Delegation from: Bangladesh Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme The issues before the Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products; and the International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. Bangladesh is committed to protecting their wildlife and being cautious and careful with its hazardous waste.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products Overtime, South Asia has become a lucrative location for the illegal poaching and trading of endangered animals. Due to its prime location on near the Bay of Bengal and with its massive expanses of rich land, illegal hunters have had a field day demolishing the species that live there. Bangladesh has stepped up and began enforcing protective measures that are hoping to make a significant impact. The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network has reported an increase in tiger parts being poached and traded in and around South Asia. These hunters are criminals with massive operations spanning multiple countries, which is what makes it so difficult for Bangladesh to conquer this problem on their own. So effective plans of action of been introduced.

Sponsored by the First World Bank of South Asia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and India have combined forces to create the Strengthening Regional Cooperation for Wildlife Protection (SRCWP). This plan was approved in June of 2011 and will cost 2.25 million US dollars, to support Bhutan. It’s course of action is to unite South Asia tackling illicit trade with incentives and knowledge. It is built on a three pillar plan to be executed. The first step being the administrative standpoint. The SRCWP is instituting training programs, creating regional harmony among these countries and strengthening legislative frameworks. The second component is just generally promoting wildlife conservation throughout Asia. The third and final piece is focusing on project communications. This will help keep the plan flowing smoothly by working with many divisions of animal and land protection such as the Wildlife Conservation Division, the Royal Government of Bhutan, Department of Forest and Park Services, etc.

Many results have been attained due to the success of this project. Bangladesh has approved the Wildlife and Conservation Act. There has been the arrest one 171 wildlife offenders since April of 2012 and the rescue of 5235 animals that were in danger of being killed for profit. The Bangladesh Forest Department has begun to take detailed and involved censuses of Bengal tigers to be able to constantly track their well being, contributing to the knowledge component of the SRCWP. To go along with the the census the National Tiger Recovery Plan is underway. More than 800 Bangladeshi forest officials have received in- country training as a result of the SRCWP to help educate them on the dangers of poachers and how to protect the land. Looking to the future, Bangladesh and the rest of South Asia are moving in the right direction. Laws must be enforced and agreement between countries is necessary for this movement to flourish, which so far it has been able to accomplish. Through the Memoranda of Understanding Bangladesh has shown its commitment and effort to wildlife causes throughout its country.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

The transportation of hazardous waste is an issue increasing in correspondence to the growing economies and societies of the world. Hazardous waste is majorly detrimental to environmental health as well as human health, and is an issue that should not be ignored. Multiple organizations are working in the favor of the environment and human health, including the GEF (Global Environment Facility). Hazardous waste is extremely impactful on the environment so there is a vital focus on its transport. The current plan in place has three parts (I) “Institutional capacity and Policy Instruments”, (II) “Scientific and Technical Knowledge and Tools for sound chemicals management”, (III) “Scientific and Technical Knowledge and Tools for sound waste management”. The amount of hazardous waste is rapidly increasing which led the UNEP Council to pass the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal in 1989 and put it into action on May 5, 1992. The focus of this convention is to reduce international transportation and aim to treat hazardous waste as close to the source as possible, as to prevent any dangerous mishaps.

In our country, the management and transportation of hazardous waste is of utmost importance as we have recently advanced quickly economically and industrially. According to “Hazardous Waste Management In Bangladesh: A Country Inventory” published in October of 2010, the production of hazardous waste in Bangladesh is a central issue. It can be noted that our country are signatories of both the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP). Our country also recognizes that it is within our responsibilities to treat cases of hazardous waste within our boundaries. It can also be noted that the import of any type of waste must be approved by the Bangladeshi government.

This delegation aims to work towards international solutions on the concern of hazardous waste transportation. The focus this delegation will take will be on international legislation that works towards minimizing international transport of hazardous waste. Our country would like to focus on the construction of environmental agencies as well as convention to set standards and protocols for waste transport. It will be difficult to impose the international laws on our country alone so this delegation would like to move towards an international enforcement solution. Our country would also like to move towards a more environmentally-conscience future.

Delegation from: the Federative Republic of Brazil Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme

The issues before the United Nations Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products; and International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. The Federative Republic of Brazil is devoted to helping countries around the world fight the illicit trading of endangered animals and their products. Brazil is also dedicated to improving the regulation of transportation of hazardous waste. As a country, Brazil hopes that with the help of other nations and delegations, these issues can be thoroughly resolved.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

The Federative Republic of Brazil is the most biologically diverse country in the world with nearly sixty thousand different species of amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles, and plants. Rainforests cover three fifths of the entire area of Brazil providing an ideal habitat for these animals, including the hundreds that are endangered. These endangered animals are considered valuable, so they are often targeted by poachers who intend to trade them and their products illegally and for a profit.

Poaching and illegal wildlife trade poses a great threat to hundreds of animals around the world. Each year, hundreds of millions of animals are caught and killed and then sold as pets, food, and animal products. In the recent months, Brazil has seen a devastating upsurge of this illegal hunting and trade. Around 4 million animals are removed from their natural habitats in Brazil and sold for profit. The biggest victims are Brazilian songbirds and other bird species that are rare and endangered, making them much more valuable. Illegal trade is on the rise in this country partly due to the trafficking networks available. To combat this issue, Brazil is a member of multiple international organizations that work to stop this trade and save the animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has set up organizations throughout Brazil and has aided in preventing illegal trade. Also, the Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) has not only helped many countries combat this problem, but has made many advances in stopping this trade. Groups like Freeland Brazil and SOS Fauna are working with law enforcement to ensure offenders are punished.

The Federative Republic of Brazil is calling for a resolution to end illicit trade over a long period of time. Along with groups like Freeland Brazil, the delegation is interested in a three-pillar approach to this problem; one focusing on education, support for law enforcement, and scientific research. Since legislation and law enforcement is an aiding force in the continuation of this trade, we must make a change to the government’s protocol. Education can inform people about the dangers that this trading poses to the ecosystem, while the scientific research will help organizations and the government. With this three-pillar system, Brazil and other nations can combat the illicit trading of endangered species. II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

Over time, there has been an obvious increase in the amount of waste our world creates, and problems that have been created due to their disposal. Industrial waste in Brazil is handled by third-party companies, and little attention is given to treatment logistics and the final disposal of these wastes. There are a very small number of sites for industrial solid waste disposals in Brazil, which consequently results in industrial landfills. It is sometimes possible to recycle or reuse these wastes, such that 10% of this waste is treated in incarceration, reuse, or recycling and 5% is used as raw material for energy, called co-processing. The cost of transportation and location of waste treatment sites negatively affect Brazil’s waste management. Due to the enormous size of the country, it is impractical to move waste from the North region to the Southwest region because transport is more expensive than disposal of landfills. International policies like the Basel Convention give countries legal powers to accept or refuse the distribution of industrial waste from other countries. The Brazilian government incorporated the Basel Convention into its legislation to restrict waste from other countries. Brazil was afraid of being turned into a dumping ground for other countries to take advantage of.

In 1988, The Federal Constitution of Brazil was written to regulate the management of all nuclear activities, including their waste disposal. According to Article 177, “The Federal Union also holds exclusive rights for the prospecting for and the mining, milling, enrichment and reprocessing of nuclear minerals, and in activities relating to industrial processing and the trade in nuclear minerals and material (Article 177)”. It stated the allowance of this waste to be transported by highway, rail, ship and aircraft. Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay are to facilitate the international transport of dangerous goods. Although there have been more recent regulations, legislation in Brazil should take these arrangements into more consideration, because of the financial security problems in respects to any liability regarding the unsafe transport of radioactive material.

Brazilian industries need to apply updated ideas to their treatment situations to avoid unnecessary wastes of money and nonrenewable resources. In my opinion, Brazil should adopt new strategies of disposing their waste. Building more landfills in the Northern region of their country would save money used to transport the hazardous waste. A greater attempt to recycle would conserve consumption of plastic and would result in a lesser need to transport waste. Overall, Brazil could be more economically and environmentally aware of their waste transportation by building more landfill sites and being more attentive to their amount of recyclables.

