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Of Singapore I I -SH . 207 CP6 #25 c.1 U~ban Coastal Area Management: 1D.e Experience of Singapore I I ,. Edited by Chia Lin Sien and Chou LoIre Mhig ~ <,< i b- panCoastal Area Management: The Experience of Singapore Proceedings of the Singapore National Workshop on Urban Coastal Area Management Republic of Singapore 9- 10 November 1989 Edited by. Chia Lin Sien and Chou Loke Ming Association of Southeast Asian NationdUnited States Coastal Resources Management Project Conference Proceedings 7 APR O 3 1992 Urban Coastal Area Management: The Experience of Singapore Proceedings of the Singapore National Wotkshop on Urban Coastal Area Management SiniYpore 9-10November 1989 ED~DBY CHTALm SEN AND CHOULOKE m~ Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resouas Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian NationsNnited States Coastal Resources Managanent Project. Printed in Manila, Philippimu. Chia, LS. and LM, Chw, editors. 1991. Urban coastal area rnanrgement: the experience of Singapore. ICLARM Cmferena Pmceediigs 25,128 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Philippines. Cover: Singapore skyline. ISSN 01 15-443s ISBN 971-1022-87-7 ICLARM Contribution No. 672 Urban Coastal Area Management: The Experience of Singapore Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations vi Preface ix Foreword xi Opening Address: Singapore's Coastal Area Development: Promises for the 1990s. C.W. Goh 1 Keynote Address: Coastal Area Management: New Possibilities for Singapore. L.S. Chia and L.M. Chou 3 Management and Utilization of Singapare's Port Waters: New Directions. K.W. Lim 11 The Enhancement of Fish Community in the Singapore River through the Use of Artificial Seagrass. H.B. Lee and J. hw 21 Benthic Communities of the Rivers and the Coastal Waters of Singapore. H.W. Khoo 31 Artificial Reefs in Singapore: Development Potential and Constraints. L.M.Chou 47 Planning for the Development of Singapore's Urban Waterfront. C.H. Tan 53 Coastal Reclamation in Singapore: A Review. K.Y.Yong, S.L. Lee and G.P. Karunaratne 59 Treatment of Sludge and Wastewater in Pulau Bukom. P.B. Tan 69 Land-based Sources of Pollution in the Coastal Waters of Singapore. C.H.Khoo 77 Economic Valuation of Singapore's Coastal Resources. H. Khan 81 Developing Legal Instruments for Coastal Area Management. S. Tiwari 95 Cinderella-in-waiting: The Problems and Prospects of Seasports Development in Singapore. F.C.H. Lee 99 Development of Coastal Parks in Singapore. 0.Fung 105 Seaside Resorts in Singapore: A Geomorphological Perspective. P.P. Wong 109 The Aquarium Revolution and Underwater World Singapore. H.E. Newman 117 Recommendations from the National Workshop on Urban Coastal Area Management of Singapore 121 0 N List of Speakers 123 List of Participants 125 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations AOC accidentally oil-contaminated AF'I American Petroleum Institute ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASG artificial seagrass BOD biological oxygen demand Bt. Bukit (in Malay, meaning "mountain" or "hill") CAM coastal area management CFC chlorofluorocarbon CLRP Coastal Living Resources project crn centimeter COC continuously oil-contaminated CPI corrugated plate interceptor CPOI corrugated plate oil interceptor CRM coastal resources management CRMP' Coastal Resources Management Pro~ect DCE Department of Civil Engineering DOS Department of Statistics dwt deadweight ton ECP East Coast Parkway EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone ft feet . FT freight ton g gtam GDP gross domestic product GDS geographically disadvantaged state GNP gross national product GRT gross registered ton GT gross ton ha hectare HDB Housing and Development Board ICLARM International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management IGCP International Geological Correlation Programme JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JTC Jurong Town Corporation vi Kg. Kampong (in Malay, meaning "village") km kilometer LPG liquefied petroleum gas m meter MC Marincscape Corporation mg milligram mm millimctcr MOCI Ministry of Communications and Information MOE Ministry of the Environment MOND Ministry of National Developmcnl MRT mass rapid transit MTI Ministry of Trade and Induslry NA not available nm nautical milc NSTB National Science and Technology Board NUS National Univcrsily of Singaporc P. Pulau (in Malay, mcaning "island") PATA Pacilic Area Travel Association PCS Pctrochcmical Corporation of Singapore Ptc Ltd PPD Primary Production Dcparlmcnl PPm parts per million PRD Parks and Rccrcation Dcpartrncnt PS A Port of Singapore Authority RSAF Republic of Singapore Air Force RSN Republic of Singapore Navy RSYC Rcpublic of Singapore Yacht Club SAF Singapore Armed Forces SASAR Singapore Association of Shipbuildcrs and Repairers SBM single buoy mooring SDC