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The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a New Look at Musical Instrument Classification
The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification by Roderic C. Knight, Professor of Ethnomusicology Oberlin College Conservatory of Music, © 2015, Rev. 2017 Introduction The year 2015 marks the beginning of the second century for Hornbostel-Sachs, the venerable classification system for musical instruments, created by Erich M. von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs as Systematik der Musikinstrumente in 1914. In addition to pursuing their own interest in the subject, the authors were answering a need for museum scientists and musicologists to accurately identify musical instruments that were being brought to museums from around the globe. As a guiding principle for their classification, they focused on the mechanism by which an instrument sets the air in motion. The idea was not new. The Indian sage Bharata, working nearly 2000 years earlier, in compiling the knowledge of his era on dance, drama and music in the treatise Natyashastra, (ca. 200 C.E.) grouped musical instruments into four great classes, or vadya, based on this very idea: sushira, instruments you blow into; tata, instruments with strings to set the air in motion; avanaddha, instruments with membranes (i.e. drums), and ghana, instruments, usually of metal, that you strike. (This itemization and Bharata’s further discussion of the instruments is in Chapter 28 of the Natyashastra, first translated into English in 1961 by Manomohan Ghosh (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, v.2). The immediate predecessor of the Systematik was a catalog for a newly-acquired collection at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels. The collection included a large number of instruments from India, and the curator, Victor-Charles Mahillon, familiar with the Indian four-part system, decided to apply it in preparing his catalog, published in 1880 (this is best documented by Nazir Jairazbhoy in Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology – see 1990 in the timeline below). -
The World Atlas of Musical Instruments
Musik_001-004_GB 15.03.2012 16:33 Uhr Seite 3 (5. Farbe Textschwarz Auszug) The World Atlas of Musical Instruments Illustrations Anton Radevsky Text Bozhidar Abrashev & Vladimir Gadjev Design Krassimira Despotova 8 THE CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS THE STUDY OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, their history, evolution, construction, and systematics is the subject of the science of organology. Its subject matter is enormous, covering practically the entire history of humankind and includes all cultural periods and civilizations. The science studies archaeological findings, the collections of ethnography museums, historical, religious and literary sources, paintings, drawings, and sculpture. Organology is indispensable for the development of specialized museum and amateur collections of musical instruments. It is also the science that analyzes the works of the greatest instrument makers and their schools in historical, technological, and aesthetic terms. The classification of instruments used for the creation and performance of music dates back to ancient times. In ancient Greece, for example, they were divided into two main groups: blown and struck. All stringed instruments belonged to the latter group, as the strings were “struck” with fingers or a plectrum. Around the second century B. C., a separate string group was established, and these instruments quickly acquired a leading role. A more detailed classification of the three groups – wind, percussion, and strings – soon became popular. At about the same time in China, instrument classification was based on the principles of the country’s religion and philosophy. Instruments were divided into eight groups depending on the quality of the sound and on the material of which they were made: metal, stone, clay, skin, silk, wood, gourd, and bamboo. -
The Journal of the Viola Da Gamba Society Text Has Been Scanned With
