating and fishing.

Common Watermeal (Wolffia columbiana. Common Names: common watermeal. Native.): Common watermeal appears as pale green globes of vegetative matter without roots, stems or true leaves. It’s one of the world’s smallest flowering plants, but flowers are rarely found and require magnification to see. Watermeal usually reproduces by budding. Watermeal is typically found on the surface, intermingled with duckweeds. Its drifts with the water’s current or wind, and therefore it grows independent of water depth, clarity or sediment type. In the fall it produces winter buds that sink to the bottom. In the spring, the buds become buoyant and float to the surface. Waterfowl, fish, and muskrats all include watermeal in their diets.

Small Duckweed (Lemna minor. Common Names: Small duckweed, water lentil, lesser duckweed. Native.). Small duckweed is a free floating plant, with round to oval-shaped leaf bodies typically referred to as fronds. The fronds are small (typically less than 0.5 cm in diameter), and it can occur in large densities that can create a dense mat on the water’s surface. Each frond contains three faint nerves, a single root (a characteristic used to distinguish it from other duckweeds), and no stem. Although it can produce flowers, it usually reproduces via budding at a tremendous rate. Its population can double in three to five days. Since it is free floating, it drifts with the wind or water current, and is often found intermixed with other duckweeds. Since it’s not attached to the sediment, it derives nutrients directly from the water, and is often associated with eutrophic conditions. It over winters by producing turions late in the season. Small duckweed is extremely nutritious and can provide up to 90% of the dietary needs for waterfowl. It’s also consumed by muskrat, beaver and fish, and dense mats of duckweed can actually inhibit mosquito breeding.

Great Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza. Common Names: Great duckweed, large duckweed. Native.). Great duckweed is the largest of the duckweeds, but it is still very small compared to other aquatic macrophytes. It has simple flattened fronds with irregular oval shapes, often up to 1 cm in length and 2.5 to 8.0 mm long. The frond surface is usually green with a conspicuous purple dot. The underside of the frond is magenta with a cluster of 5-12 roots that dangle into the water. Indeed, peering at great duckweed from under the water grants it the appearance a tiny jellyfish. Although great duckweed produces flowers, it usually reproduces via budding, and like other duckweeds, it is capable of rapid growth. It often occurs with other duckweeds, and since it is free floating, it can be moved via the wind or water currents. It derives its nutrients from the water column and often occurs in eutrophic systems. It’s an excellent food source for waterfowl, and is also used by muskrat and fish. The dense mats offer shade and cover for fish.

Macrophyte Abundance and Distribution Discussion

At Beaver Dam Lake, 102 sites were surveyed in September of 2012, to determine the abundance and distribution of submersed and floating vegetation. Water depth was collected at all 102 sites and ranged from 1.5 feet to 20.5 feet. Since pelagic sites were not surveyed on this date, the water depth data cannot be used to calculate an average depth for the basin. Water chemistry parameters were not collected at the time of the survey, but water clarity was low due to a visible unicellular algae bloom in the water column. In the northern most section of the basin, water depth and the presence of tree stumps and snags made movement with the boat difficult. Therefore, if a course of treatment includes this area an airboat should be utilized for ease of access.

Submersed vegetation was collected at 85 or 83% of the sites sampled. All but one (site 53) of the non- vegetated sites had a depth of greater than 9.5 feet deep. At this depth the sunlight cannot penetrate

the water column strongly enough to promote plant growth. Twenty-three sites supported trace abundance, twenty-four sites supported sparse abundance, twenty-seven supported medium abundance, and eleven sites supported dense plant abundance. Assuming medium and dense abundance equated to nuisance densities, 38 sites or 45% of the sites supported nuisance growth in 2012. The plant growth was heaviest in the northern extension and the eastern coves of the lake.