Delegation from: the People’s Republic of China Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme The issues before the Committee on the Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products and the International Transportation of Hazardous Waste.

I. Combatting Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products Wildlife Trade in China has historically been centered around the Himalayan region of Southwest China. Because of its diverse landscape, ranging from humid tropical forests to alpine mountainous regions, there is a significant amount of biodiversity. The local indigenous groups have used the resources sustainably for thousands of years, and no negative impact has come from their usage of these resources. The region has also been important for its location on the “Silk Road”, an ancient network of trade routes connecting the Middle East and Europe with East Asia. Many goods, such as silk, furs, and spices were exported from China, while ivory, pearls, and rare animals were brought into the country. Even from prehistoric times, efforts have been made to prevent exploitation of resources. The Xia, Qing, and Zhou dynasties created some of the first hunting regulations, in order to control their wild animal populations, and make sure to prevent overhunting.

China has been a large market for illegal exotic animal products, for food and luxury goods, and they have had a large problem in the past enforcing the restrictions they have tried to enact, due to the extensive black market. Although a signing member of the 1973 treaty of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, China lacks the proper regulation and law enforcement authorities to enforce the laws, including border patrol and intensive customs searches to check for these illegal goods. But this is not just a problem native to China. In the past century, a global market has grown exponentially for these products of endangered animals, such as Tiger fur, or African Elephant Ivory. Source countries are also a main problem for the illegal wildlife trade. In Third World countries, mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa, the high demand for outsourcing these products has lead to corruption and exploitation of the people, making this not only an animal rights issue, but a human rights issue.

The issue of Illegal Trading of Endangered Animals is a world issue. When the Earth’s ecosystems become less diverse as Endangered Species become Extinct, the ecosystems become unbalanced as a hole forms where that species used to be. China needs the United Nations Committee on Environment Programme to help enforce the border problems among countries, along with customs agencies, and to work to end the crippling corruption in many Third World countries that are keeping their entire populations in poverty.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste As technology and mass consumption grow at an alarming rate, so does hazardous waste. In China the issue of e-waste, or discarded electrical or electronic devices is the most prominent because China holds approximately 70% of this pollution. As a result of the expanding economy, China is willing to import e-waste to create jobs for citizens to recycle and dispose waste. Unfortunately, the consequences of breaking down the metals are harsh pollutants being released into the air. This is a pressing matter because not only is it effecting the Chinese people, but the people of the world. By burning the used technology, China is not taking the necessary safety precautions and is putting the world at risk.

As a country, China has implemented several laws to try to get the pollution under control. One example is that China has made stricter laws pertaining to the safety of the workers and making sure they are working in legal and safe environments. Another way China has tried to reverse the problems of pollution is by implementing several environmental laws and norms that deal with the e-waste. However, the lack of enforcement leads to unsuccessful results of these laws. On the other hand, in 2008 the Chinese State Council adopted a regulation which would reduce the burning of waste and rather make them recyclable. This law is also beneficial because it mandated that people must recycle unnecessary materials. Although China is making large strides to better the environment, they also have their fair share of problems emerging. One of the largest problems they face is the people of Sichuan Province continually throwing their garbage into the natural habitats and rivers. Fortunately, the government is stepping in and giving pamphlets to the monks and community leaders to educate the people. Overall, China is making greater strides to decrease pollution and international trade waste, but needs the help of the rest of the world.

Not only is e-waste an arising concern, but the market to collect this waste is also a controversy. Third world countries can sort through the e-waste and remove the still valuable parts of technology to make a profit. So powerful countries can relieve themselves of the e-waste, and the third world countries can make easy money from this. However, it is necessary that the United Nations steps in because the environment and the safety of the people are at risk. One resolution to this matter is to revise the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal, and make an international treaty to ban the trade of e- waste. At first third world countries would struggle with their economy, but then they would find a market that is legal and more beneficial in the long run. Another resolution to this ongoing problem would be to educate the citizens and workers of the e-waste factories so they know the hazards of this pollution and are not tempted to work at these detrimental institutions. The leaders of the local levels could enlighten the general public, but for this to work the governments will need to be disciplined in stopping e-waste. Educating the people and slowly reducing the e-waste factories can be paid for by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).

Delegation from: Egypt Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

The illicit trade of endangered animals and animal products is a very problematic, yet complicated issue that has spread its dangers around the world. The industry often does not receive much attention, but is rumored to be valued at approximately 19 billion U.S dollars, which is comparable to the drugs trade, arms trafficking, and human trafficking. Dealing hazardous waste is too a problem today and is in hand with the illicit trade of animals as they both deal with the environment and it's dramatic and very serious effects in the world. All the time privatized companies find ways to remove wastes in a cheap and efficient manner to themselves, without any concern of the ecosystems they destroy and for some countries, the citizens as well.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

Egypt has played a complex role in the trade of endangered animals and animal products. We are involved in an organization called CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), which has 178 states signed on to its treaty, and is tasked with setting guidelines to stop this malicious trade. We have been involved with this organization since 1978, but have often made flagrant violations, and continue to play a role in this complicit trade. One of our largest problems is definitely dealing with the Ivory trade, which has been outlawed since 1990, but we are still cited as the 3rd largest center for illicit elephant trading. After the revolution, the defenses against this trade have actually gotten worse, and there was a security vacuum opened to allow the trade to continue. Another rising issue that we see quite often is the shipping and trading of gorillas and chimps. The wealthy often buy exotic animals as a status symbols, or zoos, hotels, etc. will use them for entertainment. There is also a definite lack of monitoring in Egypt, which clearly brings upon a decrease in the ability to stop the traffickers from succeeding. Also, there are not sufficient facilities to be used to fight against these black market traders, such as the fact that the Giza Zoo, which is the only rescue facility that can be used once the animals are recovered.

Our idea to stop this can be seen as an initiative to really make internal improvements to stop the illegal trade of endangered animals and animal products once and for all. We would like to begin by going out to towns, villages, and showing these people what poaching is doing, and other options they can do to make money, because this is a lot of the people in Egypt’s livelihood. We would also like to raise money for new facilities to help monitor this trafficking in partnership with CITES and create new facilities for where the animals may go once we have secured them from the traffickers. We would like to open up several new rescue zoos for these animals. We would fund this through various outside donors from around the world and we would like to start partnerships with zoos, so they can raise money locally for our cause, which we deem worthy. We would call this initiative T.E.N.T.S.A (The Egyptian National Taskforce to Stop Animal poaching and trading).

Another idea of ours is to start providing harsher punishments to those who are caught poaching or trading endangered animals or animal products. We would want to implement a stricter capital punishment law so the poachers can feel the consequences of their actions. The delegation hopes that we can get these ideas in swiftly and put them to work so we can make a difference and stop the poaching and trading of animals that are endangered.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

The Arab Republic of Egypt believes that transportation of hazardous wastes should be dealt with safely and soundly. We, the Egyptian delegates find that it is necessary for the safety of humans as well as the environment to have a transportation system that has perfect focus on making sure none of these wastes affect societal life.

Egypt would be fully willing to cooperate with The United Nations over the matters that the UNEP follow as it would greatly help and influence our country and its peoples if SAICM was too implemented for its technical guidance in any given situation for the transportation of dangerous chemicals.

In The Republic of Egypt there is a lack of framework for the regulation and disposal of wastes from our industrial facilities; enforcement is necessary and required of by the UNEP in order for the proper transportation of the wastes produced at these factories. As such it is well known Egypt has been stricken with harsh economic strife and in order to reap the benefits of what the United Nations groups such as UNEP and its subcommittee the SAICM, the delegates of Egypt would be very willing to provide services of production from our facilities that the UN would find beneficial to the world and those countries who are in need. It may seem obvious that we find it necessary for the specifications over industrial wastes, but we need to also focus on the hazardous wastes that are separate from this as cleaner production needs to be taken into account and have affiliates from these environmental groups to come to the communities to explain to the people a strong ideal on how wastes should be moved or transported.

