Contents More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02516-5 - The Cambridge Guide to Orchestration Ertuğrul Sevsay Table of Contents More information

Contents

Introduction xv Techniques with microintervals 64 Acknowledgements xxi Percussive effects 66 Amplification 67 Part I: Theory Historical string instruments 67 Chapter 1: String instruments Viol family 67 Viola da braccio – Viola da gamba General information 3 Lira family 70 Characteristics 3 Lira da braccio – Lira da gamba Instruments and their parts, bows and (lirone) strings 3 Violin–Viola–Cello–Doublebass Ranges 6 Chapter 2: Wind instruments Clefs 6 General information 71 Methods of sound production 7 Transposition 71 Fingering (stopping) techniques and positions 7 Woodwind instruments 74 Classification 74 Bowing 9 Woodwinds in the Classical and Romantic General information 9 periods 74 Types of bowing 12 Flutes 75 Multiple stops 19 Flute – Piccolo – Alto flute – Bass flute – General information 19 Flute in E Writing multiple stops 21 Oboes 78 Fingering of multiple stops 23 Oboe–Englishhorn–Oboed’amore– Heckelphone – Baritone or bass oboe – Division of the strings 30 Soprano oboe in E Special effects 32 Clarinets 80 Vibrato 32 Clarinet – Clarinet in E (piccolo clarinet) Trill 33 – Bass clarinet – Clarinets in D, F and A Tremolo 33 –Bassetthorn–AltoclarinetinE – On/over the fingerboard 36 Contralto clarinet – Contrabass clarinet Flautando 36 Bassoons 84 On/at/near the bridge 36 Bassoon – Contrabassoon – Glissando 38 Sarrusophone Portamento 40 Saxophones 87 Col legno 40 Brass instruments 88 Pizzicato 41 Classification 88 Muting 47 Factorsinfluencingthetimbreofthebrass Harmonics 48 instruments 89 Scordatura 60 Brass instruments in the Classical and Fingering effects without bowing 61 Romantic periods 89 Other special bowing effects 62

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02516-5 - The Cambridge Guide to Orchestration Ertuğrul Sevsay Table of Contents More information

x Contents Historical development of the valve Vibrato 122 instruments 91 Trills 122 Old and new notation 95 Tremolo 122 Horns 96 Glissando 123 Modern (valve) horn Mutes 125 Flugelhorns 99 Harmonics 127 (Soprano) flugelhorn – Alto horn – Tenor Microintervals 128 horn – Baritone horn – Bass horn Multiphonics 129 Cornets 100 New fingering techniques 129 Cornet – Piccolo cornets in E and D Vocal effects 130 Trumpets 101 Breath and air sounds 131 Modern (valve) trumpet – Trumpets in F Effects with the mouthpiece and resonating and E – Piccolo trumpets in D and E – tube 133 Piccolo trumpet in B –Basstrumpet Percussive effects 133 Trombones 103 Other effects 134 Descant or soprano trombone – Alto Structural modifications on the trombone – Tenor trombone – Bass instruments 135 trombone – Tenor-bass trombone – Amplification 135 Contrabass trombone – Valve trombone – Wind instruments which are Methods of sound production on the seldom used in the orchestra or are trombone obsolete 135 Tubas 108 Instruments with freely vibrating reeds (free Baritone – Tenor tuba in B (euphonium, reed aerophones) 135 bombardone) – Bass tubas in F and E – Accordion – Diatonic button accordion Contrabass tubas in C and B –Double (melodion) – Concertina – Bandoneon – (contrabass) tuba Other free reed instruments Wagner tubas 111 Recorders 136 Keyed horn (keyed bugle) 113 Historic wind instruments 137 Ophicleide 113 Shawm – Pommer – Crumhorns – Sarrusophone 113 Cornetts – Serpent Saxhorns (bugles a` pistons) and bass tuba in C 114 Saxotrombas 116 Chapter 3: Percussion instruments Mellophone and mellophonium 116 Helicone 116 General information 139 Sousaphone 116 Cimbasso 116 Beaters 140 Idiophones 141 Idiophones struck directly 141 Notation of the wind instruments 117 Plates struck with a beater 141 Suspended cymbal – Sizzle cymbal – Methods of sound production and Chinese cymbal – Tam-tam – Watergong special effects 118 –Gongs–Steeldrums–Bellplates– Air consumption and breathing 118 Lithophone–Anvil–Auto-brakedrums Register 120 –Beat-board Dynamics 120 Bars or rods struck with a beater: wooden Tonguing and articulation 120 mallet instruments 146