The invasive species, Eurasian water milfoil, was the dominant submersed macrophyte collected during the survey. Eurasian water milfoil was collected at 83 or 81% of the sites surveyed with nuisance density at thirty-seven of the sites. It was prolific throughout the littoral zone of the lake with large areas of higher density in the northern sections and along the north-east shoreline. The south-east shoreline and the dam area had lighter plant density. The area approaching the dam has greater depth readings and this may partially explain the lighter density in these areas. As Eurasian water milfoil can spread by stem fragmentation, it often achieves heavy density in outlet areas if the water depth is appropriate.

Benthic filamentous algae and floating filamentous algae occurred at a total of 33 sites and six sites respectively. At most sites the algae was at trace densities and was seen attached to plant matter, as seen in the picture show here. The recent seasonal warming trend in winter has allowed higher productivity in many lake systems resulting in higher than usual densities of algae. Nutrient availability within the lake system also plays a role. Runoff from roads, septic leakage and over use of fertilizers can all add to the available nutrients for both plant and algae growth.

Sago pondweed was observed at 15 sites during the survey. This desirable native plant is an excellent source of food forage and shelter. It was found primarily in the south-east portion of the basin with most densities being trace to sparse. The identity of the plant was confirmed in the lab at Allied Biological. Though there were no seeds present, leaf structures and the presence of a sheath at the leaf base confirmed the identification.

Leafy pondweed was observed at nine sites in the lake. It was found in the southern end of the lake with the exception of two sites in the northern portion of the basin. Leafy pondweed is a native plant and in the densities found at Beaver Dam Lake it has ecological benefits. However, it can reach nuisance densities if the right conditions are present. This plant should be monitored closely in the future. Leafy pondweed can be difficult to identify in the field, thus specimens of this plant were collected for verification and positively identified at the lab.

Northern naiad was found at four locations during the survey. This plant is a desirable native that provides food and forage for both fish and waterfowl. The presence of this species at Beaver Dam Lake is a positive sign that when the invasive nuisance plants are under control, there are healthy desirable natives in the seed bank to repopulate the basin. Though no seeds were present on collected samples, the distinctive notched leaf base was observed for positive identification.

Common waterweed was observed at three sites, two along the south western shore line near the dam. Near these sites a medium size patch of waterweed was observed. Though this is a native plant it can become a nuisance at high densities. In shallow water it can spread quickly, creating a monoculture and inhibit recreational activities. At the time of the survey it only accounted for 3% of the total vegetation

found and is not considered a nuisance. Care should be taken to monitor the growth pattern of this plant in the future, especially following herbicide use to control invasive species at this site.

Brittle naiad, this was the second naiad species found during the 2012 survey. Brittle naiad was found at two sites in the basin. The samples obtained had seeds present allowing for definite identification at the lab. Although considered exotic (and is sometimes called European naiad), it rarely reaches nuisance densities based on its stem structures.

Coontail, curly-leaf pondweed, and water lettuce were found at one site each during the survey. Curly- leaf pondweed is an early spring emergent plant and, and due to the timing of the survey, is not normally expected to be found. During the survey one turion (a nut-like seed) was found on the tines of the rake. Historically at Beaver Dam Lake, curly-leaf pondweed is found in the spring in moderate densities. Coontail is a native aquatic species that can quickly grow to nuisance densities in shallow to mid depth areas, especially in disturbed locations. Though only found at one site caution should be taken to monitor any further growth.

Water lettuce is usually not found established in larger lakes, but is a very popular ornamental pond plant sold in garden stores. Although not expected to overwinter in Beaver Dam Lake, this site should be carefully monitored in 2013 for the appearance of water lettuce. Hand pulling is the most efficient method of control for this floating macrophyte.

Floating vegetation is not effectively sampled via traditional weed anchor methods; instead density is estimated based on percent cover within a ten foot radius of the boat. Examples of the surface densities can be viewed in the appendix of the report. Overall, floating macrophyte density was observed at 97 sites or over 95% of the lake surface. Forty-two percent of the sites had trace abundance, forty-one percent had sparse abundance, nine percent had medium abundance and seven had dense abundance.