Delegation from: The French Republic Represented by: Mentor High School Committee: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

The issues being discussed in the United Nations Environment Program committee are Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products and International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. The French Republic is very concerned with regard to these issues and is working to address them both internationally and within its own borders.

Topic A: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products Illicit trade of endangered animals and animal products is a leading cause of extinction of species. A depletion of a species can affect its ecosystem in return and damage the population of other species. France recognizes the severity of this issue and values the wildlife of the world. Over 1,000 Rhinos were killed in 2013 for the illegal ivory trade. Other animals such as elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, gorillas, sea turtles, and more also are subjected to poaching and illicit trade. This issue was thoroughly discussed at the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The Convention established many programs including MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants). France has taken much action to tackle this problem. We were a signatory to the SPAW Protocol (Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife), supporting the effort to protect the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean region. France has also taken a public stance against ivory trafficking with the destruction of three tons of illegal elephant ivory. As M. Nicolas Hulot, creator of the French NGO Nicolas Hulot Foundation for Nature and Mankind has stated regarding illegal wildlife trade when he was chosen by the French president to represent the nation at a conference, “France intends to participate resolutely in the battle against the traffickers, in order to safeguard endangered species, side by side with the people who are among the first victims of those crimes.” The UN has implemented multiple resolutions in various committees as well as CITES. Resolution 69/314 focuses on the illegal trafficking of wildlife and has been implemented by 193 member states. Concerning a method of combatting this illegal trade it states, “ Strongly encourages Member States to support, including through bilateral cooperation, the development of sustainable and alternative livelihoods for communities affected by illicit trafficking in wildlife and its adverse impacts,” Other resolutions include 2011/36 on crime prevention in regard to endangered species and resolution 2013/40 on criminal justice in relation to trafficking endangered species. Further actions that could prove effective include increasing education concerning the consequences of animal extinctions. The UN should also encourage countries to improve international border security and provide stricter enforcement and more severe punishment for illegal poachers. By increasing the poaching fine so that it exceeds the income of the illegal act (increasing fine from 15,000 euros to 150,000 euros), less people would be willing to participate in the illicit trade. Thirdly, it would reduce illicit trade of animals and animals products if countries were encouraged to establish laws concerning the usage of poached animals. Countries would also be urged to donate money to related NGOs and organizations like IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare), Defenders of Wildlife, and ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network. Lastly, the UN could start a program to monitor endangered or threatened animals, fund animal sanctuaries, establish national guidelines to identify, manage, and terminate illegally seized ivory (or other similar animal products) stocks.

Topic B: International Transportation of Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste has the potential to harm both our bodies and the ecosystem catastrophically, making it imperative that we continue to find safe ways to dispose of these wastes. These substances can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and radioactive causing various harmful effects to our bodies. In the environment, hazardous waste have the potential to contribute to the extinction of species, the pollution of drinking water, and transmit human diseases to various organisms, Developed nations tend to have stricter laws regarding the transportation of these substances; however, more undeveloped countries have little to no regulations regarding hazardous substances, and the existing laws are not well enforced. With the continuous, exponential growth of Earth’s population, there continues to be less space for waste storage and disposal. This contributes further to the practice of underdeveloped nations discarding their waste into bodies of water. There are many regional systems established for the disposal of these waste products, but few international regulations have been applied. France recognizes this significant issue and as well as its national legal framework, participates in the EU’s European Framework directive 2008/98. This system reaffirms in particular the principle of proximity through which waste is treated close to its place of production as well as focusing on prevention and recycling. France, as an industrial nation, is very concerned regarding the safety of its citizens and its environment. The international transport of hazardous waste is a topic which thoroughly involves the French Republic, a nation- state which has implemented its own national processes successfully. French waste management focuses on waste reduction, prevention, and recycling as well as elimination through the Grenelle Roundtable Initiative, a system which focuses on making the economy as environmentally conscious as possible. This initiative falls in line with the existing EU standards under the directive 2008/98/EC which embodies the legislative systems in regard to waste management. The UN has passed multiple resolutions as well as implemented various committees in regard to the safe transportation of hazardous waste internationally. One such committee is the United Nations Economic and Social Council’s Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. This committee passed resolution 1999/65 which extended the focus of the committee to the labelling and categorization standards by creating a subcommittee entitled the Subcommittee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. According to this resolution, its functions include, “Act as custodian of the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals, managing and giving direction to the harmonization process.” The committee also passed the Modal Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous goods, a system which has been imperative in establishing almost every set of regional, national, and international guidelines in regard to the transport of hazardous waste. As alternative energy systems expand and technology continues to become increasingly prevalent across the globe, France notes that the development of a comprehensive solution for the international transportation of hazardous waste is more necessary than ever. In order to begin tackling this issue, France believes that a three part plan that consists of solutions on the treatment, transport, and storage of hazardous waste would be especially beneficial. In the first portion of this plan regarding treatment, France asserts that any resolution passed by the UNEP should contain provisions for regional UN treatment plants similar to those created by the European Union. The EU has been successful in its endeavours regarding toxic waste management, because its programs also include waste reduction and recycling. In establishing treatment plants by region, it can be ensured that hazardous waste is not transferred over great distances before it can be treated, limiting the human and environmental risks of its transport. The second portion of this plan is to implement the model regulations in the regional level as well as nationally and internationally, and to encourage the Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods to focus more on underdeveloped nations. Also, France requests higher fines for specific companies that break these regulations. In conclusion, these chemicals are hazardous to our planet making it crucial that all nations band together to develop conclusive guidelines in waste transportation.

Delegation from: Germany Represented by: Rocky River High school

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Program Council

The issues before the United Nations Environment Program council are: combatting the illicit trade in endangered animals and animal products; and international transportation of hazardous waste. Germany is devoted protecting the earth throughout the environment program, and hopes for further advancement in the resolution of these issues.

I. Combatting the illicit trade in endangered animals and animal products

In today's world, technology and communication are always evolving. One example is the internet: the internet is one of the main causes of illicit trade in endangered animals and animal products. A big draw to using the internet as an illegal trading source is because of its ability to go undetected. The IFWA conducted a large internet investigation including germany and ten other countries. They discovered a large concentration of ivory trade primarily sold on Ebay. The internet plays a big role in assisting the trade of endangered animals and animal products.

Germany believes that the best way to combat the illicit trade of endangered animals and animal products is to crack down on internet regulations and become stricter on how imports and exports are traded. By enforcing new rules and regulations on the popular selling sites like ebay and Amazon, we can make it harder for illegal items to be sent out. Also it would be beneficial to devote a section of the nation's internet safety for advising what is being sold. For example, Germany would look at all the exports, and if they were not up to code or legal the seller could be heavily fined or sentenced to time in jail. Although stopping the export of illicit animal products from Germany is necessary, so is stopping the imports of illegal animal trade. Since technology helps assist the trade, we also think it could be used to stop it. With the use of computers and x-rays, we could produce a machine that scans the incoming packages and shows if there are illegal animal products inside such as ivory.

Technology can be a blessing and a curse when it comes to the trade of illicit endangered animal products. It can be used to assist and defend against such trading. Germany values the importance of endangered animals and hopes that theses suggestions can prevent the illicit trade of endangered animals and animal products.

II. The International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

The German Government seeks to create a recycling-based economy and society that conserves resources and reduces the impact of adverse waste on the environment. Germany wants to keep strict regulation of these materials for the safety of ourselves and our neighboring counties. The problems presented by hazardous waste have been toiled with since 1957, and Germany is ready to continue the negotiations.

The ADR (Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) was a treaty developed by the United Nations in 1957, and renewed again in 1975. Germany is one of the 48 countries under this agreement. Countries signed acknowledge the general allocation of hazardous materials by vehicles on wheels, with a few exceptions. There are important regulations that go along with this, such as the need to label containers and provide for special handlers, equipment, and storage devices. It also divided the hazardous materials into categories, such as explosive, organic, gaseous, corrosive, flammable, poisonous, infectious, etc. These descriptions are important to let handlers know the characteristics of the materials, for their safety and that of those around them.

