DOCSLIB.ORG

Common Antibiotics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Common Antibiotics COMMON ANTIBIOTICS DANA BARTLETT, RN, BSN, MSN, MA Dana Bartlett is a professional nurse and author. His clinical experience includes 16 years of ICU and ER experience and over 20 years of as a poison control center information specialist. Dana has published numerous CE and journal articles, written NCLEX material, written textbook chapters, and done editing and reviewing for publishers such as Elsevire, Lippincott, and Thieme. He has written widely on the subject of toxicology and was recently named a contributing editor, toxicology section, for Critical Care Nurse journal. He is currently employed at the Connecticut Poison Control Center and is actively involved in lecturing and mentoring nurses, emergency medical residents and pharmacy students. ABSTRACT There are many antibiotics available in the United States to treat various forms of infection. Understanding the benefits and risks of antibiotic therapy, such as adverse effects associated with specific antibiotics, and the safe administration and monitoring of patients receiving antibiotics can appear daunting. However, issues of antibiotic therapy may be approached by knowing the adverse effects common to all antibiotics, those at risk of having adverse effects and the level of severity of adverse effects as well as any testing required for detection. The main classes of antibiotics and the specific antibiotics available in the U.S., in particular, the aminoglycoside, carbapenem, cephalosporin, glycopeptide, lincosamide, macrolide, penicillin, quinolone, sulfonamide, tetracycline, metronidazole and nitrofurantoin antibiotics are discussed. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 1 Continuing Nursing Education Course Planners William A. Cook, PhD, Director, Douglas Lawrence, MA, Webmaster, Susan DePasquale, CGRN, MSN, FPMHNP-BC, Lead Nurse Planner Policy Statement This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the policies of NurseCe4Less.com and the continuing nursing education requirements of the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation for registered nurses. It is the policy of NurseCe4Less.com to ensure objectivity, transparency, and best practice in clinical education for all continuing nursing education (CNE) activities. Continuing Education Credit Designation This educational activity is credited for 3 hours. Nurses may only claim credit commensurate with the credit awarded for completion of this course activity. Pharmacology content is credited for 3 hours. Statement of Learning Need Properties of antibiotics influence medical guidelines for the treatment of an infectious process and follow up care in terms of antibiotic use and monitoring of treatment outcomes. The rise of antibiotic resistance poses a significant health risk, which health professionals must consider when deciding treatment in terms of antibiotic type and drug qualities. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 2 Course Purpose To provide nurses with knowledge of common antibiotics, as well as the indications and the correct and safe administration of antibiotics. Target Audience Advanced Practice Registered Nurses and Registered Nurses (Interdisciplinary Health Team Members, including Vocational Nurses and Medical Assistants may obtain a Certificate of Completion) Course Author & Planning Team Conflict of Interest Disclosures Dana Bartlett, RN, BSN, MSN, MA, William S. Cook, PhD, Douglas Lawrence, MA, Susan DePasquale, CGRN, MSN, FPMHNP-BC – all have no disclosures Acknowledgement of Commercial Support There is no commercial support for this course. Activity Review Information Reviewed by Susan DePasquale, CGRN, MSN, FPMHNP-BC Release Date: 12/12/2015 Termination Date: 12/12/2018 Please take time to complete a self-assessment of knowledge, on page 4, sample questions before reading the article. Opportunity to complete a self-assessment of knowledge learned will be provided at the end of the course. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 3 1. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea a. can have a delayed onset and cause serious complications. b. occurs after the first dose and is always mild and self-limiting. c. only occurs in women >age 60. d. typically affects hospitalized neonates. 2. Allergic reactions to antibiotics a. always happen within one hour after a dose. b. can be delayed in onset. c. are always severe and life-threatening. d. only occur in people who have a compromised immune system. 3. True or false: Someone who is allergic to penicillin may be allergic to cephalosporins. a. True b. False. 4. Patients who are receiving antibiotic therapy should be monitored for a. osteoporosis. b. polycythemia. c. diabetes mellitus. d. nephrotoxicity. 5. Which of these antibiotics is well known for causing ototoxicity? a. Carbapenems. b. Metronidazole. c. Aminoglycosides. d. Quinilones. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 4 Introduction This learning module discusses antibiotic therapy as well as specific antibiotics. In particular, the aminoglycoside, carbapenem, cephalosporin, glycopeptide, lincosamide, macrolide, penicillin, quinolone, sulfonamide, and tetracycline antibiotics, and metronidazole and nitrofurantoin are covered in the following sections. Antibiotics that are not available in the United States will not be covered. Specific aspects of antibiotic therapy raised in the following sections include: 1. Mechanism of action 2. Considerations for administration 3. Adverse effects/warnings including the U.S. boxed warning, more common, i.e., >10% reporting rate, adverse effects of specific antibiotics, and, adverse effects or warnings that are reported for all of the antibiotics of a particular class (frequency of an adverse reaction not reported in commonly used drug reference sources is not discussed) 4. Labeled uses In addition, issues that are important for the safe administration of antibiotics will be covered in this course: adverse effects common to all antibiotics, allergic reactions and cross-reactivity, and antibiotic resistance. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 5 Learning Break: The term antibiotic is defined as a drug that is used to treat an infection, but it is commonly used to refer to drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections. This is technically incorrect but, given the widespread and commonly accepted use of the term antibiotic in that context, its common use will be retained in this module. Discussion of drug dosages, interactions, off-label uses, and all of the possible adverse effects of each antibiotic and/or class of antibiotics would not be practical here, and that information can easily be found in drug reference books and package inserts. Information that is particular to each of the antibiotic classes and important for safe administration will be the primary focus. The primary source of information is Lexi-Comp® or Lexi-Drugs® unless citations shown in the following sections specifically indicate otherwise. A Boxed Warning, sometimes called a black box warning, is a warning that is required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be included and prominently featured in the prescribing information of a drug if there is potential for a severe adverse reaction (death, permanent disability, a life-threatening event) in proportion to the potential benefit of the drug, which requires cautious assessment of the drug’s risks and benefits; or if there is a serious adverse reaction that can be prevented or reduced in severity by appropriate use of the drug, i.e., patient selection, careful monitoring, avoiding certain concomitant therapy. nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 6 Mechanism Of Antibiotic Action Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria and all of the antibiotics interfere with some aspect of the biochemical processes that are necessary for these microorganisms to survive. The mechanisms of action of antibiotics are quite complex and are specific to each class of antibiotic but the essential action of most antibiotics is disruption of the bacteria cell membrane, most often by inhibiting protein synthesis and making it impossible for the bacteria to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Antibiotics are not effective treatment for fungal or viral infections. Adverse Effects Reference books and package inserts provide extensive lists of adverse effects associated with and/or caused by a drug, but these information sources seldom quantify how likely it is that a specific adverse effect will occur or which patients are at risk. Clinicians want to know what adverse effects are of a practical concern and what to do about them, but the drug information references do not often provide this type of guidance. For example, package inserts for antibiotics warn that these drugs can cause kidney and liver damage and should be used with caution if the patient has, or is at risk for, hepatic and/or renal impairment. The clinician wants to know how frequently and to whom these adverse effects will occur but very often this information is not given. A more specific example is that a commonly used drug information source lists 37 adverse effects associated with cephalexin; these range in severity from nausea to anaphylaxis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Local Use of the Sulfonamide Drugs
    THE LOCAL USE OF THE SULFONAMIDE DRUGS GEORGE CRILE Jr., M.D. Since the introduction of sulfanilamide and its derivatives, the reliance upon chemotherapy for the control of acute surgical infections has temporarily overshadowed the importance of sound surgical princi- ples and often has resulted in the administration of inefficient or inade- quate treatment. Too often, the physician fails to recognize the limita- tions of chemotherapy and vainly attempts to control the infection well beyond the optimum time for surgical intervention. Chemotherapy is very effective in controlling infections from hemo- lytic streptococcus; is moderately effective in controlling staphylococcic infections; but is of slight value when administered systemically in patients infected with the nonhemolytic streptococcus or colon bacillus. However, even in infections caused by the hemolytic streptococcus or the