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Ethics and Well-Being in Elfquest Comics

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Ethics and Well-Being in Elfquest Comics Relating with the Other in naturecultures: Ethics and well-being in Elfquest comics Hilla Kaipainen Pro gradu / Master's thesis University of Jyväskylä Department of Art and Culture Studies Literature Fall 2015 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta Laitos Humanistinen tiedekunta Taiteiden ja kulttuurin tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä Hilla Kaipainen Työn nimi Relating with the Other in naturecultures: Ethics and well-being in Elfquest comics Oppiaine Työn laji Kirjallisuus Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika Sivumäärä Lokakuu 2015 143 Tiivistelmä Tutkielma tarkastelee eettistä Toisen kohtaamista Elfquest -sarjakuvassa. Elfquest on yhdysvaltalaisten Wendy ja Richard Pinin vuodesta 1978 lähtien omakustanteena julkaisema populaari fantasiagenreen kuuluva sarjakuvasarja. Se sijoittuu Kahden kuun maailmaan, jota asuttavat mm. haltiat, peikot ja ihmiset. Elfquest rakentuu haltioiden alkuperän, autenttisuuden ja identiteetin etsinnän varaan ja siinä korostuvat erilaisten elämäntyylien ja maailmankuvien sovittelu ja yhteenkuuluvuus. Mukailen etiikan määrittelyssäni Emmanuel Levinasin filosofiaa, jonka mukaan Minä tulee subjektiksi vastuussaan Toista kohtaan. Tämä eettinen, interpersoonallinen suhde edeltää ontologiaa eli olemista, tietämistä ja moraalia. Etiikkaa kuvaavat Minän ruumiillinen herkkyys ja haavoittuvuus sekä ääretön, epäsymmetrinen ja pakkomielteinen vastuu Toista kohtaan. Ankkuroin etiikan merkitystä aineelliseen todellisuuteen yhdistämällä ekokriittiseen luentaani posthumanismin ja hyvinvointitutkimuksen näkökulmia. Kriittinen posthumanismi suhtautuu epäillen ihmisen ja inhimillisyyden käsitteisiin sekä humanismin perintöön. Hyödynnän Donna Harawayn kumppanuuslajien figuuria, jossa materiaalinen ja historiallinen, ruumiillinen ja semioottinen, luonto ja kulttuuri lysähtävät yhteen luontokulttuureiksi. Hyvinvoinnin käsitteellistän erityisesti eudaimoniana eli itsen mahdollisuuksien toteuttamisena tai kukoistuksena. Analyysissäni etiikkaa, hyvinvointia ja kumppanuuslajeja nivovat yhteen neljä teemaa: kuuluminen, tunnistaminen, parantuminen ja uudistuminen. Henkilöhahmot, joiden avulla suunnistan sarjakuvan aukkoisessa ja täydentämistä vaativassa kerronnassa ja omassa hermeneuttis-fenomenologisessa lähiluvussani, kuvastavat Paul Ricoeurin narratiivisen identiteetin käsitettä, jossa yhdistyvät samuus ja itseys. Elfquest osoittaa, miten koti turvapaikkana on uhattu, ja kuulumisen tunnetta luonnehtii yhteisön tietyyn ympäristöön sopeutunut elämäntyyli. Lajien sekoittuminen kumppanuudessa, yhteisöllinen hyväksyntä, anteeksianto sekä muistaminen, jonka toisen kohtaaminen synnyttää, vahvistavat yksilön persoonallista sitkeyttä tai joustavuutta. Parantumisen teemassa pahuus nähdään tahtona omistaa toinen, ja kärsimys ja kipu osana elämän tarkoituksen etsintää ja identiteetin eheytymistä. Lopuksi tarkastelen subjektia ajassa, jossa ero toiseen näyttäytyy rajoittuneisuutena, kasvatuksena ja hetkessä elämisen menetyksenä. Samalla havaitsen, että nämä sarjakuvan tulkintani ovat muuntuvia, sillä tulkitsija suhteessaan Toiseen kyseenalaistaa oman olemassaolonsa. Populaarikulttuurin kuluttaminen voi olla nautinnon ja haavoittumisen luonnehtimaa identiteettityötä, jonka suhde Toiseen tekee mahdolliseksi. Tätä luontokulttuurista mahdollisuutta syventää ihmislajin hyvinvointia, jota toiset lajit kannattelevat, tulisi hyödyntää kestävän kehityksen kasvatuksessa. Asiasanat etiikka, ekokritiikki, posthumanismi, sarjakuvat, toiseus, hyvinvointi, eudaimonia, identiteetti, kumppanuuslaji, Elfquest, Emmanuel Levinas, Donna Haraway Säilytyspaikka JYX-tietokanta, Jyväskylän yliopiston kirjasto Muita tietoja UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Faculty Department Faculty of Humanities Department of Art and Culture Studies Author Hilla Kaipainen Title Relating with the Other in naturecultures: Ethics and well-being in Elfquest comics Subject Level Literature Master's thesis Month and year Number of pages October 2015 143 Abstract This study examines the ethical encounter with the Other in Elfquest comics. Elfquest is a popular fantasy comics series authored and independently published by Wendy and Richard Pini since 1978. Its setting is a secondary world called World of Two Moons, inhabited by elves, trolls, and humans, among others. The plot structure of this comics series is a quest, in the course of which questions of origin, authenticity, and identity become accentuated and settled in relation to different worldviews and lifestyles. Ethics is defined according to the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, who has described how the I becomes a subjectivity in its pre-ontological interpersonal relationship with the Other. This