Meanwhile, Germany has passed a series of nationwide laws pertaining to transportation of hazardous waste, such as the Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act. Today, the German waste industry has employed about 200,000 people and generates an average turnover of about 40 billion euros annually. Various activities on capacity-building, education, training, and awareness raising are carried out on the federal, state, and local levels, and also by non- government organizations. The Federal Government also keeps an eye on businesses and regulates waste produced by the private sectors. A good, early example of this is the Packaging Ordinance of 1991, which required businesses to reuse their packages when possible and charged fees for failure to meet regulations.

The results of these efforts have been apparent in reports and studies, as the average hazardous waste has dropped since 2000, and is still on the lower end of the past 20 years trend. The delegation of Germany is proud of its efforts and results, and will continue to produce them. We hope to work with fellow delegations from other countries in the United Nations, and create a safer and better system for the transportation of hazardous goods, and ultimately a safer environment for us all.

Delegation from: The Republic of India Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)

The issues before the Environmental Programme are: Topic A- Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products and Topic B- International Transportation of Hazardous Waste The Republic of India is committed to its organizations that are attempting to protect and save wildlife from poachers and have a safe transportation of its global trade of hazardous waste.

A . Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

As India has hundreds of endangered species living inside the borders of the country, this is a topic of great importance to the country. India, as it’s inhabitants are predominantly Hindu, Jain, Sikh, and Buddhist, believes in the scarcity of all life, including those of animals.

Illicit trade is a major problem in India as some available statistics offer a glimpse of the scale of the problem. India’s National Crime Records Bureau released data in August showing that 770 cases of wildlife crime were recorded nationwide in 2014, leading to 1,349 arrests. While these cases were all violations of the federal Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. According to statistics from the NGO, the Wildlife Protection Society of India, 18 tigers were killed by poachers or their body parts were recovered from traders so far in 2015; 23 were killed in 2014. For leopards, the number stands at 102 this year so far and was 116 last year.

Previous efforts have been made to halt the extensive black market trading that plagues the nation, including anti-poacher sniffer dogs, the increased training of police officers to address poachers and smugglers, and a law that was recently passed in the Indian state of Maharashtra which allowed forest guards to shoot poachers on sight. Recently, The Republic of India has made drastic efforts to combat the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products. For Example, This summer India’s team of wildlife-contraband-sniffing dogs grew to 25. Other measures to combat the country's significant black-market trade in wildlife include a new emphasis on training law enforcement officers to fight the illegal trade and forestry personnel to guard against poaching.While the efforts do not appear to be part of a larger initiative to combat wildlife crime, experts say they indicate that the country is beefing up its wildlife-crime-fighting capacity.

The Republic of India believes The Illicit trade of Animals and Animal Products are due to poaching- which is a major problem in the Subcontinent. Thus, the Republic is striving to stop this phenomenon and hopes for a push towards less illegal acts by our citizens and creating organizations to protect and care for wildlife across India.

B. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

As a rapidly developing nation, India is struggling with the growing challenge of managing its hazardous waste. In 2009, the Central Pollution Control Board released a report that provided a national inventory of industries producing hazardous waste, as well as a review of hazardous waste management in India. The report was based on information provided by state pollution control boards and pollution control committees for the years 2007 to 2008. That report found that there was a total of 36,165 industries generating hazardous waste in India and that those industries produce a total of 6,232,507 metric tons of hazardous waste each year. Improper disposal of hazardous waste may pose serious risks to human health and the environment. For example, waste that is disposed of improperly may leach into the groundwater, where they may cause longͲterm contamination of a region’s water supply. This may have particularly serious consequences in agricultural communities, which depend on groundwater aquifers for irrigation and personal consumption. Contamination due to improper disposal of hazardous waste can also be harmful in urban areas, especially slums if untreated waste flows into open drains and enters water distribution systems. At the same time, exposure to hazardous waste through consumption, inhalation of polluted air, or through direct contact with skin may cause many acute and long- term health risks. These threats vary greatly depending on the type of hazardous waste at issue, but may include carcinogenesis, reproductive abnormalities, and central nervous system disorders. There is a growing concern all over the world for the safe disposal of HWs generated from anthropogenic sources. HWs can be classified into-Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Gaseous wastes, Sludge wastes. HPC defines HW as any substance, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has no foreseeable use and which by reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or infectious characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or environment, and should be considered as such when generated, handled, stored, transported, treated and disposed off. This definition includes any product that releases hazardous substance at the end of its life if indiscriminately disposed of. The HW needs to be disposed of in a secure manner in view of their characteristic properties. The Government of India has promulgated the Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989 through the Ministry of Environment and Forests under the aegis of Environment Act 1986. Under the HW Rules, the hazardous wastes are divided into 18 categories. Moreover, the role and responsibilities of the waste generator, state/central pollution controls boards and state Government is clearly defined.

Delegation from: Israel Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

The issues before the United Nations Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products; and the International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. Israel is and always has been passionate about defending the environment, as we have seen climate change leave its footprint in our own nation numerous times in the past. I. Combating the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products Israel fights to try to keep the trade of endangered animals to a minimum. Even though Israel does not have many endangered species Israel condemns all poaching. Poaching is a major problem to the point that illegal rhino poaching is up as high as 7,700% and there are estimated only 3,200 tigers left in the world today. Israel says it is time to make it stop. In order to combat the illicit trade of endangered animals and the products that follow suit, we propose: A. Higher security at borders, at which a. all forms of transportation are checked for contraband, including i. illegally obtained/endangered animals ii. and illegally obtained animal products, as well as b. all contraband is surrendered to the importing nation B. More security around endangered animals a. make sure all endangered animals are not to be disturbed by anything besides things contributing positively to their health (i.e. cages preventing inter-species violence) II. The International Transportation of Hazardous Waste Israel pushes for further control of the transportation of hazardous waste; the possibility for accidents involving hazardous materials is a danger to both our nation and the world, also allowing opportunities for hostile nations to become threats in disguise. In response Israel fights constantly to tighten measures regarding international waste transportation, and within the bounds of the United Nations, requests the consideration of: A. More tightly protected borders, at which a. vehicles are prepared to surrender for inspection when there is reasonable doubt b. any contraband obtained is processed appropriately at the hand of the country where the contraband is being moved into, where the country may choose to i. outline and pursue appropriate charges ii. and/or destroy the substance in an environmentally friendly manner with the approval of the United Nations General Assembly or surrender the substance to the UN General Assembly where further action may be taken; B. Heavier charges when crimes are committed, including a. higher fees and longer incarcerations for the smuggling of contraband b. compensation for any accidents that result from hazardous waste being transported, legally or illegally, and in the terms of legality by any nation state, the state must i. reward compensation to the United Nations ii. make appropriate efforts to preserve wildlife and the world’s future iii. and release an official statement and apology for such actions.

Delegation from: Kenya Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for United Nations Environment Programme I. Combating the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products The country of Kenya does not support the illicit trade of endangered animals and animal products. In Kenya, we have many endangered animals species that may become extinct if this trade continues to go on. The government of Kenya has attempted to put laws in place and harsh punishments to those who break the laws and harm endangered animals or kill animals and sell their products, but these acts are still continuing to go on. The illicit trade of endangered animals and animal products could lead to many species in Kenya and all other countries being wiped out completely. We would like to work with other countries to set up a plan that will help to save these endangered animals and other animals from mass extinction and harm.

Kenya has set up a program called the KWS- Kenya Wildlife Service which consists of police officers, forest officers, and administrative officers that are responsible for enforcing the wildlife laws. We also have a security division that investigates those who are caught committing these crimes. Those who get caught trying to trade endangered animals and animal products can face the penalties of prison terms, fines, and then having to give up the tools that they killed the animals with. Despite all of these measures being taken, the trading of endangered animals and animal products is still a huge problem in our nation. In 2013, we enacted a new law called the Wildlife and Conservation Act that increases the penalties that go along with being caught committing any of these crimes. These animals should not be stripped of their lives and their habitats so that criminals can gain a little extra money.

