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KINGDOM MYCOTA Characteristics of Mycota are: ✓ Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms. ✓ They lack chlorophyll, are more closely related to animals than plants. ✓ They have a rigid cell wall made of chitin and glucans. ✓ Mode of nutrition: Are heterotrophic use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon ✓ Reproduction: Both sexual or asexual, majority of fungi produce spores

KINGDOM MYCOTA Nonseptate hyphae Characteristics of Mycota are: ✓ Thallus: vegetative body of a

✓ : a long, branching, filamentous

structure of a fungus that is the main

mode of vegetative growth

✓ Mycelium: A mass of branching,

threadlike hyphae, often underground

✓ Septum: cell wall division between Septate hyphae

hyphae of a fungus

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI ✓ Reproduction in fungi is both by sexual and asexual means. ✓ Spores are single-celled propagules which separate from the parent organism and can get dispersed. ✓ Meiospores: produced after meiosis also called sexually produced spores. ✓ Example: Ascospores. Basidiospores. ✓ Mitospores: Also called asexually produced spores. ✓ Produced by mitosis ✓ Example: , sporangiospores, chlamydospores, Oidia, Conidia, etc.

REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

The sexual cycle involves 3 steps: ✓ Plasmogamy: Fusion of protoplasm between two motile or non-motile gametes. ✓ Karyogamy: Fusion of two nuclei. ✓ Meiosis: Occurs in zygote resulting in haploid spores. CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM MYCOTA

Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes

Mucor, (Bread Yeast, Saccharomyces, Agaricus (Mushroom), Alternaria, Colletotrichum Mould) And Penicillium, Aspergillus, Ustilago (Smut) And And Trichoderma. (Parasitic Fungi On Neurospora, Claviceps Puccinia (Rust Fungus). Mustard). And Neurospora

Yeast,

Rhizopus

CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM MYCOTA Characteristics of Phycomycetes are: ✓ Common Name: Algal fungi

✓ Mycelium: Aseptate, coenocytic Rhizopus

✓ Asexual Reproduction: Zoospores,

aplanospores, chlamydospores,

sporangiospores

✓ Sexual Reproduction: Isogamy, oogamy

✓ Fruiting body: Produces

✓ Examples: , Rhizopus, Albugo CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM MYCOTA

Characteristics of Ascomycetes are: ✓ Common Name: Sac fungi

✓ Mycelium: Septate, branched Penicillium ✓ Asexual Reproduction: Conidia, budding ✓ Sexual Reproduction: Iso or anisogamy; Ascospores formed in ascus (endogenously) ✓ Fruiting body: Ascocarp (cleistothecium, perithecium, apothecium) ✓ Examples: Penicillium, Saccharomyces

The edible ascocarp of Morchella esculenta,

CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM MYCOTA Characteristics of Basidiomycetes are: ✓ Common Name: Club fungi ✓ Mycelium: Septate, branched; Secondary Mushroom mycelium is dikaryotic ✓ Asexual Reproduction: Oidia, basidiospores ✓ Sexual Reproduction: Somatogamy; Basidiospores formed on sterigmata (exogenously) ✓ Fruiting body: Basidiocarp ✓ Examples: Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia,Amanita Turkey tail bracket muscaria fungi,

CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM MYCOTA

Characteristics of Deuteromycetes are: ✓ Common Name:

✓ Mycelium: Septate, branched

✓ Asexual Reproduction: Conidia

✓ Sexual Reproduction: Absent or not known

✓ Fruiting body: Absent

✓ Examples: Alternaria, Trichoderma

KINGDOM MYCOTA ✓ Symbiotic Fungus: In association with algae as lichens and with roots of higher plants as mycorrhiza. ✓ Source of antibiotics: Penicillium. ✓ Industrial uses: Yeast) are used to make bread and beer. ✓ Disease causing fungi: E.g. Wheat rust-causing Puccinia. Loose smut of wheat Ustilago Nuda

Corn smut, Ustilago Lichens

6% 4% 14% 9% 5%

9% 18% 6%

9% 20%