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LE CORBUSIER TESIS 7.Indd UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA EN EL INTERVALO DEL LÍMITE UNA NUEVA LECTURA DEL MOVIMIENTO MODERNO DESDE LA REALIDAD VIRTUAL DE LO AMBIGUO TESIS DOCTORAL MARíA DE LA O DEL SANTO MORA ARQUITECTO 2016 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA TÍTULO : EN EL INTERVALO DEL LÍMITE UNA NUEVA LECTURA DEL MOVIMIENTO MODERNO DESDE LA REALIDAD VIRTUAL DE LO AMBIGUO AUTOR MARíA DE LA O DEL SANTO MORA DIRECTOR JOSÉ GONZÁLEZ GALLEGOS AÑO 2016 TRIBUNAL NOMBRADO POR EL MGFCO. Y EXCMO. SR. RECTOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID, El día ……… de ………………… de ……………… Presidente D ……………………………………………………… Vocal D ……………………………………………………… Vocal D ……………………………………………………… Vocal D ……………………………………………………… Secretario D ……………………………………………………… Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día ……… de ………………… de ………………........... en …………………………………………………….......... Califi cación: …………………………………………....... EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO A mis padres AGRADECIMIENTOS A José González Gallegos por su apoyo constante y su ayuda final A todos los amigos que me han ayudado, a mis hermanos y a Pingo por su dedicación y su aprecio incondicional Índice 17 entre0000: [introducción] 21 RESUMEN 23 ABSTRACT 25 0001 OBJETIVOS 28 0010 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN, CONCLUSIONES Y NUEVAS LÍNEAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN 29 0100 ESTRUCTURA Y TEMÁTICA 33 1000 METODOLOGÍA 39 entre0110: [hipótesis] 43 0001 Entre 43 Del entre 48 Del intervalo del límite 51 De la nueva lectura del Movimiento Moderno 54 De la Realidad virtual 55 De lo ambiguo 57 0010 El intermedio de la imaginación 65 0100 El entre de las artes 65 Un paseo por la Antigüedad 70 El entre de las artes 81 Del entre en la arquitectura 91 1000 El entre del espacio 94 El marco de la filosofía y la ciencia 97 Relativo a los términos 99 El marco estético alemán 105 entre0101: [tesis] 109 0001 INTRODUCCIÓN 112 Del cubismo 115 La ciencia, pensamiento, arte 119 Hacia Le Corbusier 133 0010 EN EL INTERVALO DEL LÍMITE 134 La dialéctica 152 Le dehors est toujours dedans 158 El cubo 161 La relación y EL COLOR 175 LA RELACIÓN y la luz 178 Los objetos 185 La cuarta dimensión 205 El juego, el azar y los DAdOS 208 De la línea y el intersticio 221 0100 LE DEHORS EST TOUJOURS DEDANS 221 El Viaje 231 Sudamérica 240 Ma maison 240 Dónde o del Lugar 246 Cuándo o de la Modernidad 257 Las casas de Le Corbusier y lo intermedio 260 Publicacion de Ma maison 266 El dibujo de Ma maison 277 El atelier y los conoides 285 El marco ventanas-ojos-lugar-dehors est tojours dedans 290 Saliéndonos del cuadro 297 1000 DE CÓMO DENTRO ESTÁ SIEMPRE EL AFUERA: DEDANS IL Y À TOJOURS DEDANS 297 Le dehors est toujours dedans tanto como Dedans il y à tou jours le dehors 306 De la síntesis de las artes al Pabellón del hombre 306 Preliminares 311 Génesis del proyecto 313 Cronología del Proyecto 314 Heidi Weber 318 Lo intermedio de las artes y lo intermedio espacial en los Pabellones en LC 330 El modelo de cubierta baldaquino 336 Un módulo una estructura 351 De la sintesis de las artes a L’espace indicible 355 Década de los 20 357 Década de los 30 360 Década de los 40 362 Década de los 50 363 Década de los 60 364 Hacia L’Espace Indicible 383 entre1001: [metatesis] 387 CODA 387 A y la Pangeometría 398 Picasso y La obra maestra desconocida 404 La obra desconocida de Libeskind. Chamber Works. Meditaciones arquitectónicas sobre temas de Heráclito. Bibliografía 421 0001. Bibliografía por capítulos 421 entre0110 [hipótesis] 422 entre0101 [tesis] 422 0001 Introducción [tesis] 422 0010 En el intervalo del límite [tesis] 424 0100 Le dehors est toujours dedans [tesis] 425 1000 De cómo dentro está siempre el afuera: dedans il y à tojours dedans [tesis] 426 CODA [METATESIS] 427 1000. Bibliografía general entre0000: [introducción] índice RESUMEN ABSTRACT 0001 OBJETIVOS 0010 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN, CONCLUSIONES Y NUEVAS LÍNEAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN 0100 ESTRUCTURA Y TEMÁTICA 1000 METODOLOGÍA prière d’insérer RESUMEN Esta tesis doctoral busca estudiar el espacio desde la premisa de que el es- pacio es, fundamentalmente, lo intermedio. El entre, lo que hay entre las cosas mismas y que les da, precisamente, su definición como cosas en un constante proceso de delimitación. Este entre, lo que hay entre las cosas, no es sin em- bargo un resto que queda, sino bien al contrario el principio activo que hace que las cosas, desde lo que hay alrededor, se configuren en su ser sensible y pue- dan percibirse. El entre, lo intermedio, no es así una línea, un corte puro, sino un intervalo, un espacio en sí mismo, un ámbito en que se desarrolla un proceso. Es por tanto un espacio de formación, en el que las cosas aún no son y ya es- tán siendo, un intervalo ambiguo pleno de virtualidades, unas desplegadas otras que permanecen en espera, siempre en movimiento. Es la