We ask the committee work with us in establishing strict guidelines for all nations to follow that will cut down on these vicious crimes that are being committed. If we do not act now, the regular species of animals will become endangered and then the endangered animals will become extinct. We have supported many laws and treaties being signed in that will help with this problem and now we are asking that all of the other nations do the same to stop this issue for once and for all. We are looking for the full support of all other nations involved and would like to put a strict universal program in place that will punish offenders to the highest degree and would like to add more officers to be on the lookout for these various illicit acts. In Kenya, we experience these acts daily so this issue hits hard to us, we have a lot of information and data that will be shared with everyone. We can join together in order to fight this crime and save the animal species from mass extinction.

II.International Transporation of Natural Waste Kenya is a struggling population as a result of its poverty index growth. Kenya is struggling with plastic packaging materials and fertilizers being washed into lakes, rivers and dams. Lake Nakuru is good evidence. It was reported in the press that the flamingoes of Lake Nakuru and other marine life were dying due to pollution of their habitat by the toxic waste products from all the human activity in the town. The waste accumulates there and destroys the marine life. Only about 25 percent of waste gets collected. It is now estimated that 60 private companies are engaged in helping collect the waste.

As a result of all of the water pollution Kenya is experiencing a shortness of water supply and poor sanitation. They have recently started a e-waste hub to eliminate the amount of waste they receive from technology. Kenya is working towards decreasing the amount of waste they have, possibly working with other countries with similar problems. If each country pitches in a small amount to demolish their waste, the outcome would only be positive.

On the transportation of natural waste, Kenya would be open to the removing of natural waste in the most effective way, with the least damages to the environment because as a nation they cannot have any more damage. Kenya is working towards eliminating the amount of waste they are experiencing in their own country they do not want anymore. The waste must be transported to the correct location in order for Kenya to agree with the transportation. The waste must be put into a safe location where it cannot leak into the water supply or where it could be turned into something new. If the natural waste was gas which would be traveling through pipes, Kenya would need assurance that there would be no leak or any damage would come to the environment. If Kenya believed that if the environment was at danger in anyway they would disagree with the transportation. As long as the environment would stay intact they would agree to the transportation of natural waste. If they believed that it was not safe, Kenya would either not get involved or try to come up with a more environmentally safe way of transportation.

Delegation from: the Federal Republic of Nigeria Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme

The issues before the United Nations Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products; and International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is devoted in helping not only endangered animals, but also the environment and our resources. Nigeria also expresses its hope for further advancement in combating this illicit trade and finding a solution for the transportation of hazardous wastes with the cooperation of other countries, and state leagues.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a well-diverse country on the coast of Africa. Due to Nigeria’s various ecosystems such as rainforests, deserts, and grasslands, there are an abundance of animals that are often hunted and sold for profit. These animals are typically traded for other goods. Often times, these animals are endangered and on the road to becoming extinct. For almost a century, Nigerians have been hunting animals as a source for profit, so the resources are depleting due to the excessive pressure on wildlife. Many Nigerians depend on these animals to sustain their lifestyles but there is a danger that if animals continue to be hunted with such reckless abandon and then traded for profit, many of these animals will become extinct in a few decades. Some animals, that are already endangered, are in danger because of this hunting and illicit trade.

Each year, hundreds of millions of animals are caught from the wild and then sold as food, pets, leather, tourist curios, and medicine. While a great deal of this trade is legal and is not harming wild populations, a worryingly large proportion is illegal, and threatens the survival of many endangered species. Many endangered animals are hunted every day including, African wild dogs, cheetah, giraffe, and antelopes. Also threatened are the Cross River gorilla, the drill, and a number of smaller monkeys that are found only in Nigerian and Cameroon forests. In Nigeria, the illegal poaching of elephants and illicit trade of their tusks is on the rise. Ivory is a valuable animal product throughout Africa. It has garnered a lot of attention recently because of the increase of its hunting and trade. The situation in Nigeria is the most alarming, with higher volumes of ivory identified than in a previous survey carried out in 1999. In 2005, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) suspended Nigeria from its organization because of increasing illegal wildlife trade and a lack of adequate enforcement. Recently, the ban has been lifted, but the situation is still alarming and being monitored. Several countries, including Nigeria, are implementing National Ivory Action Plans that are combating the poaching and trade of elephants and their animal products. Also, Nigeria has preserved some areas with the establishment of protected areas, such as Yankari and Lame-Burra game reserves in Bauchi State. However, poachers have managed to enter these sanctuaries, killing even endangered animals. like the African wild dogs, cheetah, giraffe, and antelopes. Also threatened are the Cross River gorilla, the drill, and a number of smaller guenons that are found only in Nigeria and Cameroon forests.

Nigeria is in desperate need to stop the problem of illicit trading of endangered animals in order to preserve their resources and country. The Nigerian delegation is interested in not only implementing the National Ivory Action Plans in its own country, but also in many other African countries. We are also willing to work with other countries to combat illicit trade of many other animals. Nigeria is interested in implementing education plans, that will inform the people of Nigeria of the harm this poaching can do. Also, more scientific research and stricter law enforcement are necessary to prevent this trade and eventually stop it. The nation of Nigeria firmly believes that this is a worldwide problem that, as a result, can cause further damage to our nations in the future.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

Nigeria is a developing country in West Africa with about 173.6 million in population spread all over the country. With Nigeria being a developing country, the regulations over any issue are not taken seriously. This leaves Nigeria’s environment at the bottom of the list. This country is very prone to environmental issues concerning the transportation of hazardous waste.

The earliest known event of the dumping of hazardous waste in Nigeria was in 1988. 4,000 tons of toxic, hazardous waste from Italy was dumped in the Koko Port in Nigeria. Koko Port is a port, a delta state, and a town in Southern Nigeria. It lies along the Benin River and is a collecting port for palm oils, kernel, and timber. When the hazardous waste was dumped here the minister of foreign affairs at the time described this as a “moral equivalent of war”. This event promoted the regulation of transportation of hazardous waste to Nigeria. It was made law that this was a criminal act. It was punishable by life imprisonment to “carry, transport, deposit, import, sell, buy, or negotiate in trade of harmful waste in Nigerian territory”. A list of the hazardous waste found in Nigeria is: medical hazardous waste, pesticides, toxic chemicals, E- waste, used chemicals/crankcase oil, and the importation of used refrigerators, air conditioners, compressors, deep freezers, and cars that contained chemicals called chlorofluoro hydrocarbons.

After the incident at Koko, measures were taken to not just make it a law to dump these chemicals in Nigeria, but to monitor the transportation of this hazardous waste. Nigeria’s “Dump Watch Network” has monitored the attempt of businessmen from other countries to ship or dump hazardous waste on Nigerian territory. Also, the Federal Ministry of Environment in Nigeria has contacted airline operators to maintain a strict obedience when transporting hazardous chemicals.

Delegation From: Russia Represented By: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme

The issues before the United Nations Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products and International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. Russia is devoted to helping the environment for current inhabitants of the earth and generations to come and hopes other countries are as well.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

Russia’s vast terrain stretches from the tundra of the North, to the Caucasus Mountains and the southern prairies. Its temperate forests make up two-thirds of all temperate forests on earth and offer homes to endangered species. They also play an extremely important role in storing emissions of carbon dioxide. Amur tigers, snow leopards, saiga antelope, Siberian cranes and giant taimen fish are just a few of the species that call Russia home. The extinction of even one of these species could be detrimental to the environment, economy, and reputation of Russia.