Contents xi Xylophone – Trough xylophone – Bass Ratchet – Sandpaper blocks – Guiro – xylophone – Marimba – Bass marimba – Reco-reco – Bamboo scraper Xylomarimba – Keyboard xylophone Idiophones that are plucked 166 Bars or rods struck with a beater: metal mallet instruments 150 Idiophones that are bowed or rubbed 166 Orchestra bells (glockenspiel) – Keyboard Musical (singing) saw – Glass harp – glockenspiel – Celesta – Vibraphone – Glass harmonica Metalophone – Triangle Membranophones 167 Tubes struck with a beater 154 Kettle drums 167 Tubaphone – Tubular bells (chimes) Timpani Vessels struck with a beater 155 Stick drums 170 Slit drum – Log drum – Wood blocks – Tabor, or drum of Provence – Long field Temple blocks – Cylindrical or tubular drum – Parade or short field drum – wood block – Wood-headed drum and Military drum – Tenor drum – Snare wood barrel – Bell – Cup bells and hand drum – Bass drum bells – Shepherd bells – Almglocken Frame drums 173 (Alpine/Swiss cowbells) – Cencerros and Tambourine – Tambourine without agogo – Cowbells – Musical glasses (glass jingles glockenspiel) Hand drums 174 Idiophones struck together: wood Bongos – Conga (tumba) – Timbales – plates 159 Tablas – Darabukka Bones – Whip (slapstick) – Castanets Tom-toms 176 Idiophones struck together: metal Modern (jazz) tom-toms – Tom-tom set, plates 160 classical and modern roto- (Remo-) Crash cymbals – Hi-hat – Antique tom-toms – Chinese tom-toms – Japanese cymbals (crotales) – Finger cymbals – tom-toms – Native American tom-toms – Cymbal tongs Drum set Idiophones struck together: Concussion Friction drums 179 sticks 162 Friction drum – Lion’s roar or string Claves drum – Cuica Idiophones struck indirectly 162 Chordophones 179 Shaken idiophones with a frame 162 Cimbalon Sistrum – Flexatone – Cabaza Aerophones 180 Shaken idiophones with a vessel 163 Wind machine – Lotus flute – Whistles Maraca(s) – Shakers: chocallo and and sirens – Automobile horns – Cuckoo kamesu – Sleigh bells, bell tree and callandbirdwhistle–Toytrumpetsand paddle-mounted sleigh bells horns Shaken idiophones with a set of individual pieces 164 Notation of percussion Chain – Bamboo or wood chimes – Shell instruments 181 chimes – Glass chimes – Metal chimes Clefs 181 Shaken idiophones which are struck 165 Notation on five-line staves 181 Quijada (jawbone) – Vibra-slap Notation in tablature 182 Shaken idiophones with a sheet 165 Noteheads 183 Metal foil and thunder sheet Rests 183 Idiophones that are scraped 165 Slurs 184

xii Contents

Supplementing notation 184 Historical plucked instruments 228 Rolls 184 Lute–Theorbo–Chitarrone–Cittern Special effects and methods of sound (gittern) – Theorbocittern (ceterone) production 185 Grouping the percussion instruments 187 Chapter 5: Keyboard instruments Division amongst players 188 Instrument symbols 188 Piano 230 General information 230 Chapter 4: Plucked instruments Chords, arpeggios, trills and tremoli 232 Glissando 234 Harp 195 Muffling (dampening) and muting 239 General information 195 Harmonics 240 Chords and arpeggios 199 Pizzicato 241 Trills, tremolo and bisbigliando 201 Effects with the pedals 241 Near the soundboard 201 Percussive effects 242 Near the tuning pins 202 Scordatura and microintervals 243 Glissando 203 Echo effects 244 Muffling (dampening) and Sympathetic vibrations 244 muting 211 Celesta 245 Harmonics 215 Plucking with fingernails and other Harpsichord and other quill objects 217 instruments 245 Effects with the pedals 217 Harpsichord – Spinet – Virginal Scordatura 219 Clavichord 246 Microintervals 220 Organ 247 Effects with the tuning key 220 General information 247 Effects with the tuning pins 221 Technical mechanism 247 Percussive effects 222 Acoustic system: pipes 249 Other effects 223 The organ in orchestral music 250 Guitar 224 Special effects 250