hipótesis principal de esta tesis que en el llamado Movimiento Moderno en la arquitectura del siglo veinte esta condición ambigua del límite se pone de manifiesto como la raíz articuladora de los cambios espaciales y formales que definen su ser y su estética. Para desarrollar esta hipótesis, se parte de una do- ble premisa: por una parte, como un entre que es en sí misma, la arquitectura se encuentra delimitada por las disciplinas artísticas contemporáneas, especial- mente pintura y escultura y a la vez las delimita. Por tanto, se explorarán una serie de momentos claves en las vanguardias de comienzos del siglo veinte en paralelo a una serie de arquitecturas contemporáneas para estudiar esta doble dialéctica entre límites. Por otra parte, y entendiendo que lo propio de la arquitectura es el espacio, se estudiarán en profundidad las concepciones espaciales que en la física y la estética del finales del siglo diecinueve y principios del veinte se desarrollan, para comprender cómo estas nuevas concepciones, centradas en las ideas de relatividad y de espacio-tiempo como magnitudes interlimitadas, determinan a su vez las concepciones espaciales que se desarrollan simultáneamente en las artes plásticas y en la arquitectura. La tríada espacio/tiempo/luz regirá este re- corrido, en un doble camino: a través de la física y la teoría del arte, y a través de la arquitectura y las artes plásticas. Se trata por tanto de incardinar la arquitectura en su contexto artístico y científico, y comprobar cómo la comprensión del espacio como un entre, como un intervalo del límite y no como un absoluto trascendente, se generaliza en di- chos ámbitos en una exploración paralela que condiciona los resultados en to- dos ellos y que define, por tanto, la arquitectura de la modernidad como una ar- quitectura del entre. El encuadre enmarca como motivo principal el Movimiento Moderno a través de la figura de Le Corbusier. Se muestra el modo en que los recursos y mecanismos empleados provocan el encuentro del espacio indeci- ble a través de la polifonía de las artes. Desde el espaciamiento del límite, su borradura, su ambigüedad, producidos mediante el entrelazamiento de los re- cursos artísticos, la continuidad de lo lineal, el encabalgamiento, el maridaje, la ambivalencia, la relatividad del color y la luz, el intersticio. Ello se analiza a través de la obra de le Corbusier, destacando la dialéctica entre Le Cheminée y Nature [introducción] 21 morte aux nombreux objets; Ma maison y el pabellón del Zurichhorn; Unité y L’espace indicible. Aclaradas las premisas fundamentales y las consecuencias inmediatas para la arquitectura del Movimiento Moderno, la cuarta parte y final de la tesis, mucho más breve que las anteriores, expone una primera aproximación a las conse- cuencias que todo esto ha tenido en un momento liminal también: el comienzo de la postmodernidad. En realidad se trata de una apertura a lo que ha de venir, pues establecida la operatividad de la hipóteisi inicial, se trata aquí solamente de abrir el camino a una interpretación que en realidad escapa del alcance de esta tesis. Así se deja apuntado cómo, a través de la obra de tres arquitectos, teóricos y artistas trabajando en los años setenta y comienzos de los ochenta del pasado siglo, una comprensión más clara de la revolución moderna precipi- tada por esta nueva comprensión del espacio como límite-entre queda patente. Chamberworks de Daniel Libeskind, Wexner Center for the Visual Arts de Peter Eisenman y Manhattan Transcripts de Bernard Tschumi servirían de privilegia- dos ejemplo. Como queda patente que las consecuencias de todo ello aún las estamos sintiendo en nuestra contemporaneidad. 22 EN EL INTERVALO DEL LÍMITE ABSTRACT This thesis aims to study the space from the premise that space is mainly the in-between. The in-between, what is in-between the things themselves and gi- ves them precisely its definition as things in a constant process of delimitation. This in-between, what is in between things, is not a remnant that remains, but on the contrary it is the active ingredient that produces things from what is around, that configures them in a sensitive to be perceived. The in-between, the inter- mediate, is not a line, a pure cut, but an interval, a space in itself, an area in which a process is developed. It is therefore a space in development, where things are still not and already been, delimiting an ambiguous range full of potentialities, some present and others that remain only as virtualities. It is the main hypothesis of this thesis that in the so-called Modern Movement in the architecture of the twentieth century this ambiguous boundary condition is revealed as the result of the articulatation of spatial and formal changes. To develop this hypothesis, I posit this double premise: On the one hand, as an in-between which is in itself, architecture is defined by contemporary artistic disciplines, especially painting and sculpture and simultaneously defines them.
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