Consequently, Russia strongly supports all efforts to put an end to the illegal trade of endangered animals and animal products. Because of these values, there are very strict laws in place against actions that would harm these endangered species. Previous to 2013, however, the Russian government could only prosecute those smuggling endangered animals worth over $30,000, which is nearly impossible to determine. This resulted in virtually no arrests of those perpetrating these horrible crimes. The criminals would get away with negligible fines. In 2013, the laws stating that anyone who is found smuggling any endangered species can be prosecuted under criminal law and have to pay a fine of $35,000 were made. While passing this legislation was a huge step towards ending illegal poaching and trade, the real problem is the implementation of this policy. The number of rangers and game inspectors in Russia has fallen dramatically in the past couple years to the point where a major polar bear area in the North is only patrolled by three rangers. In order to protect the endangered animals, the number of people in these professions needs to rise so they can enforce the law.

Since Russia has come so far with the implementation of policy against the illicit trade of endangered animals, it would be wise to help other nations on their journeys to save their endangered animals. Together we can make the future world a beautiful place where people will want to live and prosper.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

The main challenges concerning hazardous waste management in the priority regions are related to the lack of environmentally sound hazardous waste treatment technology, lack of collection of hazardous waste and inefficient enforcement of legislation. Management capacity exists for mercury-containing waste (MCW) and waste oils, although there environmental performance is poorly known. The environmental authorities of the region have incomplete information on the amounts and types of hazardous waste being formed in the industries and their disposal, which in turn makes it difficult to improve hazardous waste management practices.

In Russia it is not required by law to collect hazardous waste separately from other waste from private citizens or households. Hence hazardous waste is not separately collected from households and therefore it is not possible to focus strictly on hazardous waste in this context. The hazardous waste generated in households and small enterprises can be expected to be disposed of in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. This in turn will complicate efforts to manage MSWs in an environmentally sound way, including the operation of the incineration plants planned for St Petersburg. Nevertheless, the hazardous waste content in MSW landfills is unlikely to create a major pollution source for the Baltic Sea and will not be addressed as a primary source, unless the landfills are very large and located by a watercourse with access to the Baltic Sea, and unless there is specific information available on hazardous waste content.

Mentor High School; UNEP; Saudi Arabia

I: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

Since the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) was established in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972, 193 member states have strove for the eradication of injustice in the natural world in order to protect all environments from man-made monstrosities. Innocent animal populations dwindle due to heinous organized crime and black market sales. Species that once thrived off of the land and lived in harmony with humankind are being slaughtered and traded for adequate funds for a plethora of other illicit activities. Not only are these species nearing irreversible extinction, entire intricate ecosystems are crumbling apart and disrupting a surfeit of other species. In order to reestablish the balance between humanity and fellow animal species, international bodies perpetually craft legislation outlining proper animal trading protocol between nations. One of the most pivotal pieces of legislation is the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which outlines the proper style in which animal trade should be performed at the international level in order to insure the safety of all animals, especially the animals on the CITES Endangered List. The text and outline of the convention is ratified and enforced by 181 governing bodies around the world. CITES may only be an international agreement, but its qualification requirements for a member state properly entwine the text of the convention into each member state’s federal law. Before each of the 181 nations is able to be recognized as a member state, they must effectively sign all ideas and guidelines into law for their entire domain. Once the policy is instituted among member states, organizations like the World Wide Fund for Nature serve as footsoldiers for policy crafting and enforcing among individual nations in order to turn the words and promises into actions. Together, internationally accepted law and privatized organizations institute a multi-tiered plan for the comprehensive eradication of criminal activity and animal injustice. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is at the forefront of radical change in recent decades with respect to environmental policy and animal rights protection. Since 1990, the nation instituted legislation that restricts hunting, set harsh penalties for crimes pertaining to animal trafficking, and ratified the writings of CITES. Along with the sweeping policy changes, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has established protected areas, similar to national parks, that prevent endangered species from being unnecessarily attacked. Since the recent changes, the number of reports of violations or prosecutions with respect to these laws have continually declined to miniscule numbers. Saudi Arabia proves its support for CITES by periodically releasing lists of vulnerable, threatened, endangered and critically endangered species, and funding. In 2015 alone, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has donated over US$53,000 to the CITES Fund. In addition to the CITES Fund donations, Saudi Arabia has contributed over US$1.1 million to the United Nations Environmental Programme Fund. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia perpetually fulfills its responsibilities under the UNEP and CITES guidelines. Although Saudi Arabia fulfills all of the responsibilities illustrated in the limited international law and programs, the nation hopes to see continual growth at the international level in order to finally eradicate the blatant malevolent behavior towards animals. The government of Saudi Arabia realized in 2014 that the international regulations towards animal trading are hindered by the national sovereignty of each nation when a TRAFFIC report portrayed a number of illicit dealings occurring in black markets inside of Saudi Arabia. Although the international trade was inhibited by Saudi Arabian policy, criminals within the borders continue to profit off of illegal animal trade. Therefore, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aims to adjust the scope of CITES in order to fully address regulations and prosecution at a national level so that all member states may adopt new law that will assist in the complete destruction of all forms of animal trafficking.

II: The International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) established six prongs of focus with respect to protecting the environment for all humans, plants, and animals. One of the most important prongs of focus deals with hazardous waste management. Hazardous waste does not only have environmental implications, the scope of the issue expands to encompass world health, international security, and industry and trade. Hazardous waste left to grow in an uninhibited manner pollutes third world countries’ water and food systems, destroys ecosystems, provides international friction between governing bodies, and leaves criminal industries uncharged for illicit actions. Developed nations thrust their industry forward by expelling toxins to third world countries that conversely lag further behind due to the adverse implications that result from toxic waste. These third world nations are unable to properly dispel the toxic detritus pushed upon them, and they suffer from the myriad of effects the improper disposal installs. In order to reduce the growing gap between the developed and developing nations, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of 1989 established guidelines for its signatories to reduce the production of a plethora of different materials deemed “hazardous” by the original convention. In addition to the aimed reduction of hazardous material production, the convention outlined guidelines that would drastically reduce all movement of waste across national borders, and completely obliterate the transport of waste that the committee deemed “hazardous” in nature. The convention, because of a nation’s right to its own sovereignty, established theoretical legislation that illustrated the ways in which the convention hoped its member states would reform or pass their own legislation in order to meet the mission statement put forth by the overall convention. In addition to the Basel Convention, the United Nations Environmental Programme’s Subprogramme, the International Environmental Technology Center (IETC), established a system to effectively reduce the amount of waste already in developing nations. The program aims to reduce all waste, including the hazardous waste, in order to aid the third world nations in constructing healthy environments for citizens, animals, and business. In conjunction with the Basel Convention, the UNEP IETC aspires to provide the necessary ground force to implement the policy. The issue of toxic waste commands the attention of policymakers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) comprehends the dire need for nations to institute plans of action expressed in the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and the UNEP IETC. National policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia outlaws any transboundary movement of waste and institutes actions for the reduction of all hazardous material deemed detrimental to the overall health of humans, animals, plants, or the abiotic factors in the ecosystems that the nation sustains. By explicitly defining the eight types of hazardous waste found in Saudi Arabia, further legislation has been passed to regulate the actions of large corporations. Because the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia understands the importance of protecting the environment, the nation continually provides funding for the UNEP in order to provide other nations the same opportunity to protect their civilians and ecosystems. Although the conditions with respect to the regulation of hazardous waste are satisfactory in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the nation hopes to help regulate other countries’ policy in this domain because the Kingdom realizes that the entire planet is one large environment. The political map may include boundaries that are acceptable for the governing of separate people, but these boundaries are not acceptable for environmental protection. National sovereignty means nothing if the environment dwindles away into chaos and destruction; therefore, all nations must be concerned with the policy of other nations. As such, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is interested in crafting a policy similar to CITES that would create legislation for all member states and would be legally binding so that nations could be held responsible for improper implementations of policy.

Delegation From: South Africa Represented By: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme

The United Nations Environment Programme, or the UNEP, was established in 1972 with the intention that they would be able to connect environmental policies to social issues and programs. The UNEP was made so the United Nations would have a voice that directly touches environmental issues around the world. UNEP is lead by an Undersecretary-General and Executive Director, and supported by a Deputy Director. The UNEP is also a facilitator for the purpose of promoting the sustainable development of the global environment, for example, the disposal of waste. The UNEP investigates global, regional, and national environmental cases and works to create a better environment around the world.