The Journal of the Viola da Gamba Society Text has been scanned with OCR and is therefore searchable. The format on screen does not conform with the printed Chelys. The original page numbers have been inserted within square brackets: e.g. [23]. Where necessary footnotes here run in sequence through the whole article rather than page by page and replace endnotes. The pages labelled ‘The Viola da Gamba Society Provisional Index of Viol Music’ in some early volumes are omitted here since they are up- dated as necessary as The Viola da Gamba Society Thematic Index of Music for Viols, ed. Gordon Dodd and Andrew Ashbee, 1982-, available on-line at www.vdgs.org.uk or on CD-ROM. Each item has been bookmarked: go to the ‘bookmark’ tab on the left. To avoid problems with copyright, some photographs have been omitted. Volume 31 (2003) Editorial, p. 2 Pamela Willetts Who was Richard Gibbon(s)? Chelys, vol. 31 (2003), pp. 3-17 Michael Fleming How long is a piece of string? Understanding seventeenth- century descriptions of viols. Chelys, vol. 31 (2003), pp. 18-35 David J. Rhodes The viola da gamba, its repertory and practitioners in the late eighteenth century. Chelys, vol. 31 (2003), pp. 36-63 Review Annette Otterstedt: The Viol: History of an Instrument, Thomas Munck Chelys, vol. 31 (2003), pp. 64-67 Letter (and reprinted article) Christopher Field: Hidden treasure in Gloucester Chelys, vol. 31 (2003), pp. 68-71 EDITORIAL It is strange, but unfortunately true, that to many people the term 'musicology' suggests an arid intellectual discipline far removed from the emotional immedi- acy of music. -
Leycester Lyra Viol Lessons a Recital and Discussion by Lisa Terry
Leycester Lyra Viol Lessons a recital and discussion by Lisa Terry Thumps - “To be played either without the use of a viole stick, or with ye fingers as you play upon a Lute.” Normal Tuning – ffeff Viol by Peter Tourin, 1986, after Karp (1695) What if a Day Anonymous Almayne Anon. Guillims Dumpe Anon. Fifths - ffhfh Viol by Institute for Artistic Research, 1982 Preludium Peter Leycester (1614 – 1678) Coranto Anon. Harp Sette Flat – edfhf Viol by Peter Tourin, 1986, after Karp (1695) Daphne Anon. Almaine - Coranto John Jenkins (1592 – 1678) Lestrange – dedeh Viol by Dominick Zuchowicz, 1990, after Jaye (1624) Preludium ` Jenkins Coranto Jenkins Gigue Jenkins High Harpway Sharp/Flat fdefh/fedfh Viol by Peter Tourin, 1986, after Karp (1695) Coranto Jenkins Ayre Jenkins Saraband Jenkins Eights – fhfhf Viol by Institute for Artistic Research, 1982 Mr. Peter Daniels Delight Richard Pickering Almayne Thomas Gregorge Mrs. Daniels Choyes Pickering NOTES In the 17th century, a very popular way to play the bass viola da gamba was known as “lyra viol.” This term simply means that the viol can be played like a lute, where the player accompanies melodies with chords, using the bow instead of the fingers. Champions of the viol such as Englishman Tobias Hume had ongoing eXchanges in publications with the likes of John Dowland as to which instrument, the lute or the viol, was more noble. Both instruments have an extensive repertoire written in tablature, a system that shows what fret to depress through a system of letters sitting on lines that represent which string to play on; the rhythms are written up above the staff. -
Roland Axis-1 Manual
Roland Axis-1 Manual Keyboard Controller. AX-1 Electronic Keyboard pdf manual download. Electronic Keyboard Roland AXIS-1 Owner's Manual. Midi keaboard (36 pages). Vintage-Roland-AXIS-1-Keytar- Keyboard-MIDI-Controller Copy of the original Owner's manual. Guaranteed NO DOA – Bid With Confidence. Flat shipping. BT-1 Bar Trigger Pad CDX-1 DiscLab FR-1 V-Accordion GLC-1 Lab Conferencing System · GR-1 Guitar Synthesizer. 3 posts • Page 1 of 1 The machine appears to move fine in the XY axis, whether using the buttons on the machine or via the software. The manual Z axis down control will not work without the plastic safety cover being. if this is unusable. A-110 Owner's Manual ADA-8024 Owner's Manual · AF-70 Owner's Manual · AP-700 Owner's Manual AXIS-1 Owner's Manual. picked up a Roland HS-10 (Alpha Juno 1) for a good price. All. Manual - Get a copy of the Alpha Juno-1 manual here in PDF format. SysEx Basics - Helpful. Roland Axis-1 Manual Read/Download Roland AXIS-1 Service Notes (10 Pages). Roland AX-Synth Owners Manual (46 Pages). Roland BA-55 Owners Manual (176 Pages). Roland BC-13 Owners. 1 List of keytars, 2 Custom/rare keytars. 2.1 Rare keytar products 1795, Orphica, acoustic piano, –, a portable miniature piano in horizontal harp form. 1985, Roland AXIS, controller, MIDI Dynacord Rhythm Stick MIDI - operating manual. The Global website of Roland Corporation, a leading manufacturer and distributor The JD-Xi Dance Collection Volume 1 includes 16 new Programs using. -
