SHAKESPEARE's DIALOGIC STAGE : TOWARDS a POETICS of PERFORMANCE By
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SHAKESPEARE'S DIALOGIC STAGE : TOWARDS A POETICS OF PERFORMANCE by WINIFRED MARIA JONES A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The Shakespeare Institute The University of Birmingham March 1999 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Shakespearian performance scholarship is arguably looking for a methodology that can integrate the study of performative work with critical analysis and theory. As an intervention in this discussion, I propose a poetics of performance, a term intended as a playful appropriation of Stephen Greenblatt's poetics of culture but one that restores the central omission of actual performance to his study of Renaissance subjectivity in dramatic texts. This is a systematic study of four plays, The Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet and Richard II in productions on stage and screen between 1927-1995, arranged diachronically and in dialogic pairings (drawing on 'Bakhtinian thought'). Utilising Greenblatt's discussion of cultural exchange and symbolic acquisition, and restoring Greenblatt's omission of diachronic 'appropriation', I consider the reception of the performative work, drawing attention to interpretative patterns, and enquire into the structuring historical contingency of the Renaissance locus. In considering the 'iteration' of a Shakespearian text (ie: that which enables it to activate transpositions beyond its originating history) I suggest that materialist critics are responding to a valued "art' work and that it is Shakespearian performance scholarship itself that has created the anomalous page/stage debate which it presently seeks to circumvent. CONTENTS List of illustrations List of abbreviations Preface CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION : SHAKESPEARE'S DIALOGIC STAGE page 1-16 References to Chapter 1 13-16 CHAPTER 2 'FORCED/ TO GIVE MY HAND' : THE QUESTION OF CONSENT IN THE TAMING OF THE SHREW 17-26 1. What Counts as Evidence? : A Dialogic Reading of platea in W. Bridges-Adams's Production at the Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1927-1929) together with Sam Taylor s Film, 1929 27-46 2. 'And Will You, Nill You, I Will Marry You' . Anti-Romantic Readings in Franco Zeffirelli's Film, The Taming of the Shrew (1966) and Michael Bogdanov's Royal Shakespeare Company Production at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1978 47-67 3 Snarling Kates and Suffering Petruchios : Coaxing Consent in Jonathan Miller's BBC Time/Life Production (1980) and Bill Alexander's Royal Shakespeare Company Production at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992 68-90 References to Chapter 2 01106 CHAPTER 3 TF IT BE PROVED AGAINST AN ALIEN' : THE LINKING OF SHYLOCK AND THE PRINCE OF MOROCCO IN THE MERCHANT £YWC£NJCF 107-116 1. 'Playing for Laughs' : Theodore Komisarjevsky s The Merchant of Venice (1932-1933) and Michael Langham's Production (1960), Both at The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon ,, _ . ,_ 2. 'I Am a Jew : Definitions of Jewishness in Jonathan Miller s Production at The National Theatre, 1970 (Televised Version, 1973) and Bill Alexander's Royal Shakespeare Company Production at Stratford-upon-Avon and London, 1987-1988 ,^ 0 ,, f ^o-1Jo 3. 'The Search for Authenticity': John Caird's Production of The Merchant of Venice at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1984) and David Thacker's Royal Shakespeare Company Production at Stratford-upon-Avon and London, 1993-1994 159_ lgl References to Chapter 3 182-200 CHAPTER 4 'THE QUEEN'S TWO BODIES ' : OPHELIA AND THE SUCCESSION QUESTION IN HAMLET 201-211 1. 'The Insolence of Office': Revolution in the Body Politic. Hamlet Directed by Peter Hall in 1965 at The Royal Shakespeare Theatre; Tony Richardson's Production at The Round House, London in 1969 and a Firm Version by Woodfall Film Productions, 1969 212-229 2. 'Go and Quickly too. Farewell' : Losing Ophelia in Oedipal Hamlets. Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948) and Franco Zeffirelli's firm (1990) 230-248 3. From Periphery to Centre : The Presence of Ophelia in Grigori Kozintsev's Hamlet ( 1964) and Adrian Noble's Hamlet at The Barbican and Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, 1992-1993 249-270 References to Chapter 4 271 -284 CHAPTER 5 'FETCH HITHER RICHARD' : SHAKESPEARE'S REVISION OF HISTORY IN THE DEPOSITION SCENE 285-298 1. 'Placed in Its Proper Sequence': Historical Cycles and The Appropriation of Stratford-upon-Avon Stages. RichardII in Anthony Quayle's 'The Cycle of The Historical Plays 1951' at The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, and The Royal Shakespeare Company's The Wars of the Roses Cycle, Directed by Peter Hall, John Barton and Clifford Williams, 1963-1964 299-319 2. 