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Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 495 Egypt. J. Chem. Vol. 64, No. 9, pp. 5241 - 5248 (2021) Egyptian Journal of Chemistry http://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/ Comparative Characteristics Study of Moringa (Moringa peregrina), Terminalia (Terminalia Billerica) and Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) Oils Amira Sh. Solimana, Awatif I. Ismaelb, Mohamed S. Abbasa, Hisham A. Abd El- Lateafc and Marwa E. Mohamedb a Natural Resources Department, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt b Oils and Fats Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agric., Res., Centre, Giza, Egypt c Fats and Oils Department, Food Tech. and Nutrition Division, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt Abstract Vegetable oils constitutes are an important part of human diets. The objective of this research is to study the utilizing the seeds of Terminalia bellerica, Moringa peregrine, and tubers of Tiger nut to produce oils that can be utilized successfully as sources of edible oil for human consumption. Fatty acids compositions of oils were analyzed by GLC, phenolic compounds of oils and meals were identified and determined using HPLC, minerals content of meals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Also, amino acid content of meals determination by amino acid analyzer. Moringa peregrina seed had the highest oil content (50.09 %) followed by Terminalia bellerica seed (36.01%) and Tiger nut (19.33 %) respectively. Moringa peregrina recorded the highest oxidative stability compared to the stability of Terminalia and Tiger nut oil. Moringa peregrina seed oil had the highest percentage of oleic acid (76.91%) followed by Tiger nut tubers oil (69.53%), but Terminalia bellerica seed oil had the lowest percentage (27. 09 %). Moringa peregrina seed oil contained a higher amount of total tocopherols compared to other samples. The result indicates that Moringa peregrine and Terminalia bellerica, and Tiger nut oil could be used as a good source of edible oil. Keywords: fatty acids composition, total tocopherols, minerals, amino acid, and phenolic compounds 1. Introduction acidity (as oleic) 0.30%, iodine value 69.6, Moringa peregrina is a promising candidate for saponification number 185 and peroxide value 0.4 future crop. The tree is known to be drought resistant meq/kg. Moringa peregrina seed oil was found to and have very valuable nutrient and medicinal contain high levels of oleic (70.52%), followed by properties. Saudi Arabia is one of the main native gadoleic (1.5%), while the dominant saturated acids distribution areas of M. peregrina in the Middle East [ were palmitic (8.9%) and stearic (3.82%), α- 1]. Moringa peregrina is used in folk medicine and tocopherols were detected at levels of 145mg/kg [4]. grows widely in the tropical and subtropical regions of Moringa is characterized by high levels of potassium Africa and India [2]. Moringa is among the most (K). Patients with the COVID-19 virus have a decrease highly valued and cultivated trees all over the world in potassium levels in the body he justifies the because of its medicinal and nutritional properties. It application of Moringa for coronaviruses [5] is also a good source of oil [3]. Oil content from The three Terminalia trees (Terminalia chebula Moringa peregrina seeds (from Saudi Arabia) was Retz, Terminalia bellerica-and Terminalia horrida) 49.8%. physical and chemical characteristics of belong to the family Combretaceae and are widespread extracted oil were: refractive index 1.460 at 40C, in Egypt and other-subtropical and tropical regions. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Receive Date: 12 April 2021, Revise Date: 21 April 2021, Accept Date: 25 April 2021 DOI: 10.21608/EJCHEM.2021.70105.3585 ©2021 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC) 5242 Amira Sh. Soliman et.al. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The fruits are called black or chebulic myrobalans and about 25.5% of its content. The nut is high in oil are used in the leather tanning industry and local content. Tiger nut oil has a composition similar to traditional folk medicine in Egypt, India, and Pakistan. olives and a rich mineral content. Tiger nut oil is Their trivial names in Egypt are Kebuli (T. chebula), highly unsaturated fatty acids and good for the health Hind (T. horrida. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of of humans. Tiger nut oil contributes to the reduction of Terminalia have been reported to exhibit a variety of cholesterol it reduces the risk of coronary heart biologic antioxidants, anti-anaphylactic, antidiabetic, diseases and atherosclerosis. The oil is golden brown anti- mutagenic, anticancer, antimutagenic and has a rich, nutty taste [13,14]. Tiger nut was antimicrobial, antiviral, antimalarial, and antifungal reported as healthy and it helps in the prevention of activities [6]. The seeds of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. heart attacks, thrombosis and activates blood is a valuable tree of Indian forests. The seeds are circulation. It helps in preventing cancer due to the valued-medicinally and also industrially, for tanning- high content of soluble glucose. It was also found to purposes. The kernels have 40% oil and 35% protein. assist in reducing the risk of colon cancer. The The oil extracted from the kernels-is sweet- smelling proximate of tiger nut typically, 7% proteins, 26% fats and has palmitic (35%), oleic (24%) and linoleic (oils), 26% fiber [15]. Tiger nut oil had a golden color. (31%) acids a major fatty acid [7]. Terminalia The values of refractive index, acidity, saponification belleriea fruit is known for its medicinal properties number, iodine value, peroxide value, and saponifiable and is currently exploited by manufacturers of Indian matter of tiger nut oil were similar to edible oils. traditional ayurvedic medicines. Apart from its Regarding the iodine value the tiger nut oil could be abundance in some states of India, organized farming classified as non-drying oil. The oil has four main fatty of this tree has been started in some places. The seed acids, linoleic (5. 5%), palmitic (15.4%), arachidic of this fruit was found to be a good source of oil (38%) (6.1%) and oleic acid being the most abundant [8]. The chemical composition: Moisture, ash, and (65.8%). The fatty acid content of oil showed 71% crude fiber contents of the seed kernel were found to unsaturation tiger nut oil could be a good source of be 8. 43, 2.54, and 8.78% respectively [9]. The oil was edible oil and essential fatty acids tiger nut oil had a found to contain oleic acid (43.1%), palmitic acid total tocopherol content of 97.4mg/100g [16]. Tiger (28.3%), linoleic acid (17.0), and stearic acid (10.6%) nut is a rich source of phytochemicals, oil, fiber as major fatty acids, the total tocopherol content was carbohydrates, mineral elements and contain moderate found to be about 660 ppm. The fruit of Terminalia amounts of protein. The phytochemical constituents of bellerica is generally regarded as safe for human the tiger nuts are important and could be of high consumption [8]. The fatty acids of the oil obtained commercial [17]. from Terminalia seeds had a chain length between C14 The aim of this investigation was the to C22. The oil contained 17.70% myristic acid, 21.6% comprehensive characterization of the palmitic acid, 45.67% oleic acid, and 14.93% stearic physicochemical, fatty acid composition, and phenolic acid. The whole kernel was analyzed for some compounds in their seeds oil, Moringa peregrine, nutrients and minerals. The kernel contained 22.57 and Terminalia bellerica seeds oils, and Tiger nut oil as a 8.38% total lipid and protein respectively. It also source of edible oils, also to comparative the mineral contained Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were and amino acid composition of their meals. found to be 0.3, 0.02, 0.2, 0.2, 0.01%; 23, 1, 12, and 12 ppm respectively in kernel [9]. The oil of Terminalia bellirica showed high content of 2. Materials and Methods tocopherol (0.05%). Among eleven metals (Ca, Cu, 2.1. Materials Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cd, As, Na, K) in all the six fatty oil contents, Pb and Cu showed high concentrations Moringa peregerina seeds (Moringa peregerina) while, Fe values of all the oil contents were below the were obtained from Marsa Alam Elkoser the Red Sea permissible concentrations [10]. Governorate, Egypt. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an edible Terminalia bellerica seeds (Terminalia bellerica) perennial grass-like plant native to the old world, and were obtained from Giza Zoo, Giza, Egypt. is a lesser-known vegetable that produces sweet nut- like tubers known as earth Almonds. Tiger nut is also Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) tubers were known by various other names as chufa (in Spanish), obtained from the local market in Cairo, Egypt. earthnut, yellow nut sedge, groundnut, rushnut, and Chemicals reagents: All chemical and reagents of edible galingale. The tubers contain about 25 % oil, the analytical methods used in the present study were which is resistant to peroxidation, 50 % digestible analytical grade purchased from Sigma-Aldrich carbohydrates, 4 % protein, and 9 % crude fiber [11]. Company for chemicals, USA and El-Gamhouria Tiger nut belongs to the Division-Magnoliophyta Company for Chemicals and Drugs, Egypt. Pure Class-Liliopsida Order-Cyperales-and Family standards of fatty acids methyl esters and standards Cyperaceae [12]. Tiger nut produces high-quality oil ________________________________________________
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