Vol34-1997-1.Pdf
- ---~ - - - - -- - -- -- JOURNAL OF THE VIOLA DA GAMBA SOCIETY OF AMERICA Volume 34 1997 EDITOR: Caroline Cunningham SENIOR EDITOR: Jean Seiler CONSULTING EDITOR: F. Cunningham, Jr. REVIEW EDITOR: Stuart G. Cheney EDITORIAL BOARD Richard Cbarteris Gordon Sandford MaryCyr Richard Taruskin Roland Hutchinson Frank Traficante Thomas G. MacCracken Ian Woodfield CONTENTS Viola cia Gamba Society of America ................. 3 Editorial Note . 4 Interview with Sydney Beck .................. Alison Fowle 5 Gender, Class, and Eighteenth-Centwy French Music: Barthelemy de Caix's Six Sonatas for Two Unaccompanied Pardessus de Viole, Part II ..... Tina Chancey 16 Ornamentation in English Lyra Viol Music, Part I: Slurs, Juts, Thumps, and Other "Graces" for the Bow ................................. Mary Cyr 48 The Archetype of Johann Sebastian Bach's Chorale Setting "Nun Komm, der Heiden Heiland" (BWV 660): A Composition with Viola cia Gamba? - R. Bruggaier ..... trans. Roland Hutchinson 67 Recent Research on the Viol ................. Ian Woodfield 75 Reviews Jeffery Kite-Powell, ed., A Performer's Guide to Renaissance Music . .......... Russell E. Murray, Jr. 77 Sterling Scott Jones, The Lira da Braccio ....... Herbert Myers 84 Grace Feldman, The Golden Viol: Method VIOLA DA GAMBA SOCIETY OF AMERICA for the Bass Viola da Gamba, vols. 3 and 4 ...... Alice Robbins 89 253 East Delaware, Apt. 12F Andreas Lidl, Three Sonatas for viola da Chicago, IL 60611 gamba and violoncello, ed. Donald Beecher ..... Brent Wissick 93 [email protected] John Ward, The Italian Madrigal Fantasies " http://www.enteract.com/-vdgsa ofFive Parts, ed. George Hunter ............ Patrice Connelly 98 Contributor Profiles. .. 103 The Viola da Gamba Society of America is a not-for-profit national I organization dedicated to the support of activities relating to the viola •••••• da gamba in the United States and abroad. -
Autumn 2014 Newsletter
Australian Viola da Gamba Society Newsletter Autumn 2014 www.avdgs.org.au www.facebook.com/groups/161476953911759 WELCOME! Meanwhile, go forth and make beautiful bow- A warm welcome to all members of the Australian strokes! Viola da Gamba Society to the Autumn 2014 edition of the newsletter. Thanks to contributors to — Brooke Green this edition. We’d like to encourage all members to contribute to further editions of the Newsletter but, EASTER VIOL SCHOOL 2014 in the meantime, we hope you will enjoy this edition! Over the last few years, it’s been very interesting —John Weretka and Rhona Lever to note how the range of music for viols has been expanding: not only do there seem to be constantly A WELCOME FROM INCOMING PRESIDENT, new discoveries of ‘old’ music but contemporary BROOKE GREEN music for players at all levels is growing at an exciting rate worldwide. Our theme, Jenkins, his world and Dear Fellow Violists, ours, was my somewhat ambitious attempt to reflect this. Could we give everyone a taste of viol music Greetings! It’s difficult to find a collective noun to of the seventeenth and twenty-first centuries and describe us. Gambists could make us in danger possibly inspire some people to pursue these twin of being thrown on the barbie or drowned in themes? mayonnaise. Violators is tempting but I suspect that the rest of you are far more morally upright than I We were extremely lucky to be able to coerce Liam am. If you have any suggestions please do send them Byrne to appear as our guest overseas tutor. -
Acoustical Studies on the Flat-Backed and Round- Backed Double Bass