Watermeal was observed at 98 sites during the survey being the most abundant floating macrophyte. This tiny plant can cause complete coverage of an area causing unsightly conditions and interfering with recreation at the lake. The picture seen here was taken in the northern portion of the lake basin where wind and low flow conditions allow this floating plant to accumulate. Due to the fact that this is a non-rooted plant wind plays a big part in the distribution throughout the basin. Where rooted plant densities reach surface levels watermeal will accumulate, caught in the floating leaves and flowers of the plants.

Two duckweeds, small duckweed and great duckweed, were observed at 33 and 23 sites respectively. This is another common floating plant that moves with water flow and wind patterns. Though these plants can reach nuisance densities, both the duckweeds were observed mostly in trace to sparse densities mixed in with the watermeal in 2012.

The invasive species water chestnut has been observed at Beaver Dam Lake historically. This highly opportunistic species should be monitored and any specimens should be hand pulled as soon as possible when observed.

Summary of Findings:

• Eurasian Water Milfoil was the most abundant macrophyte observed during the September 2012 survey. Distribution was throughout the littoral zone of the lake with dense areas in the shallow northern section and the eastern cove. • Watermeal was observed in nuisance densities in the northern section as well as in other small coves in the basin. • Overall macrophyte diversity (n=14) is considered low for a New York lake. Abundance and distribution of the invasive species is a likely contributor to the low diversity. • Algal blooms, both filamentous and unicellular, increase with the nutrient level in a lake system. Nuisance levels of algae are an indicator of high nutrient inputs into the system. Inputs can include ground water runoff, septic leachate, fertilizer use and detritus form surrounding trees. Strategies should be employed to reduce inputs where possible. • Water lettuce was documented at one site in 2012, This species should be monitored closely in 2012. • Water chestnut is reported to occur at Beaver Dam Lake, but no surface rosettes were observed during our survey, and no vegetative parts or nuts were collected on any weed anchor tosses. However, a few days following our survey, several rooted plants were located and removed south of the boat launch.

Aquatic Macrophyte Control Recommendations:

Based on the data collected during this survey and the observations conducted in the field, control of the invasive species, Eurasian water milfoil should be the top priority moving forward. Given the area of growth, a systemic herbicide like Sonar (fluridone) would be the product of choice. Sonar works over a four to six week period allowing plants to decompose slowly as the herbicide works through the plant’s system. Multiple year control of Eurasian water milfoil is possible, depending on dosage employed and suitable contact time. Sonar has also been shown to have some control over common watermeal, which is also problematic at Beaver Dam Lake. However, the high dose required for watermeal control would likely be cost-prohibitive, and would wipe out all desirable native plants in the basin. With the reduction of Eurasian water milfoil plants at the surface, it is our hope that common watermeal abundance would naturally decrease, as we eliminate a substrate for the tiny plants to accumulate on.

A second option is a site specific, contact herbicide. Aquathol-K (endothall) would be the herbicide of choice for this option. Aquathol-K works quickly on plants, resulting in die-back usually within 14 days of application. It is effective on milfoil and pondweeds but is not an effective control method for

watermeal. Should the herbicide Clipper (active ingredient Flumioxazin) become registered in New York in early 2013, it would become the contact herbicide of choice. Clipper provides good control of both Eurasian water milfoil and common watermeal.

At this point, water chestnut control should continue to include weekly monitoring and early hand pulling of any plants found in the basin. The same applies to the few water lettuce plants observed in 2012.

As control is gained over the invasive and nuisance plant species, native plants in the seed bank can begin to repopulate the basin. This allows for a healthy mix of vegetation for fish habitat and forage opportunities. A balance between healthy plant densities for biota within the lake, while accommodating residential recreational use of the lake should be the main goal of future management plans at Beaver Dam Lake.

