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The State of Food and Agriculture, 1971

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The State of Food and Agriculture, 1971 THE STATE OF FO0,11D AND AGRICULTURE SPECIAL CHAPTERS In addition to the usual review of the recent world food and agriculture situation, each issue of this report from 1957 has included one or more special studies of problems of longer term interest.Special chapters in earlier issues have covered the following subjects: Factors influencing the trend of food consumption Postwar changes in some institutional factors affecting agriculture Food and agricultural developments in Africa south of the Sahara The growth of forest industries and their impact on the world's forests Agricultural incomes and levels of living in countries at different stages of economic development Some general problems of agricultural development in less developed countries in the light of postwar experience Programing for agricultural development Land reform and institutional change Agricultural extension, education and research in Africa, Asia and Latin America The role of forest industries in the attack on economic underdevelopment The livestock industry in less developed countries Basic factors affecting the growth of productivity in agriculture Fertilizer use: spearhead of agricultural development Protein nutrition: needs and prospects Synthetics and their effects on international trade Agriculture and industrialization Rice in the world food economy Incentives and disincentives for farmers in developing countries The management of fishery resources Raising agricultural productivity in developing countries through techno- logical improvement Improved storage and-its contribution to world food supplies Agricultural marketing improvement programmes: some lessons from recent experience Modernization of institutions to promote development Agriculture at the threshold of the Second Development Decade THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 1971 WORLD REVIEW REVIE1N BY REGIONS WATER POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES AND FISHERIES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1971 The statistical material in this publication has been prepared from the information available to FAO up to 1 October 1971 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area,orconcerningthedelimitation of frontiers. © FAO 1971 Printed inItaly CONTENTS Foreword IX EASTERN EUROPE AND THE U. S. S. R . 51 Agricultural production 51 Fishery and forest production I. World review 54 Trade in agricultural products 54 Incomes in agriculture 55 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Agricultural policies 55 Some implications of recent trends in food pro- The new U.S.S.R. five-year plan 56 duction 3 Production of main agricultural commodities 5 NORTH AMERICA 57 Fishery production. 8 Forest production. 9 Agricultural production . 58 Surplus stocks 10 Fishery production . 59 Forest production 59 FOOD PRICES 12 Trade in agricultural, fishery and forest prod- ucts 60 INTERNATIONAL TRADE 14 Agricultural prices and incomes 62 Problems, policies and programmes 63 Prices in international trade 14 Value of agricultural exports 17 Agricultural imports 18 OCEANIA 66 Trade in fishery products 19 Agricultural production 66 Trade in forest products 20 Trade in agricultural, fishery and forest prod- International trade policies 21 ucts 67 Agricultural prices and incomes 69 DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE 25 Problems, policies and programmes 69 IBRD and the financing of agriculture 28 Regional development banks 29 LATIN AMERICA 70 Food aid 30 Agricultural production 71 Fishery production 76 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REQUISITES 30 Forest production . 76 Fertilizers 30 Trade in agricultural, fishery and forest prod- Farm machinery 32 ucts 77 Development plans and policies 78 MEDIUM-TERM FORECASTS FOR CEREALS 34 Regional economic integration 80 FAR EAST 82 II. Review by regions 39 Developing countries 82 WESTERN EUROPE 39 Agricultural production 82 Agricultural production . 39 High-yielding cereal varieties 85 Fishery production . 41 Fishery production 89 Forest production 42 Forest production . 89 Trade in agricultural, fishery and forest prod- Trade in agricultural, fishery and forest prod- ucts 42 ucts 89 Agricultural prices and incomes: 45 Development plans and policies 91 Agricultural policies and problems 46 Regional economic cooperation 95 Japan 96 Figures Principal problems and policies 97 1-1 Trends in food and per caput food production in the developing regions Mainland China 98 4 11-1 Western Europe: Changes in indices of NEAR EAST pricesreceived and pricespaidby 98 farmers and ratio between thetwo Agricultural production 99 indices, 1969 to 1970 45 High-yielding varieties of cereals 101 1I-2 Latin America: Trend of per caput Trade in agricultural products 101 food production in selected countries, 1952-70 74 Development planning. 