Acoustical Studies on the Flat-backed and Round- backed Double Bass Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorats der Philosophie eingereicht an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien von Mag. Andrew William Brown Betreuer: O. Prof. Mag. Gregor Widholm emer. O. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Födermayr Wien, April 2004 “Nearer confidences of the gods did Sisyphus covet; his work was his reward” i Table of Contents List of Figures iii List of Tables ix Forward x 1 The Back Plate of the Double Bass 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Form of the Double Bass 2 1.3 The Form of Other Bowed Instruments 4 2 Surveys and Literature on the Flat-backed and Round-backed Double Bass 12 2.1 Surveys of Instrument Makers 12 2.2 Surveys Among Musicians 20 2.3 Literature on the Acoustics of the Flat-backed Bass and 25 the Round-Backed Double Bass 3 Experimental Techniques in Bowed Instrument Research 31 3.1 Frequency Response Curves of Radiated Sound 32 3.2 Near-Field Acoustical Holography 33 3.3 Input Admittance 34 3.4 Modal Analysis 36 3.5 Finite Element Analysis 38 3.6 Laser Optical Methods 39 3.7 Combined Methods 41 3.8 Summary 42 ii 4 The Double Bass Under Acoustical Study 46 4.1 The Double Bass as a Static Structure 48 4.2 The Double Bass as a Sound Source 53 5 Experiments 56 5.1 Test Instruments 56 5.2 Setup of Frequency Response Measurements 58 5.3 Setup of Input Admittance Measurements 66 5.4 Setup of Laser Vibrometry Measurements 68 5.5 Setup of Listening Tests 69 6 Results 73 6.1 Results of Radiated Frequency Response Measurements 73 6.2 Results of Input Admittance Measurements 79 6.3 Results of Laser Vibrometry Measurements. -
The Renaissance Cittern
The Renaissance Cittern Lord Aaron Drummond, OW [email protected] 1. HISTORY,DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUC- while chromatic citterns are more associated with Italian TION and English music. [3] As far as the body of the instrument goes, citoles and ear- The Renaissance cittern most likely developed from the lier citterns had the back, ribs and neck carved from a single medieval citole. The citole was a small, flat-backed instru- block of wood with the soundboard and fingerboard being ment with four strings. It was usually depicted as having added. Later citterns were constructed from a flat back, frets and being plucked with a quill or plectrum. The citole bent ribs and separately carved neck, which cut down on in turn may have developed from a kind of ancient lyre called the materials cost. [10] Constructed citterns differ in con- a kithara by adding a fingerboard and then gradually remov- struction from lutes in that in citterns the back is made ing the (now redundant) arms. [1] The cittern may have been from a single flat piece of wood, whereas the lute has a large viewed as a revival of the ancient Greek instrument despite number (typically ten or more) of ribs which must be sep- being quite different in form. The word kithara also evolved arately bent and joined to the achieve the \bowl" shape. into the modern word guitar. This made lutes substantially more difficult to build as well Some modern instruments such as the German waldzither as more delicate than the cittern. Internally there are braces (literally `forest-cittern') and various Iberian instruments to strengthen the back and the soundboard, but like the lute, (Portuguese guitar, bandurria, etc) claim some descent from guitar, viol, etc there is no soundpost or bass bar. -
Fellowship of Makers and Restorers of Historical Instruments
FELLOWSHIP OF MAKERS AND RESTORERS OF HISTORICAL INSTRUMENTS BULLETIN AND COMMUNICATIONS. APRIL 1977 PAGE Bulletin no. 7 2 Communications 55 Reports on FoMRHI Seminars; No.l P.Syrus, No.2 J. .Montagu 13 56 FoMRHI Book News Jeremy Montagu 15 57 Renaissance Transposing Keyboard Instruments II Nicolas Meeus 16 58 Jerome of Moravia Anthony Baines 24 59 The Names, String Lengths and Pitch Standards of Extended-Neck Lutes of the 17th Century Djilda Abbott and Ephraim Segerman 26 60 Instrument Rerearch Through Artist's Depictions Peter Ecker 33 60a Some Comments on Comm. 60 Jeremy Montagu 34 61 Detection of Reinforcing Bars in Instruments Gordon Wood 35 62 Bending Irons Donald Garrod, Djilda Abbott and Arthur Young 36 63 On Measurers of Instruments in Museums Ephraim Segerman and Djilda Abbott with comments from Jeremy Montagu 38 64 Freighting Instruments from the U.K. Richard Wood 43 40a In Defence of Com. 40 Ephraim Segerman 