References:

Borman, et al. 1999. Through the Looking Glass: A Field Guide to Aquatic Plants. Wisconsin Lakes Partnership, University of Wisconsin-Extension. Reindl Printing, Inc. Merrill, WI.

Fairbrothers, et al. 1962. Aquatic Vegetation of New Jersey. Extension Bulletin 382. Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

Fassett, Norman C. 1972. A Manual of Aquatic Plants. The University of Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee.

Hill, R. and S. Williams. 2007. Maine Field Guide to Invasive Aquatic Plants and their Common Native Look Alikes. Maine Center for Invasive Aquatic Plants and the Maine Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program. J.S McCarthy Printers, Augusta Maine.

Lord et al. 2005. Effective Aquatic Plant Monitoring: Data and Issues from Waneta Lake Presentation at the Northeast Aquatic Plant Management Society Annual Meeting. Saratoga Springs, NY.

Tarver, et al. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Florida. Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research and Control, Florida Department of Natural Resources. Tallahassee, Florida.

Young, S. M., and T. W. Weldy. 2006. New York Rare Plant Status Lists. New York Natural Heritage Program, Albany, NY. May 2006. 67 pages.

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Macrophyte Distribution September 7, 2012

Aquatic Macrophyte Total Abundance Trace Abundance Sparse Abundance Medium Abundance Dense Abundance Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites % Sites 102 100% Total Submersed Vegetation 85 83% 23 27% 24 28% 27 32% 11 13% Eurasian Watermilfoil 83 81% 24 29% 22 27% 26 31% 11 13% Benthic Filamentous Algae 33 32% 24 73% 8 24% 1 3% 0 0% Sago Pondweed 15 15% 10 67% 4 27% 1 7% 0 0% Leafy Pondweed 9 9% 7 78% 2 22% 0 0% 0 0% Northern Naiad 4 4% 3 75% 1 25% 0 0% 0 0% Common Waterweed 3 3% 2 67% 1 33% 0 0% 0 0% Brittle Naiad 2 2% 2 100% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Coontail 1 1% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Curly-leaf Pondweed 1 1% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Water Lettuce 1 1% 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0%

Total Floating Vegetation 97 95% 41 42% 40 41% 9 9% 7 7% Watermeal 98 96% 46 47% 36 37% 9 9% 7 7% Small Duckweed 33 32% 22 67% 11 33% 0 0% 0 0% Great Duckweed 23 23% 17 74% 6 26% 0 0% 0 0% Floating Filamentous Algae 6 6% 4 67% 2 33% 0 0% 0 0% Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012 Page 1 of 3