Other plucked instruments 226 Other aerophones 252 Mandolin – Balalaika – Banjo – Harmonium – Portative – Positive – Hawaiian guitar – Zither Regal – Claviorganum – (Piano-)accordion Part II: Practice Chapters 6 and 7: Exercises; Scores and analyses Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Scores and Exercises analyses Introduction 257 1. Haydn: Symphony No. 104 in D major 264 373 2. Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G minor 266 378 3. Mozart: Symphony No. 41 in C major (Jupiter) 267 380 4. Schumann: Symphony No. 1 in B major 269 384

Contents xiii 5. Schumann: Symphony No. 2 in C major 270 386 6. Tchaikovsky: Serenade for Strings 271 387 7. Tchaikovsky: Serenade for Strings 272 389 8. Tchaikovsky: Serenade for Strings 273 391 9. Mahler: Symphony No. 9 in D major 275 394 10. Haydn: Symphony No. 100 in C major 276 397 11. Haydn: Symphony No. 104 in D major 278 400 12. Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G minor 280 403 13. Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G minor 282 407 14. Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor 284 413 15. Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor 286 416 16. Schubert: Symphony No. 8 in B minor (Unfinished) 288 421 17. Brahms: Symphony No. 2 in D major 289 424 18. Brahms: Symphony No. 3 in F major 291 429 19. Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Overture 293 431 20. Dvorˇak:´ Symphony No. 9 in E minor (From the New World) 295 434 21. Wagner: Tristan und Isolde, “Vorspiel” 297 437 22. Mahler: Symphony No. 4 in G major 301 444 23. Strauss: Also sprach Zarathustra 303 448 24. Debussy: La Mer, “De l’aube a` midi sur la mer” 305 453 25. Scriabin: Poem of Ecstasy 307 456 26. Mussorgsky / Ravel: Pictures at an Exhibition, “Tuileries” 309 461 27. Mussorgsky / Ravel: Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” 312 465 28. Mozart: Symphony No. 41 in C major (Jupiter) 314 469 29. Beethoven: Symphony No. 1 in C major 318 474 30. Schubert: Symphony No. 9 in C major 321 478 31. Brahms: Symphony No. 3 in F major 322 481 32. Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 4 in F minor 326 490 33. Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 4 in F minor 327 495 34. Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 4 in F minor 328 497 35. Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor 330 500 36. Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 5 in E minor 332 503 37. Dvorˇak:´ Symphony No. 9 in E minor (From the New World) 334 508 38. Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade 336 512 39. Wagner: Das Rheingold 338 515 40. Mahler: Symphony No. 1 in D major (Titan) 341 521 41. Mussorgsky / Ravel: Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” 344 527 42. Mussorgsky / Ravel: Pictures at an Exhibition, “Ballet des poussins dans leurs coques” 346 533 43. Mussorgsky / Ravel: Pictures at an Exhibition, “La Grande Porte de Kiev” 351 545

xiv Contents 44. Debussy: La Mer, “De l’aube a` midi sur la mer” 354 553 45. Debussy: La Mer, “Jeux de vagues” 358 561 46. Stravinsky: Petrushka, “The Shrovetide Fair” 360 564 47. Stravinsky: The Firebird, “The princesses play with the golden apples” 363 570 48. Schoenberg: Five Pieces for Orchestra, “Vorgefuhle”¨ 365 575 49. Webern: Six Pieces for Orchestra 368 582 50. Respighi: The Pines of Rome,“ThePinesof the Appian Way” 370 588

Chapter 8: Summary and a further Appendices look at the scores of the twentieth Electrophones 633 century Tabulation of the ranges of the Summary 594 frequently used orchestral Berg: Three Pieces for Orchestra, instruments 635 “Praeludium” (1914) 596 Names of frequently used orchestral Dutilleux: Symphony No. 1 (1951) 599 instruments in English, Italian, Berio: Laborintus II (1963–5) 603 German and French 639 Ligeti: Atmospheres` for large orchestra Frequently used orchestral terms without percussion (1961) 606 in English, Italian, German and Boulez: Notations (1978) 613 French 642

Lutoslławski: Chain 3 for orchestra Works consulted 643 (1986) 618 Index 644 Penderecki: De natura sonoris (1966) 624