Mississippi Em Chamas E Panteras Negras No Intervalo Entre História E Cinema

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Mississippi Em Chamas E Panteras Negras No Intervalo Entre História E Cinema Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Programa de Pós-Graduação em História (PPGHIS) Kássius Kennedy Clemente Batista Mississippi em Chamas e Panteras Negras no intervalo entre História e Cinema Uberlândia, 2014 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Programa de Pós-graduação em História (PPGHIS) Kássius Kennedy Clemente Batista Mississippi em Chamas e Panteras Negras no intervalo entre História e Cinema Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, como requisito final para obtenção do título de Mestre em História, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Rosangela Patriota Ramos. Uberlândia, 2014 2 Kássius Kennedy Clemente Batista Mississippi em Chamas e Panteras Negras no intervalo entre História e Cinema BANCA EXAMINADORA Professora Dra. Rosangela Patriota Ramos – Orientadora (UFU) Professor Dr. Alcides Freire Ramos – (UFU) Professor Dr. Rodrigo de Freitas Costa – (UFTM) 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer, primeiramente, à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) pelo financiamento dessa pesquisa. Embora ainda haja uma grande desigualdade no acesso à educação e uma grande valorização e investimento nas áreas bio-exatas em detrimento da formação crítica-reflexiva, política e humana do indivíduo, não posso deixar de reconhecer a grande ajuda que recebi. Minha primeira bolsa de estudos foi algo essencial para formar o primeiro mestre em minha extensa família. Nesse momento, sinto uma profunda gratidão pelos professores que me acompanham há oito anos através de orientações, conversas, reuniões e conselhos, providos de grandes doses de paciência, disposição e, claro, puxões de orelha em momentos na sala de aula ou durante as pesquisas e a escrita deste trabalho. São referências em suas respectivas áreas de atuação, foram e continuam sendo cruciais no meu trajeto acadêmico. Meus sinceros agradecimentos aos professores Rosangela e Alcides. Aos amigos, agora tão distantes, meu carinho não poderia ser maior. Sempre estiveram do meu lado e não questionaram, nem mesmo uma vez, a ausência e a correria que as tarefas cotidianas impunham. Para o “de Deus” e o Joe Phelps, meus elevadores de autoestima particular, apenas digo que mais uma etapa foi cumprida, e outras portas foram abertas. Com minha família, meu porto seguro, não poderia haver dívida maior. O respeito para com ela é enorme. Aos encontros esporádicos entre 00h00minh e 06h00minh, almoços de domingo, conversas sobre a esquerda no Brasil, a dificuldade de comer jiló e os babacas das redes sociais. Agradeço à grande parceria em todos os momentos: não poderia ter chegado aqui sem esse imenso apoio. Mamãe, