CLASSES of FUNGI - Phycomycetes : O Found in Aquatic Habitat, on Decaying Wood in Moist and Damp Places

Fungi Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. They are found in any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water. The three major groups of fungi are: multicellular filamentous moulds; macroscopic filamentous fungi and single celled microscopic yeasts. Moulds are made up of very fine threads (hyphae). Macroscopic filamentous fungi also grow by producing a mycelium below ground. Reproduction by vegetative means takes place by fragmentation, fission and budding. Reproduce asexually by spores like conidia sporangiospores or zoospores. Sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores. Yeasts are small, lemon-shaped single cells that are about the same size as red blood cells. They multiply by budding i.e., a daughter cell off from the original parent cell. CLASSES OF FUNGI - Phycomycetes : o Found in aquatic habitat, on decaying wood in moist and damp places. o Some of them are obligate parasite on plants. o Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic. o Asexual reproduction by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (nonmotile). o Spores are produced endogenously in sporangium. o Zygospore produced by fusion of gametes. E.g., Rhizopus, Albugo. Ascomycetes : o Commonly known as sac fungi. o Unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (e.g. Penicillium). o Saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous. o Mycelium branched and septate. o Asexual spores are called conidia produced exogenously on the conidiophores. Conidia on germination produce mycelium. o Sexual spores are called ascospores produced endogenously in ascus produced inside fruiting body calledAscocarp. E.g., Aspergillus, Neurospora. Basidiomycetes : o Common known forms called mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs. o Mycelium septate and branched. o Asexual spores generally are not found. o Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation. o Sexual reproduction by fusion of vegetative or somatic cells of different strains to form basidium produced in basidiocarp. o Basidium produces four basidiospores after meiosis. E.g., Agaricus, Ustilago. Deuteromycetes : o Called as Fungi Imperfecti as sexual form (perfect stage) is not known for them. o Once sexual form is discovered the member is moved to Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes. o Mycelium is septate and branched. o Are saprophytic, parasitic or decomposers. E.g., Alternaria, Colletotrichum. Algae Algae can exist as single cells or joined together in chains like Spirogyra or made up of many cells. Most algae live in fresh or sea water, where they can be planktonic or attached to the bottom. Some algae grow on rocks, soil or vegetation as long as there is enough moisture. A few algae form partnerships with fungi to form lichens. All algae contain a pigment called chlorophyll a. Diatoms is an algae found floating in the phytoplankton. Selaginella Selaginella is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae. Selaginella are creeping or plants with simple, scale-like leaves on branching stems from which roots also arise. The plants are heterosporous and have structures called ligules, scale- like outgrowths near the base of the upper surface of each microphyll and sporophyll. Under dry conditions, some species of Selaginella roll into brown balls, a phenomenon known as poikilohydry. Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants. The term "gymnosperm" means naked seeds, after the unenclosed condition of their seeds. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in Ginkgo. Mucor Mucor is a microbial genus commonly found in soil, digestive systems, plant surfaces, and rotten vegetable matter. Colonies of this fungal genus are typically coloured white to beige or grey and are fast- growing. Mucor spores can be simple or branched and form apical, globular sporangia that are supported and elevated by a column-shaped columella. Mucor species show asexual and sexual reproduction. Rhizopus Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates - jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts and tobacco. Rhizopus species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls. They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. Spirogyra Spirogyra is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales. Spirogyra is unbranched with cells connected end to end in long male reproductive system filaments. This genus of green algae undergoes a haploid-dominant life cycle. Spirogyra is very common in relatively clean eutrophic water, developing slimy filamentous green masses. Spirogyra can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Ulothrix Ulothrix is a genus of filamentous green algae, generally found in fresh and marine water. Its cells are normally as broad as they are long, and they thrive in the low temperatures of spring and winter. The plant body consists of unbranched, uniseriate filaments. The cells of the filaments are arranged end to end. Reproduction in Ulothrix takes place by means of vegetative, asexual and sexual methods. The common vegetative methods of reproduction are fragmentation and akinete formation. Albugo Albugo is a genus of Oomycetes which are not true fungi Albugo is one of three genera currently described in the family Albuginaceae. This organism causes white rust or white blister diseases in above-ground plant tissues. White rust pathogens create chlorotic (yellowed) lesions and sometimes galls on the upper leaf surface. Lichens Lichens grow in a wide range of morphologies. The shape of lichen is usually determined by the organization of filaments of the fungus. The non-reproductive tissues, or vegetative body parts, is called the thallus. Thallus growth forms typically correspond to a few basic internal structure types. Common names for lichens often come from a growth form or color that is typical of a lichen genus. Funaria Funaria is known as common moss or green moss or cord moss. The main plant body of Funaria is gametophyte and is of two forms. (1) Juvenile form (creeping protonema). (2) Adult form (leafy gametophore). Funaria reproduces both by vegetative and sexual methods. There are two generations in life cycle of Funaria, i.e., gametophytic generation (n), which is independent; and complex and sporophytic generation (2n), which is partially dependent upon gametophytic generation. These two generations follow each other in regular sequence. This is called heteromorphic or heterologous alternation of generations. Riccia The main plant body of Riccia is gametophytic (n). It is small, green, flat and fleshy. The thallus is dorsiventral and dichotomously branched. The thalli are present in the form of patches called rosettes. Scales are found on the margins, while rhizoids are present in the mid-rib region of thallus. Rhizoids are unicellular and unbranched and are of two types - smooth and tuberculate. Riccia reproduces by .both vegetative and sexual method. There are 2 generations in life cycle of Riccia. The main plant body is garnetophytic (n). The gametophytic phase starts with formation of spores and ends with fertilization. The second phase is sporophytic phase (2n). Bryophyte Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called non-vascular plants. Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures but they produce neither flowers nor seeds, reproducing via spores. The differential characteristics of the gametophytes of the three groups of bryophytes are: Liverworts Mosses Hornorts Structure Thalloid or foliose Foliose Thalloid Symmetry Dorsiventral or radial Radial Dorsiventral Rhizoids Unicellular Pluricellular Unicellular Chloroplasts Many Many One Protonema Reduced Present Absent Gametangia Superficial Superficial Immersed The differential characteristics of the sporophytes of the three groups of bryophytes are: Liverworts Mosses Hornworts Small, without Large, with Large, with Structure chlorophyll chlorophyll chlorophyll Growth Defined Defined Continuous Seta Present Present Absent Capsule form Simple Differentiated Elongated Maturation Simultaneous Simultaneous Graduate Dispersion of Elater Peristome teeth Pseudo-elaters spores Columella Absent Present Present Longitudinal or Dehiscence Transversal Longitudinal irregular Stomata Absent Present Present Pteridium, pteris and dryopteris Pteridium Pteridium is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres. It is a herbaceous perennial plant, deciduous in winter. The large, roughly triangular fronds are produced singly, arising upwards from an underground rhizome. The spores have also been implicated as carcinogens. Pteris Pteris is a genus of ferns in the Pteridoideae. They are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Many of them have linear frond segments, and some have sub-palmate division. Like other members of the Pteridaceae, the frond margin is reflexed over the marginal sori. Pteridophytes Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce and disperse via spores. Because they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Just like with seed plants and mosses, the life cycle of pteridophytes involves alternation of generations. This means that a diploid generation is followed by a haploid. Pteridophytes generations are independent and free-living,

Load more