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Uniform Language Basics of the U.S Acknowledgments Uniform Language Basics of the U.S. Military http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (1 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments A reference guide for the American Copy Editors Society Editor: Ed Gallardo Primary contributors: Maurreen Skowran, John Means and Alex Cruden Compiled in 2002; Revised in 2003 http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (2 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (3 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments Acknowledgments First, we thank The Associated Press for permitting us to use material from its Style Book, which the military, like many newspapers, uses as the basis for its style. Many things in this booklet will be found in the AP Stylebook. The rest came from our primary contributors. In addition to them, others who contributed to the preparation of this booklet were Capt. Bruce Cole and Lt. Katie Licup, U.S. Navy; Maj. R. Steven Murray, U.S. Air Force; Master Sgt. Paul Ebner, U.S. Army; and William Daniel, a staff member of the Aeronautical Systems Center Public Affairs at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; and Marge Holtz, civilian public affairs director for the U.S. Navy Military Sea Command. Also Lou Mio, Mike Mentrek, Daryl Kannberg, Chuck Yarborough, James Ewinger, Sabrina Eaton and Roberta Benedict of The Plain Dealer; and Sally and Bret Gallardo, Ed’s wife and son. We thank them all and give special thanks to The Plain Dealer for its logistical and financial support of the American Copy Editors Society and this booklet. http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (4 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 5 GLOSSARY . 7-17 NAVY ENLISTED RATINGS. 19-22 ENLISTED RANKS. 23-25 OFFICER RANKS . 26-30 MAJOR MEDALS & DECORATIONS . 31-32 http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (5 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (6 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments Introduction The military can be confusing to the uninitiated. Much of the information in this guide will seem esoteric, even abstruse. Some of the distinctions can seem hair-splitting and irrelevant. But it’s somewhat similar to the relationship between "news" and "editorial," etc. or between different types of editors. It is important as hell to the people who wear, or once wore, their nation’s uniforms, and we ought to try to get it right while we’re writing about the military. We also owe it to our readers to be clear. Bear in mind that the services have a number of things in common and a number of things unique to each. Don’t assume that a fact that applies to one will apply to all, or that a person from one service can speak authoritatively about another. This booklet does not pretend to be comprehensive. It is only another tool for writers and editors. A aboard vs. on board These two terms mean nearly the same thing and in some uses are interchangeable. "Aboard" is the preferred usage. "Aboard" means on board, on, in or into a ship. Use "on board" as two words, but hyphenate on board when used as an adjective. The crew is "aboard" the ship. The crew is "on board" the ship. The crew is going "aboard" the ship. An "on-board" medical team uses the "on-board" computer. BUT NOT: The sailor is going "on board" the ship. Also, a sailor is stationed "on," "is serving with" or "is assigned to" a ship. A sailor may also serve "in" a ship. http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (7 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments A ship is "based at" or "has a home port at" a specific place. A plane is "stationed on" or is "aboard" a ship; is "deployed with" or is "operating from" a ship. Squadrons are "stationed at" air stations. Air wings are "deployed with" ships. academies U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo. U.S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, Conn. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, N.Y. U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Retain capitalization without U.S., i.e., Air Force Academy, but lowercase "academy" by itself. acronyms Nobody loves acronyms and jawbreaker combo titles quite like the Pentagon, but readers don't know, or care, that AdComPhibsLant means the administrative office of the commander of amphibious forces in the Atlantic fleet, or that CinCPac is the absolute head honcho in the Pacific. Except for a handful that have become part of the language (PX, AWOL), translate them into English. active duty Full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. This includes members of the Reserve components serving on active duty or full-time training duty but does not include full-time National Guard duty. Hyphenate as an adjective: All active-duty personnel must attend. AFB The Air Force like the other services tends to follow Associated Press style when writing for civilians. AP says do not abbreviate "Air Force base" as "AFB," even in datelines: LACKLAND AIR FORCE BASE, Texas – Note also that the Air Force uses Air Force base as part of the proper name for its bases in the United States and air base for its installations abroad. aircraft http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (8 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments As a rule of thumb, the initial letter in an aircraft designation indicates the primary mission. A — attack, as in AH-1W. B — bomber, as in B-1, B-2, B -52. C — cargo, as in CH-46, CH-53, C-5, C-17, C-141; likely to be relatively large and may be used to transport troops. E — reconnaissance and surveillance, as in E-2C, E-3. F — fighter, as in F-15, F-16, F-22. FA — fighter/attack as in FA-18 (a Navy designator). H — helicopter. Anytime the H is used, the aircraft is a helicopter and will almost always be used in conjunction with other letters, as shown under cargo. M — mine-hunting helicopter, as in MH-53, MH-60. S — seaborne; used with Navy helicopters, such as SH-60. T — trainer. U — utility, as in UH-1H, which is relatively small and carries only a few people. Use a hyphen when changing from letters to figures; no hyphen when adding a letter after figures. The AP Stylebook says this hyphenation principle is the one used most frequently by manufacturers and users. Apply it in all cases for consistency. If in doubt, consult Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft. Air Force History Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, Aug. 1, 1907-June 18, 1914. Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, July 18, 1914-May 20, 1918. Division of Military Aeronautics, Secretary of War, May 20, 1918-May 24, 1918. http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (9 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments Army Air Service May 24, 1918-July 2, 1926. Army Air Corps, July 2, 1926-Sept. 18, 1947. Army Air Forces (plural cq), June 20, 1941-Sept. 18, 1947. U.S. Air Force, Sept. 18, 1947. Just remember, we didn't have an Air Force, singular, in World War II. NOTE: The Army Air Corps became a subordinate element of the Army Air Forces June 20, 1941. Since the Army Air Corps had been established by statute in 1926, its disestablishment required an act of Congress, which did not happen until 1947. Structure (in order from largest to smallest): — Major commands — Numbered air forces. — Wings. — Groups. — Squadrons. — Flights. airmen Air Force members are generically known as "airmen" in the same way Army members are soldiers, Navy members are sailors and Marine Corps members are Marines. This gets tricky in the Air Force, which also has a rank of airman. The Navy also has an airman rank (see ranks and titles). armed forces, armed services Do not capitalize. Army http://www.copydesk.org/projects/Uniformlanguage.htm (10 of 47) [5/12/2003 6:06:40 AM] Acknowledgments Structure (in order from largest to smallest): — Field army: 50,000+ soldiers, usually has a headquarters, two or more corps and auxiliary forces, commanded by a lieutenant general or higher. — Corps: 20,000 to 45,000 soldiers, two to five divisions and auxiliary arms, under a lieutenant general. — Division: 10,000-15,000 soldiers, usually consists of three brigade-size elements under a major general. — Brigade: 3,000-5,000 soldiers, a headquarters plus infantry, artillery or armor and supporting units. It has two to five battalions under a colonel with a command sergeant major as senior noncommissioned officer (NCO). The comparable units in cavalry, rangers or special force units are categorized as regiments or groups. — Battalion: 300 to 1,000 soldiers, a headquarters plus two or more companies, batteries or similar units, under a lieutenant colonel. — Company: 62-130 soldiers, a headquarters platoon plus two but usually more platoons, under a captain. Equivalents are a battery in the artillery and a troop in the cavalry. —Platoon: 16 to 44 soldiers, two but usually more squads, under a lieutenant and a platoon sergeant. — Squad: 9 or 10 soldiers, a tactical unit that can be easily directed in the field. In infantry, it consists of two teams. It's usually 10 soldiers under a sergeant or staff sergeant. Army Corps of Engineers It is NOT and should not be called the Corps as a short form.
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