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Science and Technology Crux Vol. 17 aspirantforum.com News for Jan.-Mar.SCIENCE AND2019 TECH. SCIENCETHE AND CRUX OF THETECH. HINDU THE CRUX OF THE HINDU Vol. 17 JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17 Important News In the Field oF Space Atomic Energy Environment and Ecology Health and Medicine Bio-Technology Computer and IT Defence Agriculture Miscellaneous aspirantforum.com Aspirant Forum AN INITIATIVE BY UPSC ASPIRANTS Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU JAN.-MAR. 2019 Aspirant Forum is a Community for the JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17 UPSC Civil Services (IAS) Aspirants, VOL.17 to discuss and debate the various things related to the exam. We welcome an active participation from the fellow members to Editorial Team: enrich the knowledge of all The Hindu Compilation: Shakeel Anwar Karuna Thakur The Crux will be published online Designed by: for free on 10th of every month. Anupam Rastogi We appreciate the friends and followers for apprepreciating our effort. For any queries, guidance needs and support, Please contact at: [email protected] You may also follow our website Aspirantforum.com for free online coaching and guidance for IAS Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17Contents Space.........................................5 Atomic Energy.........................29 Environment and Ecology.......42 Health and Medicine...............80 Bio-Technology.....................116 Computer and IT...................149 Agriculture............................157 Miscellaneous.......................172 aspirantforum.com aspirantforum.com Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU About the ‘CRUX’ JAN.-MAR. 2019 JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17 After the success of our monthly magazine The Crux of The Hindu and PIB, we VOL.17 are introducing a new and convenient product, to help the aspirants for various public services examinations. Today, the knowledge of the Current Affairs (Science and Technology) constitutes an indispensable tool for all the recruitment examinations. However, as per the examinations are concerned, it is quite tedious task to memorise each and every news. Moreover, every news as given in magazines and newspapers may or may not be relevant from exam perspective which forces the candidates to spend a quality time in extracting useful matter and framing notes. This problem of aspirants strikes our minds and made us to think for a sure shot solution as a result of which our experts have come out with the unique magazine of Science and Technology, Crux of Science and Technology. This trimonthly convenient product is going to save our aspirants’ time. The whole concept of the CRUX is to provide you with a summary of the important news and current affairs, from an exam point of view. By reading the CRUX, you will be able to save your precious time and effort, as you get all the relevant matter in a summarized and convenient form. The Crux is particularly helpful for the Civil Services, Banking, SSC and other exams that have a current affairs section. The material is being provided in such a manner that it is helpful for both- objective and descriptive sections. Our aim is to help the candidates in their effort to get through the examinations. Your efforts and dedication inspire us to keep going. It is our sincere effort to make your journey easier. Best Wishes Editorial Board Teamaspirantforum.com Aspirant Forum Courtesy: The Hindu Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17 SPACE aspirantforum.com aspirantforum.com SPACE Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU How an Israeli craft seeks to capture the moon With less of a fuss than I might have expected, a remarkable competition ended last year. The interesting thing about it? There was no winner. In fact, JAN.-MAR. 2019 the competition ended precisely because there was no longer a chance JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17 VOL.17 that there could be a winner. Perhaps you know that I’m referring to the Google Lunar X Prize competition. It was intended as a catalyst for private space exploration, as opposed to efforts by national agencies like Isro or Nasa. Specifically, the challenge was to land a rover on the moon, have it travel 500m and send home images and video. The first privately funded team that could do this by 31 March 2018—a deadline that had been extended twice—would win the prize, $30 million. Several teams from around the world entered the competition. In early 2017, five finalists were announced: among them, Team Indus from Bengaluru. But in January 2018, the competition was shut down because none of these five would be able to meet the 31 March launch deadline. Competition or not, some of the teams decided to keep their efforts going. Two of those are Team Indus and SpaceIL from Israel—and on 21 February, SpaceIL’saspirantforum.com moon lander shot into space atop a Space X Falcon 9 rocket. So if all goes well, SpaceIL’s craft, Beresheet (Hebrew for “genesis” or “in the beginning”), will soon land on the moon. Though what’s interesting is what “soon” means here. In 1969, the USA’s Apollo 11 took about four days—launch to landing—to reach the moon. In 1970, the USSR’s Luna 17 landed there about a week after taking off. SPACE In 2013, China’s Chang’e 3 took five days to reach and settle into orbit around the moon, and landed a week later. Beresheet, by contrast, will only attempt to land on the moon on 11 April, nearly two months after blasting off. So while the moon is just over 350,000km away when it is Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU closest to us, by the time Beresheet lands there, it will have travelled about 6.5 million km. Why so long, and what will Beresheet be doing for all those weeks? JAN.-MAR. 2019 One reason for the long travel time is that Beresheet shared its ride into VOL.17 space with an Indonesian satellite and an experimental American craft. This is space exploration Uber Pool-style, then, which is also how SpaceIL’s co-founder Yonatan Winetraub described it just before the launch. The big advantage: it costs significantly less than a dedicated rocket would—and especially for a small private effort, price matters a great deal. The downside is that while a dedicated rocket might have set Beresheet directly on course for the moon, this Falcon 9 launch only put Beresheet into orbit around the earth, like it did the two ride-sharers. What happens after that, so that Beresheet can take its shot at the moon, is up to SpaceIL’s engineers. Yet mathematically, that’s a particularly interesting part of this exercise. For there are plenty of objects—the International Space Station (ISS), satellites and assorted space junk—that orbit the earth all the time. None of them are going to shoot for the moon. aspirantforum.com Whataspirantforum.com makes Beresheet different, even as it orbits the earth for several weeks? The difference is that Beresheet’s orbits will get steadily wider, and that’s entirely by design. To understand this, think of something we’ve all done as kids—tie a stone to a string and whirl it around our heads. If you hold the string tight and keep up the whirling, the stone will keep going round and round indefinitely at SPACE the same speed. Though you’ll agree that you have to keep up the whirling; stop, and the stone will slow and drop down. Now imagine that at one point in each pass around your head, you let the string out a little, and then pull it back in later. When you let the string out, Visit aspirantforum.com for Guidance and Study Material for IAS Exam aspirantforum.com SCIENCE AND TECH. THE CRUX OF THE HINDU the stone moves further away and slows down; when you pull it back in, it moves back towards you and speeds up. You need to be careful not to let out too much string or again, the stone will slow so much that it drops down. JAN.-MAR. 2019 If you don’t want this to happen, you’ll have to speed up your whirling each JAN.-MAR. 2019 VOL.17 VOL.17 time you let string out. This is a passable model of what will happen with Beresheet. Gravity keeps it in orbit, as it does every other object that whirls around the earth, acting like the string you’ve tied to your stone. But that’s where the parallel to satellites and the ISS ends. With each orbit, Beresheet will fire its engine, which sends it sailing just a bit further from our planet than on its previous orbit. Then it swings back towards the earth, picking up speed as it approaches and circles us. Fire the engine again and… well, as you can imagine, this process results in ever-larger orbits. In effect, Beresheet uses the earth’s gravity as a slingshot, building up speed and increasing its distance from the earth with each orbit. Our own Mangalyaan did much the same a few years ago, as I explained in my column “Mars, here we are”. Eventually, Mangalyaan’s orbits got so elongated that it could effectively escape earth’s gravity and set a course for Mars.
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