staphylococcus, sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole cannot replace surgery after suppuration has taken place and mechanical drainage of an abscess is required. It is in the treatment of lymphangitis and cellulitis, not in the treatment of abscesses, that chemotherapy has been of the greatest value. The work of Lockwood1 and others has indicated that the products of proteolysis in vitro interfere with the bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal powers of sulfanilamide. The presence of similar substances in undrained abscess cavities probably interferes with the destruction of the organ- isms by chemotherapy. Accordingly, the sulfonamide drugs should supplement rather than replace early and adequate surgical drainage, especially in the presence of suppuration. The local application of the sulfonamide drugs is based upon the principle that the local concentration of the drug in the tissues is ten to twenty times as high as that which can be obtained by any method of systemic administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Xifaxan® (Rifaximin)
    Wednesday, October 14, 2015 4 p.m. Oklahoma Health Care Authority 4345 N. Lincoln Blvd. Oklahoma City, OK 73105 The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PHARMACY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS MEMORANDUM TO: Drug Utilization Review Board Members FROM: Bethany Holderread, Pharm.D. SUBJECT: Packet Contents for Board Meeting – October 14, 2015 DATE: October 1, 2015 NOTE: The DUR Board will meet at 4:00 p.m. The meeting will be held at 4345 N Lincoln Blvd. Enclosed are the following items related to the October meeting. Material is arranged in order of the agenda. Call to Order Public Comment Forum Action Item – Approval of DUR Board Meeting Minutes – Appendix A Action Item – Vote on 2016 Meeting Dates – Appendix B Update on Medication Coverage Authorization Unit/Bowel Preparation Medication Post-Educational Mailing – Appendix C Action Item – Vote to Prior Authorize Tykerb® (Lapatinib), Halaven® (Eribulin), Ixempra® (Ixabepilone), Kadcyla® (Ado-Trastuzumab), Afinitor® (Everolimus), & Perjeta® (Pertuzumab) – Appendix D Action Item – Vote to Prior Authorize Orkambi™ (Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor) – Appendix E Action Item – Vote to Prior Authorize Savaysa® (Edoxaban) – Appendix F Action Item – Vote to Prior Authorize Epanova® (Omega-3-Carboxylic Acids), Praluent® (Alirocumab), & Repatha™ (Evolocumab) – Appendix G Annual Review of Constipation and Diarrhea Medications and 30-Day Notice to Prior Authorize Movantik™ (Naloxegol), Viberzi™ (Eluxadoline), & Xifaxan® (Rifaximin) – Appendix H 30-Day Notice to Prior Authorize Daraprim® (Pyrimethamine) – Appendix I Annual Review of Allergy Immunotherapies and 30-Day Notice to Prior Authorize Oralair® (Sweet Vernal, Orchard, Perennial Rye, Timothy, & Kentucky Blue Grass Mixed Pollens Allergen Extract) – Appendix J Annual Review of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and 30-Day Notice to Prior Authorize Dyloject™ (Diclofenac Sodium) – Appendix K ORI-4403 • P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroquinoxaline Sulfonamide (NSC 339004) Is a Topoisomerase II␣/␤ Poison1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 60, 5937–5940, November 1, 2000] Advances in Brief Chloroquinoxaline Sulfonamide (NSC 339004) Is a Topoisomerase II␣/␤ Poison1 Hanlin Gao, Edith F. Yamasaki, Kenneth K. Chan, Linus L. Shen, and Robert M. Snapka2 Departments of Radiology [H. G., E. F. Y., R. M. S.]; Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics [H. G., R. M. S.]; College of Medicine [H. G., E. F. Y., R. M. S., K. K. C.]; and College of Pharmacy [K. K. C.], Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064 [L. L. S.] Abstract Drugs and Enzymes. CQS (NSC 339004) was provided by Dr. R. Shoe- maker, National Cancer Institute. VM-26 (teniposide, NSC 122819) was Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (chlorosulfaquinoxaline, CQS, NSC obtained from the National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Treatment, 339004) is active against murine and human solid tumors. On the basis of Natural Products Branch. DMSO was the solvent for all drug stocks. Purified ␤ its structural similarity to the topoisomerase II -specific drug XK469, human topoisomerase II␣ was from TopoGen (Columbus, OH) and LLS ␣ CQS was tested and found to be both a topoisomerase-II and a topoi- (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). Purified topoisomerase II␤ was a ␤ somerase-II poison. Topoisomerase II poisoning by CQS is essentially gift of Dr. Caroline Austin (University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, undetectable in assays using the common protein denaturant SDS, but United Kingdom). easily detectable with strong chaotropic protein denaturants. The finding Filter Assay for in Vitro Topoisomerase-DNA Cross-links. The GF/C that detection of topoisomerase poisoning can be so dependent on the filter assay for protein-SV40 DNA cross-links is used to measure topoisomer- protein denaturant used in the assay has implications for drug discovery ase poisoning in vitro with purified enzymes and DNA substrates (9).