encounter is characterized by corporeal sensibility, vulnerability, and an infinitely obliging, asymmetric responsibility of the I for the Other. I ground this meaning of ethics to the material reality by combining perspectives of posthumanism and well-being studies in my ecocritical reading. Critical posthumanism unsettles the concept of human and doubts the heritage of humanism. I employ Donna Haraway's figure of companion species, in which historical and material, bodily and semiotic, and nature and culture implode together as naturecultures. I discuss well-being principally as eudaimonia: self-realization, fulfilling of potentials or flourishing. The analysis of my hermeneutic-phenomenological reading of Elfquest is organized into four themes: belonging, recognition, healing, and renewal. In the iconotextual, sequential realm of comics made up of pieces and gaps, characters function as narrative tools that enable orientation, empathy, and immersion in their fantasy world. They also embody Paul Ricoeur's concept of narrative identity which unites sameness and selfhood. Elfquest depicts home as an endangered place but grounds the sense of belonging of communities and species in their lifestyles, historically adapted to their environments. Personal resilience stems from the intermingling of species, communal support, and remembrance, incited in corporeal meeting of alterity. The theme of healing illustrates one's capacity for evil as a will to appropriate another being, but suffering and pain contribute to the quest for life's purpose and integrity of identity. The theme of renewal demonstrates the difference of subjectivity to the Other as time, and shows itself in personal limitation, the challenge and unsettling questioning produced in education, and the losing of one's immediate presence in relation to one's environment. This unsettling is re-established as balance in the context of community. My interpretations drawn out of reading Elfquest are perceived as fluctuating. The disturbance in knowing is due to the relationship with the Other, who contests me to question my right to be. Popular culture products may take part in an identity work characterized by enjoyment and wounding which is made possible by my responsibility for the Other. In education for sustainability, ethics should be used to enliven the understanding of human well-being, brought forth in inter-species relationships. Keywords ethics, ecocriticism, posthumanism, comics, well-being, eudaimonia, identity, companion species, Elfquest, Emmanuel Levinas, Donna Haraway Depository JYX repository, Jyväskylä University Library Additional information When a mind does not know itself, it is flawed. When a mind is flawed, the man is flawed. When a man is flawed, that which he touches is flawed. It is said that what a flawed man sees, his hands make broken. What can change the nature of a man? Dak'kon and Ravel in Planescape: Torment They spoke no more of the small news of the Shire far away, nor of the dark shadows and perils that encompassed them, but of the fair things they had seen in the world together, of the Elves, of the stars, of trees, and the gentle fall of bright year in the woods. J.R.R. Tolkien: Lord of the Rings 1 Table of contents 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................2 1.1 The need for inter-species flourishing.......................................................................................2 1.2 Analyzing Elfquest...................................................................................................................10 2 Theoretical positions.......................................................................................................................15 2.1 Comics.....................................................................................................................................15 2.1.1 Defining comics...............................................................................................................15 2.1.2 Anatomy of an iconotect..................................................................................................17 2.1.3 Development of popular modern comics.........................................................................21 2.1.4 Ecosocial consciousness in comics..................................................................................24 2.1.5 Characters: tools for identification and otherness............................................................25 2.2 Fantasy.....................................................................................................................................29 2.2.1 Forming the Fantasyland..................................................................................................29 2.2.2 Elfquest: a serial quest fantasy.........................................................................................33
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