Latitude (DD) Longitude (DD) Sample Point Depth in feet Total Submersed Vegetation FloatingTotal Vegetation Benthic Filamentous Algae Naiad Brittle Common Waterweed Coontail Pondweed Curly-leaf Eurasian Watermilfoil Floating Algae Filamentous Great Duckweed Leafy Pondweed Northern Naiad Pondweed Sago Small Duckweed Watermeal Water Lettuce 1 41.45279° -74.117188° 2.0 T D T T T D 2 41.452214° -74.11723° 2.5 T D T T T D 3 41.452226° -74.116206° 2.5 M D M S S D 4 41.451587° -74.116446° 3.0 M D M T S D 5 41.451549° -74.115615° 3.5 M M M T S M 6 41.450946° -74.116379° 4.0 D S D T T S 7 41.450266° -74.116243° 2.0 M S M T T S 8 41.450375° -74.117051° 4.5 S S S T S 9 41.450455° -74.117823° 2.0 M S T M T S S 10 41.44978° -74.118014° 2.5 T S T T T S 11 41.449757° -74.117272° 3.5 M S M S 12 41.449701° -74.116398° 3.0 M S T M T T S 13 41.449119° -74.116432° 3.5 D S D T T S 14 41.449119° -74.117222° 3.5 D S D T S T 15 41.449188° -74.118043° 3.0 M M M S S S M 16 41.448483° -74.118109° 3.0 M S M S S T 17 41.448441° -74.117292° 5.0 S S S S 18 41.447879° -74.11712° 2.5 M S M T S 19 41.447951° -74.118181° 3.5 S T S T 20 41.447237° -74.118182° 6.0 M T S M T 21 41.447209° -74.117107° 5.2 M T T M T 22 41.446605° -74.11732° 6.5 T T T T 23 41.446669° -74.11817° 6.6 T T T T 24 41.445981° -74.118331° 9.0 T S T S 25 41.446009° -74.117491° 7.0 M S T M S 26 41.445397° -74.118133° 9.5 T T 27 41.44478° -74.118067° 9.5 T T T T T 28 41.444822° -74.117267° 8.0 D S S D S 29 41.445373° -74.117031° 2.5 M M M T T M 30 41.445877° -74.116738° 2.5 S D S S S D 31 41.444279° -74.116577° 7.0 D S M D S 32 41.444229° -74.117438° 10.5 T T 33 41.444173° -74.118257° 6.0 S S T S S 34 41.443575° -74.118725° 3.5 S S S S T T 35 41.443536° -74.118008° 8.0 S T S T 36 41.443623° -74.117263° 9.5 T T 37 41.442945° -74.118301° 2.5 M T T T M T 38 41.442576° -74.117616° 9.0 T T T T 39 41.44219° -74.11849° 4.0 D T D T T T 40 41.441552° -74.118853° 2.5 M T T T M T S S T 41 41.440877° -74.118895° 7.0 T T T T T 42 41.43989° -74.118409° 5.5 D S S D S 43 41.440195° -74.119163° 3.5 M S M T S T 44 41.43955° -74.117749° 17.0 T T 45 41.438894° -74.11628° 4.5 T T T T 46 41.438358° -74.116748° 5.5 S T T S T T 47 41.438722° -74.117606° 17.0 T T 48 41.439062° -74.118287° 12.5 T T T T 49 41.438665° -74.118768° 6.5 M S M S Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012 Page 2 of 3

Latitude (DD) Longitude (DD) Sample Point Depth in feet Total Submersed Vegetation FloatingTotal Vegetation Benthic Filamentous Algae Naiad Brittle Common Waterweed Coontail Pondweed Curly-leaf Eurasian Watermilfoil Floating Algae Filamentous Great Duckweed Leafy Pondweed Northern Naiad Pondweed Sago Small Duckweed Watermeal Water Lettuce 50 41.437882° -74.117217° 11.0 T T 51 41.43766° -74.116591° 3.0 T T T T T 52 41.437295° -74.115898° 2.5 T S T T T S 53 41.436585° -74.116301° 6.0 T T 54 41.437039° -74.117055° 11.5 T T 55 41.437332° -74.117895° 12.0 T T 56 41.437715° -74.118527° 18.5 T T 57 41.438022° -74.11913° 2.0 S S T S T T S 58 41.437549° -74.119486° 2.0 S T S S T T T T 59 41.437216° -74.119009° 16.5 T T 60 41.436734° -74.118289° 14.5 61 41.436498° -74.117526° 12.0 62 41.436106° -74.117056° 2.5 S S S S T T S 63 41.436057° -74.117933° 4.0 S T T S T 64 41.43635° -74.118558° 2.5 T T T T T 65 41.43669° -74.119348° 20.5 T T 66 41.437018° -74.120017° 5.0 M T M T 67 41.436563° -74.120513° 11.0 T T 68 41.436106° -74.119849° 9.5 S T T S T 69 41.435652° -74.120248° 9.5 T S T S 70 41.436042° -74.12104° 8.0 S S S S 71 41.435537° -74.121487° 7.0 T T T T 72 41.435193° -74.120639° 9.0 T S T S 73 41.434552° -74.120969° 10.5 S S T S S 74 41.435039° -74.121942° 6.5 S T S T 75 41.437825° -74.115735° 1.5 S S T T T T S S 76 41.438598° -74.115722° 3.0 T S T T T S 77 41.438227° -74.115063° 3.5 S T S T S T 78 41.438566° -74.114274° 5.5 S S T S S 79 41.439139° -74.113812° 8.5 T S T T S 80 41.439508° -74.113178° 3.5 T S T T S 81 41.44008° -74.112638° 2.0 T S T T S 82 41.440426° -74.11211° 4.5 T T T T 83 41.440404° -74.111156° 4.5 S S S S 84 41.440066° -74.110427° 5.0 S S T S S S 85 41.439877° -74.109627° 4.5 D T D T T 86 41.440476° -74.10925° 10.5 T T 87 41.440188° -74.10853° 3.0 S D T S T T D S 88 41.441° -74.10869° 3.0 M M T M T M 89 41.441316° -74.107849° 3.5 D M S D M 90 41.441984° -74.108036° 1.5 M D T M T T D 91 41.441903° -74.108889° 2.0 M M T M S S T M 92 41.441441° -74.109331° 2.0 D S S D T T S 93 41.441391° -74.110155° 2.5 M S S M T T S 94 41.440762° -74.10985° 12.5 T T 95 41.441825° -74.110834° 2.5 M S T T M T 96 41.442268° -74.111434° 8.0 S S S S 97 41.44302° -74.111737° 6.0 M M M T M 98 41.443513° -74.112241° 6.0 D S S D S T T S Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012 Page 3 of 3