    [Show full text]
  • Tetracycline and Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soils: Presence, Fate and Environmental Risks
    processes Review Tetracycline and Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soils: Presence, Fate and Environmental Risks Manuel Conde-Cid 1, Avelino Núñez-Delgado 2 , María José Fernández-Sanjurjo 2 , Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez 2, David Fernández-Calviño 1,* and Manuel Arias-Estévez 1 1 Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty Sciences, University Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (M.C.-C.); [email protected] (M.A.-E.) 2 Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] (A.N.-D.); [email protected] (M.J.F.-S.); [email protected] (E.Á.-R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: Veterinary antibiotics are widely used worldwide to treat and prevent infectious diseases, as well as (in countries where allowed) to promote growth and improve feeding efficiency of food-producing animals in livestock activities. Among the different antibiotic classes, tetracyclines and sulfonamides are two of the most used for veterinary proposals. Due to the fact that these compounds are poorly absorbed in the gut of animals, a significant proportion (up to ~90%) of them are excreted unchanged, thus reaching the environment mainly through the application of manures and slurries as fertilizers in agricultural fields. Once in the soil, antibiotics are subjected to a series of physicochemical and biological processes, which depend both on the antibiotic nature and soil characteristics. Adsorption/desorption to soil particles and degradation are the main processes that will affect the persistence, bioavailability, and environmental fate of these pollutants, thus determining their potential impacts and risks on human and ecological health.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity of Some Novel Fluorinated
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Ghorab et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2017) 11:32 DOI 10.1186/s13065-017-0258-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antimicrobial and anticancer activity of some novel fuorinated thiourea derivatives carrying sulfonamide moieties: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking Mostafa M. Ghorab1,2*, Mansour S. Alsaid1, Mohamed S. A. El‑Gaby3*, Mahmoud M. Elaasser4 and Yassin M. Nissan5 Abstract Background: Various thiourea derivatives have been used as starting materials for compounds with better biological activities. Molecular modeling tools are used to explore their mechanism of action. Results: A new series of thioureas were synthesized. Fluorinated pyridine derivative 4a showed the highest anti‑ microbial activity (with MIC values ranged from 1.95 to 15.63 µg/mL). Interestingly, thiadiazole derivative 4c and coumarin derivative 4d exhibited selective antibacterial activities against Gram positive bacteria. Fluorinated pyridine derivative 4a was the most active against HepG2 with IC50 value of 4.8 μg/mL. Molecular docking was performed on the active site of MK-2 with good results. Conclusion: Novel compounds were obtained with good anticancer and antibacterial activity especially fuorinated pyridine derivative 4a and molecular docking study suggest good activity as mitogen activated protein kinase-2 inhibitor. Keywords: Isothiocyanate, Sulfonamide, Fluorinated thiourea, Antimicrobial and anticancer activity Background the increased hydrophobicity, and (v) the second small- Fluorinated compounds are intriguing for the develop- est atomic radius of the fuorine atom. Tese factors are ment of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials, operative singly or sometimes cooperatively to afect the and thus, much efort has been exerted to develop more pharmacological properties of the fuorinated molecules general and efcient approaches for introducing fuorine [5].