Sentosa Development Corporation Sg. Sungei (in Malay, meaning "river") SHF Sludge Handling Facilities SL standard lenglh SPBA Singapore Powcr Boat Association SS suspendid solids SSLC Singapore Scasporls Liaison Cornmiltee SWF Singapore Waterski Federation t ton TAS Telecommunications Authority of Singapore Tanjong (in Malay, meaning "cape") total length tPa tons per annum UDMC Urban Dcvclopmcnt & Management Company UNEP United Nations Environment Programmc URA Urban Rcdcvclopmcnt Authority US AID United Slam Agency for International Developmcnl vii UW Underwater World UWI Underwater World International UWS Underwater World Singapore VLCC very large crude carrier wt weight viii Preface More than the coastal areas of the other countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), those of Singapore have been intensively developed over the last three decades and have undergone a high degree of transformation. These massive changes have come about as a result of the need to achieve rapid economic and social advancements amid the severe constraints of limited land and seaspace. Unavoidably, development goals have for a long time taken precedence over environmental concerns which did not emerge as a major issue until the early 1970s. It was only in the 1980s when conservation for environmental as well as cultural and aesthetic reasons was given high priority as a matter of national policy. Thus, there is now a growing awareness among policymakers and the public to balance developmental goals with environmental imperativeness to achieve a high quality of life for Singapore and as befitting the status of an advanced society. The ASEMS Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) is managed by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in Manila, while iu local component is administered by the Science Council of Singapore, now the National Science and Technology Board (NSTB). The project has involved the participation of the Marine Aquaculture Section of the Primary Production Department, Ministry of National Development and the National University of Singapore. The Singapore component of the ASEAN-wide research project is divided into three subcomponents consisting of two field experimental studies: one on netcage culture and the enhancement of aquatic life in the Singapore and Kallang Rivers and the other on artii7cial reefs. The third subcomponent is aimed at putting together a database, mapping all elements found within the coastal zone of Singapore and developing a national management plan for it. The principle adopted for the plan is based on an integrated multisectoral long-term development strategy. An essential part of developing such a management plan is to understand the role, rationale and function of the various development agencies which are sectorally based and have been given the responsibility of managing the coastal resources, including seaspace, offshore islands and waterfront land on the main island of Singapore and of overseeing the proper development of the diverse activities and facilities found within the coastal area. The Singapore National Workshop on Urban Coastal Area Management was a major step towards the completion of the CRMP which began in late 1986. The workshop brought together officials of government agencies, representatives of private organizations, researchers and academicians. They considered how the limited coastal resources can be better utilized and managed for the benefit of the nation. This volume comprises papers presented at the workshop. It is a prelude to the finalization of the management plan. The achievements of the project thus far owe mwh to the strong support of the NSTB and, in particular. to the efforts of its two officers. Mts. Rosa Tan and Ms. Koh Guat Wah. The help of Ms. Koh and her assistant, Ms. Betty Lim, was invaluable to the smooth organization of the workshop and contributed much to the enjoyment of all the participants. The organizing cornminee is indebted to Mr. Leslie John Cheong, the Project Leader, for providing assistance and facilities and to ICLARM, especially to Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, CRMP Coordinator, for giving personal encouragement, interest and enthusiastic support. Thanks also go to Dr. Alan T. White, CRMP Technical Advisor. I am grateful for the swport of my colleagues, Associate Rofessors Chou Loke Ming, Wong Poh Poh and Dr. Habibuhh Khan for their support and contribution to Ehis workshop. These individuals have been sources of stimulation and encouragement to me. I appreciate the untiring assistance of Ms. Grace Lim, Ms. Maylene Lm,Mr. Christopher Chua and Ms. Beverly Goh during the workshop. Finally, thanks to Mrs. Irene Chee fur her assistance and to Mrs. Tan Li Kheng, for her able cartographic work. Chia Lin Sien 5 November 1990 Organizing
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