Floating Aquatic Plant Density

Trace Medium

Sparse Dense

Submersed Aquatic Plant Density

Trace Medium

Sparse Dense

Sample Point Distribution

2 3

4 5

9 8 7

10 11 12

15 14 13

16 17

19 18

20 21

23 22

25 24 30

26 29

27 28

32 31 100 33 102 101 99 34 35 36 98

37 97 38 39 96 90 95 91 40 92 93 89 88 41 94 82 83 86 87 43 81 84 42 85 44 80

48 79 45 47 49 76 78 46 77 57 50 75 56 51 58 55 59 52 66 54 65 60 67 61 53 64 70 68 63 62 69 71 72 74

73 I

0 625 1,250 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116 Sample Point: 1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Water Depth Distribution

2.5 2.5

3 3.5

2 4.5 2

2.5 3.5 3

3 3.5 3.5

3 5

3.5 2.5

6 5.2

6.6 6.5

7 9 2.5

9.5 2.5

9.5 8

10.5 7 2.5 6 2.5 3 5.5 3.5 8 9.5 6

2.5 6 9 4 8 1.5 2.5 2 2.5 2 2.5 3.5 3 7 12.5 4.5 4.5 10.5 3 3.5 2 5 5.5 4.5 17 3.5

12.5 8.5 4.5 17 6.5 3 5.5 5.5 3.5 2 11 1.5 18.5 3 2 12 16.5 2.5 5 11.5 20.5 14.5 11 12 6 2.5 8 9.5 4 2.5 9.5 7 9 6.5 10.5 I

0 625 1,250 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116 Water Depth Station: (depth in feet) 1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Total Submersed Vegetation Distribution

T Plant Density Legend T M

= No Plants M M T = Trace Plants D = Sparse Plants M S S M M = Medium Plants T M M D = Dense Plants M D D

M S

S M

M M

T T

T M S

T D Total Submersed Vegetation

D M Percent Abundance S T S M

S S D Abundance Sites Percentage

M Total 85 83% M T Trace 23 27% S D Sparse 24 28% M M M Medium 27 32% M D M D Dense 11 13% M T

T S M S T S D D T

T T T M T S S S S S T S T M

T S S S S T T T I S

0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Total Floating Vegetation Distribution

D Plant Density Legend D D

= No Plants D M T = Trace Plants S = Sparse Plants S S S S M = Medium Plants S S S D = Dense Plants M S S