    [Show full text]
  • 22-554 Microbiology Review(S)
    CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 22-554 MICROBIOLOGY REVIEW(S) MICROBIOLOGY REVIEW DIVISION OF SPECIAL PATHOGEN AND TRANSPLANT PRODUCTS NDA #: 21361 (S-011, SDN #100) REVIEWER : Anne Purfield and 22554 (S-06, SDN #1) CORRESPONDENCE DATE : 7-21-09; 6-24-09 CDER RECEIPT DATE : 7-22-09; 6-26-09 REVIEW ASSIGN DATE : 8-25-09 REVIEW COMPLETE DATE: 10-07-09 APPLICANT: Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1700 Perimeter Dr Morrisville, NC 27560 DRUG CATEGORY: Antibacterial INDICATION: Treatment of travelers’ diarrhea Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (NDA #22554 under review in Division of Gastroenterology Products) DOSAGE FORM: Tablet for oral administration PRODUCT NAMES: a. PROPRIETARY: Xifaxan® b. NONPROPRIETARY: Rifaximin c. CHEMICAL: (2S,16Z,18E,20S,21S,22R,23R,24R,25S,26S,27S,28E)- 5,6,21,23,25-pentahydroxy-27-methoxy-2,4,11,16,20,22,24,26- octamethyl-2,7-(epoxypentadeca-[1,11,13]trienimino)benzofuro [4,5-e]pyrido[1,2-a]-benzimida-zole-1,15(2H)-dione,25-acetate STRUCTURAL FORMULA: Molecular weight: 785.879 Molecular formula: C43H51N3O11 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS: NDA #22554, NDA #21361 Rifaximin 2 NDA #21361, #22554 Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Table of Contents Page 1. Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………. 3 2. Introduction and Background ……………………………………………………… 4 3. Preclinical/Nonclinical Microbiology ………………………………………………. 4 3.1 Jiang et al., 2005………………………………………………………………… 4 3.2 Vosbeck et al., 1979…………………………………………………………….. 5 3.3 Debbia et al., 2008………………………………………………………………. 5 4. Clinical Microbiology ……………………………………………………………….. 8 4.1 Description of clinical studies ………………………………………………….... 8 4.1.1. DuPont et al., 1998 ...………………………………………………….. 8 4.1.2 DuPont et al., 2001 …………………………………………………….. 10 4.2 Interpretive Criteria …………………………………………………………... 14 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Approach to Managing Patients with Sulfa Allergy Use of Antibiotic and Nonantibiotic Sulfonamides
    CME Approach to managing patients with sulfa allergy Use of antibiotic and nonantibiotic sulfonamides David Ponka, MD, CCFP(EM) ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present an approach to use of sulfonamide-based (sulfa) medications for patients with sulfa allergy and to explore whether sulfa medications are contraindicated for patients who require them but are allergic to them. SOURCES OF INFORMATION A search of current pharmacology textbooks and of MEDLINE from 1966 to the present using the MeSH key words “sulfonamide” and “drug sensitivity” revealed review articles, case reports, one observational study (level II evidence), and reports of consensus opinion (level III evidence). MAIN MESSAGE Cross-reactivity between sulfa antibiotics and nonantibiotics is rare, but on occasion it can affect the pharmacologic and clinical management of patients with sulfa allergy. CONCLUSION How a physician approaches using sulfa medications for patients with sulfa allergy depends on the certainty and severity of the initial allergy, on whether alternatives are available, and on whether the contemplated agent belongs to the same category of sulfa medications (ie, antibiotic or nonantibiotic) as the initial offending agent. RÉSUMÉ OBJECTIF Proposer une façon d’utiliser les médicaments à base de sulfamides (sulfas) chez les patients allergiques aux sulfas et vérifier si ces médicaments sont contre-indiqués pour ces patients. SOURCES DE L’INFORMATION Une consultation des récents ouvrages de pharmacologie et de MEDLINE entre 1966 et aujourd’hui à l’aide des mots clés MeSH «sulfonamide» et «drug sensitivity» a permis de repérer plusieurs articles de revue et études de cas, une étude d’observation et des rapports d’opinion consensuelles (preuves de niveau III).