I. Battling the Struggle of Illicit Trade of Endangered Animals and Animal Products

Throughout the years the number of animals that have become instinct has grown because of the illicit trade of animals that goes on all over the globe. Africa has become known to have poachers killing their most know animals, for example, elephants, rhinos, lions, and other animals. Because of this, South Africa and other African countries have made several attempts to eliminate the illicit trade of endangered animals. For example, poaching has been made illegal, and there are now African wildlife conservations, which is a piece of land where the animals live and are able to roam around without cages. Despite poaching being illegal and wildlife conservations, poachers are still able to get onto the wildlife conservation and kill the animals. The demand for for these animals to make animal products continues to grow, and these products are used for many purposes including food, clothing, religious items, medicine, sport and even personal collections. Because of this wide international demand for these products, it is difficult to determine where exactly to start fighting this problem. Even though the UNEP has been fighting poachers and has been increasing international security on boats and flights, the demand continues to increase. The illicit trade in animals and animal products is a big threat to the specific animals who are being targeted, and other animals too. Also, it contributes to a large number of other issues. In a lot communities, local wildlife is known to be an important resource, especially in developing countries.The demand for these species can create ginormous challenges to these communities. Also, there are larger effects in the natural ecosystems. As every species has a specific role in nature, the extinction of one plant or animal species due to over hunting and poachers will not only affect that species, but also the other animals living in the particular ecosystem.The trade in exotic pets and animals has also made a large problem. Also, many of the methods used by poachers and hunters to hunt their targets also kill and harm other animals through traps and left- over poison. This problem involving endangered species and exoitic pets involves everyone around the world.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

This issue has been referred to as the Basel Convention, an international treaty that was designed to reduce the amounts of illegal substances and wastes spread around the nation. These substances can be pollutants that others may place in water, which is foreshadowed to ruin the ecosystem living in these environments. They may be poured on the land which poisons the land and embarks dead organisms. This convention also prevents wastes from transporting rapidly throughout the countries that are less developed and have not experienced these hazardous wastes just yet. But, this treaty however, does not address the movement to radioactive wastes. This purpose of the transportation is supposed to also minimize the amount of complete waste processes, break down incomplete waste processes, and minimize the amount of waste toxicity generated in the countries. This is to ensure the environment and the organisms are as close as possible to their generation and help assist those countries underdeveloped and protect them from these wastes and permit healthy waters to come through. According to popular cites, the definition of a hazardous waste product is, “A waste falls under the scope of the Convention if it is within the category of wastes listed in Annex I of the Convention and it exhibits one of the hazardous characteristics contained in Annex III.” In other words, a hazardous waste is a product of liquid that is highly flammable, explosive, toxic and may not even be legal. Some ships are used as transportation for these products to be transmitted overseas and into several countries and different states. These radioactive wastes are not always covered when it comes to transporting them overseas or moving them. But, radioactive waste that is covered by and under the international control systems and wastes from the normal operations are not covered. This can lead to spillings and these hazardous wastes do not always have protection, both metaphorically and physically. So these purposes may lead to dumping the toxins into places where it is internally displaced. In agreement to these imported and exported items, there are certain requirements consisting and tracking of these radioactive wastes across the nation and its’ boundaries. The exception to this is the radioactive waste is is subject to other treaties that do not take away from the basel convention. In South Africa, these wastes are spilled and poured into waters available, and the air which may not even be suitable for breathing. The toxins in the air are under conditions that are not 100% safe for the human body. Internally displaced radioactive wastes are not healthy for the human mind both mentally, physically, and emotionally. South Africans have to deal with these wastes in their environment and spreading around the environment unconditionally. When unaware of these toxins, death, sickness and other terrible consequences may occur. These nations and peoples in these developed and even underdeveloped countries need to be aware and need to be cautious of the radioactive wastes around them and not be willing to risk their lives or others. When knowledge is known about wastes in a country, make sure the knowledge gets spread sound and gets mentioned to those in the country just so they have relatable information to go off of.

Delegation from: the Republic of Turkey Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Programme

The topics before the United Nations Environment Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products; and International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. Turkey is committed to finding collaborative solutions to ensure the safety and care of people, animals, and resources on the Earth.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

The Republic of Turkey believes that animal trafficking is an urgent problem in need of international attention. The illegal wildlife trade is the fourth most lucrative trade in the world. Kenya, South Africa, and China are leaders in poaching and commerce, generating billions of dollars each year. These countries, as well as many others, have problems due to the gap in their legal framework, law enforcement capabilities, public awareness, and economic development, among other things. The mentioned problems have not been solved yet as there is not enough of a push from the international community, not enough education about poaching and animal products, and not enough internal laws and regulations surrounding illegal wildlife trade.

The Turkish government and people strongly support an end to the illegitimate trade of animals and animal products, as illustrated by Article 4 of the Animal Protection Bill Law. This article prohibits the illegal wildlife trade and indirectly references the CITES agreement. CITES, or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals which Turkey signed in 1996. Along with this, the Turkey is also aligning its environmental laws with that of the EU, including Council Regulation No. 338/97, dealing with the protection of wild flora and fauna by governing trade within the nation. The Republic of Turkey also supported A/RES/69/314, tackling illicit trafficking in wildlife.

The Turkish Delegation believes there are many things that can be done about this environmental crisis. The first step is to put pressure on countries that have yet to sign the CITES agreement to ensure the safety of endangered animals around the world. This treaty protects over 100 different species in Turkey alone. For treaties like CITES to take hold, however, the UNEP needs make sure they are not overruled by institutions that prioritize economic developments over the long term effects on the environment. In addition, the United Nations Environmental Programme must promote new laws with tougher sanctions, increased trade regulations, and create stricter border control policies. Counties who do not have animal trade laws should be urged to make them. Furthermore, increasing law enforcement capabilities in addition to training law enforcement on how to intervene within the chain of poacher to market is necessary. Changing consumer behavior is another vital step, and this can be accomplished by increasing education about animal products and developing public sensitization campaigns to increase awareness. For example, it is a common belief in Vietnam that rhino horn can cure cancer. Informing the public of these facts is critical in the fight against animal trafficking. Finally, Turkey proposes a plan to fund a program establish and enforce CITES in impoverished countries. Since developing countries often times cannot devote resources to border control and other measures, this program would help implement CITES to ensure the safety of animals worldwide. In conclusion, many steps must be taken in order to protect endangered animals from being exploited.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

The Republic of Turkey believes the protection of the environment is essential to the increase of the livelihood and economic prosperity of all people. International transportation of hazardous or other wastes not only pose a threat to the environment, but threatens the public health as well. Citing statistics from the World Count that in just one generation the production of man-made chemicals has increased by 40,000%.

In reference to the global alarm in 1987 concerning the increasing amount of hazardous or other wastes transported throughout the industrial and developing parts of the world, Turkey and other nations recognized the importance of this crisis. Since 1994 Turkey has been a party to the 1989 Basel Convention, in which acknowledges the right of a party to deny any import or export of hazardous or other wastes that have the potential to negatively impact a general state’s environment. Turkey has also in 2003 ratified the 1995 BAN Amendment for the natural right of parties of the Basel convention to reject any export of hazardous wastes from other Basel Convention Parties.

To protect public health and the environment Turkey proposes that the United Nations Environment Programme committee not only reduce the amount of hazardous or other wastes transported internationally, but develop and install systems and clean technologies that ensure the amount of hazardous wastes do not increase drastically once again. Reduction of a state’s production of hazardous or other wastes lessens the amount of wastes transported internationally, in which reduces the potential threats of these wastes to the environment. In 2008 14% of Turkey’s waste deposited in controlled landfill sites is now recycled, as a result of the installation of sanitary landfills and waste separation. It must also be taken in importance that consequences of the illegal transportation of these wastes, especially in developing countries or any intended pollution of the environment must be enforced. The Republic of Turkey has taken measures in Articles 181 and 182 of the Turkish Penal Code no.5237 which states that intentional pollution of the environment is punishable by law up to five years in prison. Furthermore, Turkey has reasoned the economic costs that these extensive systems and technologies stretch far beyond the bar for developing countries. Yet it is also critical that to take these extensive measures in the future will take an even more toll on all economies and a greater risk to the environment and public health. Adana, Turkey and other major municipalities in Turkey has constructed a waste disposal plant that converts the greenhouse gas, methane, into electricity. Turkey’s investment in biomass projects not only reduces the amount of greenhouse gases released in the environment but as well as strengthens the economy and ties with neighboring countries. The Republic of Turkey has already made ambitious targets in 2023 regarding renewable energy utilization.