S S

T S

T T Total Floating Vegetation T T Percent Abundance S S D

T M Abundance Sites Percentage Total 97 95% T S Trace 41 42% T S M S T Sparse 40 41% M Medium 9 9% S T T S Dense 7 7% M T T S T M D

T S S M M T T T S T S D S S S T T S

T S T T S S S T T S T S T T T T S T T T T T T S T T S S T S I T

0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Eurasian Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Distribution

T Plant Density Legend T M

= No Plants M M T = Trace Plants D = Sparse Plants M S S M M = Medium Plants T M M D = Dense Plants M D D

M S

S M

M M Eurasian Water Milfoil T T Percent Abundance T M S Abundance Sites Percentage M Total 85 83% T D Trace 23 27%

D M Sparse 24 28% S T S M Medium 27 32% S S D Dense 11 13%

M M T S D M T M M D M D M T

S M S T S Eurasian Water Milfoil D D T

T T T M T S S S S T T S T M

T S S T S T T

S S I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Sago Pondweed (Stukenia pectinatus) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Sago Pondweed Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 15 15% Trace 10 67% Sparse 4 27% Medium 1 7% Dense 0 0%

T M

T S Sago Pondweed T T T

T S S T

T S T T I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Leafy Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

S D = Dense Plants

Leafy Pondweed Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 9 9% Trace 7 78% T Sparse 2 22% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0%

Leafy Pondweed

T T T T T T

S I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Northern Naiad (Najas gracillima) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Northern Naiad Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 4 4% Trace 3 75% Sparse 1 25% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0%

Northern Naiad

T T T

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Common Waterweed (Elodea canadensis) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Common Waterweed Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 3 3% Trace 2 67% Sparse 1 33% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0%

Common Waterweed

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Brittle Naiad (Najas Minor) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

= Medium Plants T M D = Dense Plants

Brittle Naiad Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 2 2% Trace 2 100% Sparse 0 0% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0%

Brittle Naiad

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Coontail Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 1 1% Trace 1 1% Sparse 0 0% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0% T

Coontail

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Curly-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Curly-leaf Pondweed Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 1 1% Trace 1 1% Sparse 0 0% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0% T

Curly-leaf Pondweed

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Watermeal (Wolffia columbiana) Distribution

D Plant Density Legend D D = No Plants D M T = Trace Plants S S = Sparse Plants S S S M = Medium Plants S S S D = Dense Plants M T S

T S

T T Watermeal T T Percent Abundance S S D Abundance Sites Percentage T M Total 98 96% S T Trace 46 47% T S M S T Sparse 36 37% M Medium 9 9% T T T S Dense 7 7% M T T S T D T M T S S M M T T T S T T D Watermeal S S S T T S

T S T T S S S T T S T S T T T T S T T T T T T S T T S S T S T S I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Great Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) Distribution

T Plant Density Legend T S = No Plants T T T = Trace Plants T

T S = Sparse Plants T M = Medium Plants T D = Dense Plants S T T

Great Duckweed Percent Abundance S Abundance Sites Percentage T Total 23 23% Trace 17 74% Sparse 6 26% T Medium 0 0% S T Dense 0 0%

S T

T T

T Great Duckweed

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Floating Filamentous Algae Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Floating Filamentous Algae Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 6 6% Trace 4 67% Sparse 2 33% Medium 0 0% S Dense 0 0% T

S T

T Floating Filamentous Algae

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Distribution

Plant Density Legend

= No Plants

T = Trace Plants

S = Sparse Plants

M = Medium Plants

D = Dense Plants

Water Lettuce Percent Abundance

Abundance Sites Percentage Total 1 1% Trace 0 0% Sparse 1 100% Medium 0 0% Dense 0 0%

S Water Lettuce

I 0 650 1,300 Feet

Beaver Dam Lake Aquatic Vegetation Survey September 7, 2012

Corporate Office: 580 Rockport Road, Hackettstown, NJ 07840 Total Sample Points: 102 Northern NY Office: 984 County Highway 35, Maryland, NY 12116

1-800-245-2932 www.alliedbiological.com