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations*
    Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations* Overview Due to low cost and relative efficacy against many common bacterial infections, sulfonamides and sulfonamide combinations with diaminopyrimidines are some of the most common antibacterial agents utilized in veterinary medicine. The sulfonamides are derived from sulfanilamide. These chemicals are structural analogues of ρ-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). All sulfonamides are characterized by the same chemical nucleus. Functional groups are added to the amino group or substitutions made on the amino group to facilitate varying chemical, physical and pharmacologic properties and antibacterial spectra. Most sulfonamides are too alkaline for routine parenteral use. Therefore the drug is most commonly administered orally except in life threatening systemic infections. However, sulfonamide preparations can be administered orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intraperitoneally, intrauterally and topically. Sulfonamides are effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Some protozoa, such as coccidians, Toxoplasma species and plasmodia, are generally sensitive. Chlamydia, Nocardia and Actinomyces species are also sensitive. Veterinary diseases commonly treated by sulfonamides are actinobacillosis, coccidioidosis, mastitis, metritis, colibacillosis, pododermatitis, polyarthritis, respiratory infections and toxo- plasmosis. Strains of rickettsiae, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Clostridium and Leptospira species are often highly resistant. Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic antimicrobials
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfonamide Antibiotic Allergy
    Sulfonamide antibiotic allergy Note: This document uses spelling according to the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved terminology for medicines (1999) in which the terms sulfur, sulfite, sulfate, and sulfonamide replace sulphur, sulphite, sulphate and sulphonamide. Sulfonamide antibiotic allergy Sulfonamide antibiotics can cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild rash to severe blistering rash through to anaphylaxis, the most dangerous type of allergic reaction. If you are allergic to one sulfonamide antibiotic, there is a risk that you might also react to other sulfonamide antibiotics. Sulfonamide antibiotics available on prescription in Australia include: • Sulfamethoxazole used in combination with trimethoprim, available as Bactrim, Resprim or Septrin. • Less commonly used sulfonamide antibiotics include sulfadiazine (tablets, injection or cream), sulfadoxine (for malaria), and sulfacetamide antibiotic eye drops. • Sulfasalazine (Salazopyrin, Pyralin), used in inflammatory bowel disease or arthritis, is a combination sulfapyridine (a sulfonamide antibiotic) and a salicylate. If you have had an allergic reaction to Bactrim, Resprim or Septrin, there is no way of knowing whether the allergy was to sulfamethoxazole or to trimethoprim, therefore you should avoid trimethoprim (Alprim, Triprim) as well as sulfonamide antibiotics. Sometimes those who have had an allergic reaction to a sulfonamide antibiotic are labelled as “sulfur allergic” or allergic to sulfur, sulphur or sulfa. This wording should not be used since it is ambiguous and can cause confusion. Some people wrongly assume that they will be allergic to non-antibiotic sulfonamides or to other sulfur containing medicines or sulfite preservatives. It is important to know that sulfur is an element which occurs throughout our body as a building block of life, and it is not possible to be allergic to sulfur itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Customs Tariff - Schedule
    CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE 99 - i Chapter 99 SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION PROVISIONS - COMMERCIAL Notes. 1. The provisions of this Chapter are not subject to the rule of specificity in General Interpretative Rule 3 (a). 2. Goods which may be classified under the provisions of Chapter 99, if also eligible for classification under the provisions of Chapter 98, shall be classified in Chapter 98. 