'The True Richard Music': The Authority of the Actor in Richard II. Dialogic Readings of Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop Production at The Theatre Royal, Stratford East, 1955; The Royal Shakespeare Company's Production, Directed by Barry Kyle, 1986-1987; The English Shakespeare Company's The Wars of the Roses, 1986-1989; The Royal Shakespeare Company's 1990-1991 Production, Directed by Ron Daniels; and Deborah Warner's Production at The Royal National Theatre, 1995 and on tour 1996 320-343 i. 'The True Richard Music': The Authority of the Actor in Four Productions of RichardII 320-331 ii. "Bifold Authority" in Deborah Warner's Richard II 332-343 References to Chapter 5 344-360 CHAPTER 6 EPILOGUE : TOWARDS A POETICS OF PERFORMANCE 361-367 References to Chapter 6 368-369 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Cast Lists of Theatre Productions Arranged By Play Chronologically i-xvi Appendix 2 Filmography Arranged By Play Chronologically i-vi BIBLIOGRAPHY List of Illustrations 1 Wilfrid Walter as Petruchio (By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 31 2 Dorothy Massingham as Katherina, 1928 (By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library*) follows p. 31 3 Petrachio (Douglas Fairbanks) attempts to woo Katherina (Mary Pickford) in Sam Taylor's film, 1929. Production company: Pickford Corporation/ Elton Corporation ( By courtesy of BFI Films: Stills, Posters and Designs) follows p. 42 4 The wedding scene in Sam Taylor's The Taming of the Shrew, 1929. Production company: Pickford Corporation/Elton Corporation (By courtesy of BFI Films: Stills, Posters and Designs) follows p. 44 5 Petruchio (Richard Burton) steers Katherina (Elizabeth Taylor) across the gallery in Franco Zeffirelli's film, 1966. Production company: Royal Films/FAI (By courtesy of BFI Films: Stills, Posters and Designs) follows p. 54 6 Petruchio (Richard Burton) announces his 'success' in wooing Kate (Elizabeth Taylor) in Franco Zeffirelli's film, 1966. Production company: Royal Films/FAI (By courtesy of BFI Films: Stills, Posters and Designs) follows p. 54 7 Petruchio (Richard Burton) stops Katherina's protest with a kiss at the altar in Zeffirelli's film, 1966. Elizabeth Taylor plays Kate. Production company: Royal Films/FAI (By courtesy of BFI Films: Stills, Posters and Designs) follows p. 54 8 The freshly bathed Christopher Sly/Petruchio (Jonathan Pryce) is shown titillating photographs in the RSC production, 1978 ( By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 56 9 Petruchio (Jonathan Pryce) restrains Katherina (Paola Dionisotti) in the 'wooing' scene of the 1978 production (Photo: Laurence Burns. By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 56 10 The wedding scene in the 1978 production. From the left: Gremio (Paul Webster), the photographer (Conrad Asquith), Petruchio (Jonathan Pryce), Katherina (Paola Dionisotti) and Grumio (David Suchet) (By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 56 11 Jan Van Eyck, The betrothal of the Amolfini (1434), also referred to as The Amolfini Portrait (By courtesy of the National Gallery, London) follows p. 73 12 'Give me your hands' Baptista (John Franklyn-Robbins) confirms the espousal of Petruchio (John Cleese) and Katherina (Sarah Badel). Photo: David Green published in The BBC TV Shakespeare: The Taming of the Shrew (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1980), facing p.48. follows p. 74 13 Set of the 1992 RSC production showing the inn sign, 'The Ugly Duckling' (By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 75 14 Set for Lord Simon's oak-panelled ancestral home in the 1992 RSC production (By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 76 15 Actor-manager Petruchio (Anton Lesser) teaches Katherina (Amanda Harris) in the 1992 production (Photo: B & W Thornton, photographed by Joe Cocks Studio. By courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 81 16 'Away rolls his fantastic impression of Venice' : stage set for Theodore Komisarjevsky's The Merchant of Venice, 1932-3 (Photo: Ernest Daniels, by courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 124 17 'By this scimitar': the Prince of Morocco (Paul Hardwick) and Portia (Dorothy Tutin) in Michael Langham's production, 1960 (Photo: J.FW Cocks, by courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 135 18 Periwigged judges look on in the trial scene of the 1960 production. From the left: Portia (Dorothy Tutin), Antonio (Patrick Alien), Bassanio (Denholm Elliott), the Duke (Tony Church) and Shylock (Peter O'Toole) (Photo: Angus McBean, by courtesy of the Shakespeare Centre Library) follows p. 136 19 Bassanio (Jeremy Brett), Shylock (Laurence Olivier) and Antonio (Anthony Nicholls) in Jonathan Miller's production of The Merchant of Venice, 1970 (Photo: Anthony Crickmay, by courtesy of the Theatre Museum, a part of the Victoria and Albert Museum) follows p.