45 44b Detailed Comments on "Instruments of the Middle Ages and Renaissance" by David Munrow. Part II Ephraim Segerman 46 FoMRHI Com 61 continued from page 35 with the upper surface of the body a film of some sort has to be applied between the probe and the body. Grease and oil are cor_v.only used on metals, water has been used, so has wallpaper paste. For a musical instrument, almond oil might be acceptable, but it would be worth trying various devices - double sided adhesive tape - cork or rubber sheet if oil were unacceptable. FELLC'JSHIP of r'.KERS and RESTORERS of HISTORICAL TiVSTRU^NTS E'.llot-.in no.7 Apri3 , 1077 I hope that this type-face doesn't uoset you too much. -
Architecture & Landscape Architecture, Art, Design, History of Art & Music
Architecture & Landscape Architecture, Art, Design, History of Art & Music Postgraduate Opportunities 2019 Influencing the world since 1583 The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh College of Art Postgraduate Opportunities 2019 01 02 Introduction “ Edinburgh isn’t so much a city, more 04 Taught masters programmes a way of life … I doubt I’ll ever tire of 32 Research at Edinburgh College of Art 33 Research opportunities exploring Edinburgh, on foot or in print.” 44 About Edinburgh College of Art Ian Rankin 45 Facilities and resources Best-selling author and alumnus 50 Community 51 Employability and graduate attributes 52 Applications and fees 54 Funding 56 Campus map 57 Get in touch www.eca.ed.ac.uk The University of Edinburgh 02 Edinburgh College of Art Postgraduate Opportunities 2019 03 For more than 400 years the University of Influencing the Edinburgh has been changing the world. Our TOP 50 staff and students have explored space, won We’re consistently ranked one of Nobel Prizes and revolutionised surgery. They’ve published era-defining books, run the country, the top 50 universities in the world. world since 1583 th made life-saving breakthroughs and laid the We’re 18 in the 2019 QS World foundations to solve the mysteries of the universe. University Rankings. Our distinguished alumni include NASA astronaut TH Piers Sellers, former MI5 Director-General Dame 4 Stella Rimington, Olympians Sir Chris Hoy and We’re ranked fourth in the UK for 14 Nov 2018 Katherine Grainger and historical greats such research power, based on the 2014 Postgraduate Open Day as philosopher David Hume, suffragist Chrystal Research Excellence Framework.* Macmillan, who founded the Women’s International www.ed.ac.uk/ postgraduate-open-day League for Peace and Freedom, and physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell. -
Where Did the Old Music Go?
Where did the Old Music go? The "improved" musical instruments of North Korea J) Keith Howard Professor University of London Since the 1960s, the socialist regime of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) under Kim II-Sung has sponsored a musical instrument institute known as the Minjok akki kaeryang saJpkwa to revise chiJnt'ong akki (traditional instruments) and enable them to match sOyang akki (western instruments). The resultant hybrids are known as kaeryang akki ("improved" instruments), a term in use in both the southern and northern states. Complex instruments are, by their very nature, elitist, yet kaeryang akki are required to respect socialist dogma; the resultant conflicts between state and art, 2 potential or real, are nothing new. ) In this paper, after discussing background unique to North Korea, I explore how development is justified. Kaeryang akki are meant to retain old sound timbres and hence to reflect the Korean heritage, for this is what juche, the state philosophy of self-reliance, demands. At the same time kaeryang akki are designed to be "progressive," duplicating diatonic scales and the flexibility of western models in an exploration and/or accommodation of developments from the world outside. This, together with the modification of 1) This paper is based on a 3-week visit to Pyongyang in June 1992. I am grateful to staff and students at the Pyongyang Music and Dance University (P'yongyang umak muyong taehak), who provide my sound examples and who taught me much about individual instruments. 2) For a survey of such issues, see Perris 1985: chapters 4 and 5.