3. Goods may be classified under a tariff item in this Chapter and be entitled to the Most-Favoured-Nation Tariff or a preferential tariff rate of customs duty under this Chapter that applies to those goods according to the tariff treatment applicable to their country of origin only after classification under a tariff item in Chapters 1 to 97 has been determined and the conditions of any Chapter 99 provision and any applicable regulations or orders in relation thereto have been met. 4. The words and expressions used in this Chapter have the same meaning as in Chapters 1 to 97. Issued January 1, 2019 99 - 1 CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE Tariff Unit of MFN Applicable SS Description of Goods Item Meas. Tariff Preferential Tariffs 9901.00.00 Articles and materials for use in the manufacture or repair of the Free CCCT, LDCT, GPT, UST, following to be employed in commercial fishing or the commercial MT, MUST, CIAT, CT, harvesting of marine plants: CRT, IT, NT, SLT, PT, COLT, JT, PAT, HNT, Artificial bait; KRT, CEUT, UAT, CPTPT: Free Carapace measures; Cordage, fishing lines (including marlines), rope and twine, of a circumference not exceeding 38 mm; Devices for keeping nets open; Fish hooks; Fishing nets and netting; Jiggers; Line floats; Lobster traps; Lures; Marker buoys of any material excluding wood; Net floats; Scallop drag nets; Spat collectors and collector holders; Swivels.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DIX to the HTSUS—Continued
    20558 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DEPARMENT OF THE TREASURY Services, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL APPEN- Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DIX TO THE HTSUSÐContinued Customs Service D.C. 20229 at (202) 927±1060. CAS No. Pharmaceutical [T.D. 95±33] Dated: April 14, 1995. 52±78±8 ..................... NORETHANDROLONE. A. W. Tennant, 52±86±8 ..................... HALOPERIDOL. Pharmaceutical Tables 1 and 3 of the Director, Office of Laboratories and Scientific 52±88±0 ..................... ATROPINE METHONITRATE. HTSUS 52±90±4 ..................... CYSTEINE. Services. 53±03±2 ..................... PREDNISONE. 53±06±5 ..................... CORTISONE. AGENCY: Customs Service, Department TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL 53±10±1 ..................... HYDROXYDIONE SODIUM SUCCI- of the Treasury. NATE. APPENDIX TO THE HTSUS 53±16±7 ..................... ESTRONE. ACTION: Listing of the products found in 53±18±9 ..................... BIETASERPINE. Table 1 and Table 3 of the CAS No. Pharmaceutical 53±19±0 ..................... MITOTANE. 53±31±6 ..................... MEDIBAZINE. Pharmaceutical Appendix to the N/A ............................. ACTAGARDIN. 53±33±8 ..................... PARAMETHASONE. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the N/A ............................. ARDACIN. 53±34±9 ..................... FLUPREDNISOLONE. N/A ............................. BICIROMAB. 53±39±4 ..................... OXANDROLONE. United States of America in Chemical N/A ............................. CELUCLORAL. 53±43±0
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Traveler's Diarrhea: Past to Present
    Diptyanusa et al. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines (2018) 4:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-018-0074-4 REVIEW Open Access A review of antibiotic prophylaxis for traveler’s diarrhea: past to present Ajib Diptyanusa, Thundon Ngamprasertchai* and Watcharapong Piyaphanee Abstract As there is rapid increase in international travel to tropical and subtropical countries, there will likely be more people exposed to diarrheal pathogens in these moderate to high risk areas and subsequent increased concern for traveler’s diarrhea. The disease may appear as a mild clinical syndrome, yet a more debilitating presentation can lead to itinerary changes and hospitalization. As bacterial etiologies are the most common causative agents of TD, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent TD has been reported among travelers for several years. The most common type of antibiotic used for TD has changed over 50 years, depending on many influencing factors. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for TD prevention in travelers is still controversial, mainly because of difficulties balancing the risks and benefits. Many factors, such as emerging drug resistance, side effects, cost and risk behavior need to be considered. This article aims to review antibiotic prophylaxis from the 1950s to 2000s, to describe the trend and reasons for different antibiotic use in each decade. We conclude that prophylactic antibiotics should be restricted to some high-risk travelers or short-term critical trips. Keywords: Antibiotic, Prophylaxis, Prevention, traveler’sdiarrhea Introduction common pathogens causing TD are enterotoxigenic Escheri- International travel is rapidly increasing, with 1.2 billion chia coli (ETEC) and enteroaggregative E.
    [Show full text]