Delegation from: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Represented by: St. Edward High School

Position Paper for the Environmental Programme

The issues before the United Nations Environmental Programme are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products and International Transportation of Hazardous Waste. The United Kingdom is devoted to the protection of the environment and hopes that all parties involved in these matters will be able to come to a beneficial solution to protect our precious environment.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animals Products

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is well aware of the problems that exist in the world today due to the illicit trade of endangered animals. Our nation understands how nations have a vested interest in protecting their endangered species. In the UK there are many endangered species which we protect such as the Hedgehog, Turtle Dove, and Red Squirrel. The UK is well aware that many underdeveloped countries face serious difficulties due to the poaching of their endangered species. Her Majesty’s government is also well aware that many of these countries are part of our family in the commonwealth of nations and are in need of our assistance. It is therefore the policy of this government to see that the illicit trade is stopped in all its forms so that future generations may be able to enjoy the wildlife that our present generation has.

Her Majesty’s Government wishes to show how it supports the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland believes that good work can be done if this convention is modernized for a new age. While the UK remains a party to this convention it believes that holding a conference to review and further discuss suggestions to amend this convention to make it more applicable to the modern age. This is because of the belief held by this government that making sure that legal trade laws with regards to endangered species are enforced then international smugglers who wish to try and subvert these laws can be stopped before they are able to proceed through the legal framework.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has historically taken proactive measures on wildlife protection. In 1981 the Wildlife and Countryside Act was passed implementing the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. This meant that Europe’s natural habitats, endangered species and migratory species would have strong protection from Her Majesty’s Government as well as from the other 50 parties signed to the treaty. This is a strong example of how countries have stepped up to deal with this serious problem that plagues the modern world. In addition to the Act in 1981 passed by the Parliament multiple acts were passed by the devolved assemblies in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales to deal with these specific issues.

Currently Her Majesty’s government is advised by multiple organizations including the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, which helps to bring public awareness to issues concerning wildlife. The Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has often worked in conjunction with other government departments to see that animals are protected.

The UK cares about its Red Squirrels, Turtle Doves, and Hedgehogs very much and understands that other countries have populations of animals that they wish to protect and the UK wants to help them be able to protect those animals.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

My country has had strict hazardous waste transportation laws since the 2005 document No. 894, “Environmental Protection, England and Wales.” This document outlines the rules and regulations put forth for both hazardous and non-hazardous waste issues, such as producers permits, transportation permits, and disposal of these wastes. Additionally, the 2005 document “Hazardous Waste Directive” which was spawned from the aforementioned document, further details transportation of hazardous waste, and how it is to be disposed of. Since the implication of these two documents, there has been no reported incidents of hazardous waste spillages during transportation. Due to the success of both of the aforementioned documents in their prevention for major hazardous waste spillages in both England and Wales, we would like to encourage countries around the world, if not as a United Nations resolution, to adopt their own versions of those two documents. We hope to achieve a clean Earth as soon as we can, however we recognize that it will not be possible without the cooperation of our fellow countries

Delegation From: United States of America Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the United Nations Environment Program

The issues before the United Nations Environment Program are: Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products and striking down the International Transportation of Hazardous Waste.

I. Combatting the Illicit Trade in Endangered Animals and Animal Products

According to the USFWS; “In the past decade, wildlife trafficking – the poaching or other taking of protected or managed species and the illegal trade in wildlife and their related parts and products – has escalated into an international crisis. Wildlife trafficking is both a critical conservation concern and a threat to global security with significant effects on the national interests of the United States and the interests of our partners around the world.” (USFWS). However the steps taken to correct this issue have often left gaping holes in policies in which poachers seek and slide through using manipulation and outright circumnavigation of legislature to continue their lucrative trade. The most effective committee is currently located in Washington D.C. knows as the CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention). Founded in 1975, this committee has been dedicated to protect endangered plants and animals. According to multiple sources, CITES is one of the largest and most sustainable programs in existence. The UN has been incorporating this program into its structure of International Trade regulations and a majority of Nations are in accord with this program with the exception of Andorra, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, and Tuvalu. In order to ensure its success and security, the gaping holes of this legislature must be filled.

Today, the United States of America has decided to take a stand against this brutal market of economic injustice. To revise and maximize the effectiveness of a stand on illegal animal trafficking, several steps must be taken. These steps include: developing an extensive subcommittee to supervise and enforce current legislation; perpetuating the annual revision of international legislation and enforcement; enhancing information-gathering by all Parties as well as the implementation of other NGOs; emphasising a task force to investigate and apprehend such persons not in accordance with the law, and the development of a UNCITES Action Plan.

The basis for this action plan will be a three pronged initiative. 1) Investigate; For step one, each country will designate a select group of individuals to search through documents, monitor suspicious shipments of both regular animals as well as “Exotic” animals and seize and return shipments of illicit flora and fauna. In order for this plan to work, every incoming vessel capable must declare cargo and in the United States specifically, cargo will be inspected co-operatively with personnel of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. In other countries, designated border officials will also be expected to uphold such standards. 2) Collaborate: If countries do not sign onto this legislation, they will be exempt from all wildlife trade, legitimately legal or not, until the legislation is ratified by their party. 3) Retaliate; if any country infringes the set legislation, they will be penalized by the Model U.N. as an entire country and will suffer possible ramifications seeing as to the extent of their actions. (Determined by Executive Head of the United Nations, currently Ban Ki-moon). The course of action must be severe and swift in order to ensure its effectiveness. With the additional support from other first world countries dealing with the same issues as well as impeding the flow of animals at the source, traders will be left with no options and the former lucrative industry will fade into the past.

II. International Transportation of Hazardous Waste

In the 1970s landfills throughout the US began refusing any hazardous waste materials, mainly to start protecting the environment. The refusal of these products only lead to illegal dumping in many vacant lots, and various highways. This refusal only later necessitated to increased accidents and incidents involving with hazardous materials during transportation, which had caused lots of damage to people, property, environment, and even death. The U.S. Department of Transportation estimated that 75% of all hazardous waste shipments violated existing regulations due to a lack of quality inspections among the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal Aviation Administration, and The Federal Railroad Administration. All of this illegal dumping and trafficking during the 70s lead to the passing of The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. This act was used to strengthen previous acts and unify all of the other existing regulations under one act. It was signed into law on January 3, 1975 by President Gerald Ford. The United States on average makes about 500,000 shipments of hazardous material per day. Accidents involving the transportation of these products can be extremely harmful and should be taken with utmost caution. Although the passage of the HMTA has significantly reduced the number of incidents and the gravity of those incidents with hazardous materials in transportation.

The HMTA is one of the eight laws defining the EPA's Emergency Management Program. The main goal of the HTMA is to protect “Life, property, and the environment”from the ingrained risks of transportation of hazardous materials. They will do this by improving the regulation and inspection process. Right now the act is most concerned with the test conditions of packages, rather than the transportation conditions, which is one thing I want to put an end to and change for good. In 1990, Congress enacted the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act. This amendment looked to standardize international hazardous material transportation requirements as endorsed by the United Nations. I feel this act adds great perspective and shows how important this topic is and how it can be overlooked.

My partner and I have developed a three-prong plan (see my partners paper above) to put an end to these illegal trafficking problems. 1)Investigate, 2)Collaborate, 3)Retaliate; These three things will help us, along with other nations, to find the solution to our problems.