102 Regional integration 106 II-3 Asia and Far East: Trend of per caput food production in selected countries, 1952-70 AFRICA 84 108 II-4 Far East: Regional average yields of Agricultural production 109 wheat and rice, and yield of wheat in Fishery production. 111 selected countries, 1960-70 86 Forest production 111 11I-1 Marine pollution around the world 122 Trade in agricultural, fishery and forest prod- 111-2The origins of marine pollution 124 ucts 112 111-3Portion of a food web in a Long Island Technological progress 113 estuary 128 Research for developing agriculture 115 111-4Phosphorus concentrations in different Development plans and policies 116 body tissues of cod after 18 hours in Regional economic cooperation 120 water containing 0.001 ppm P 144 -5The content of DDT compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcB) in ma- II. Water pollution and its effects on living rine organisms fotmd in the sea west aquatic resources and fisheries 121 of Sweden and in the Baltic 148 111-6The water pollution situation in Europe 1969 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER POLLUTION 124 150 111-7 Rivers and lake basins of Mexico and Nature and sources of water pollutants 124 zones most affected by industrial pol- Effects of pollutants on fisheries 139 lution 154 REGIONAL ASPECTSOF AQUATIC POLLUTION WITH RESPECT TO FISHERIES 145 Annex tables Developed areas 146 Developing areas 151 Explanatory note: FAO index numbers of agri- cultural, fishery and forest production and trade 172 WATER QUALITY AND THE MONITORINGOF POLLUTION 154 lA World: Volume of production of major Water-quality criteria and standards 155 agricultural, fishery and forest products 173 Warning and monitoring systems 156 IB World: Volume of exports of major Attempts to organize monitoring systems 158 agricultural, fishery and forest products 174 IC World: Average export unit values of MEANS OF REDUCING POLLUTION 160 selected agricultural, fishery and forest products 175 Preventive and curative measures 160 1D Annual changes inconsumer prices 177 Emergency remedial measures 161 2A Western Europe: Basic data on national agriculture ADMINISTRATION AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF AQUATIC 179 POLLUTION 162 2B Western Europe: Volume of production of major agricultural, fishery and for- National administration 162 est products National legislation 181 163 2C International aspects Western Europe: Indices of food and 165 total agricultural production 182 2D Western Europe: Volume of imports FISH AND FISHERIES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL of major agricultural, fishery and for- CONTEXT 167 est products 183 vi 2E Western Europe: Volume of exports of 5C Oceania: Indices of food and total agri- major agricultural, fishery and forest cultural production 200 products 184 5D Oceania: Volume of imports of major 2F Western Europe:Indices of voluine agricultural, fishery and forest prod- and value of exports and importsof ucts 200 agricultural, fishery and forest products, 5E Oceania: Volume of exports of major by commodity groups 185 agricultural, fishery and forest products 201 2G Western Europe: Estimated calorie and 5F Oceania: Indices of volume and value proteincontent of nationalaverage of exports and imports of agricultural, food supply per caput 186 fishery and forest products, by com- modity groups 202 3A Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Basic 5G Oceania: Estimated calorie and protein data on national agriculture 187 content of :national average food supply 3B Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Volume per caput 203 of production of major agricultural, fishery and forest products 188 6A Latin America: Basic data on national 3C Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Indices agriculture 204 of food and total agricultural produc- 6B Latin America: Volume of production tion 189 of major agricultural, fishery and forest products 206 3D Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Volume of imports of major agricultural, fish- 6C Latin America: Indices of food and total ery and forest products 189 agricultural production 207 3E Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Volume 6D Latin America: Volume of importsof of exports of major agricultural, fish- major agricultural, fishery and forest ery and forest products 190 products 208 3F Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Indices of 6E Latin America: Volume of exports of volume and value of exports and im- major agricultural, fishery and forest ports of agricultural, fishery and for- products 209 est products, by commodity groups 191 6F Latin America: Indices of volume and value of exports and imports of agri- 3G Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R.: Estimat- cultural, fishery and forest products, by et calorie and protein content
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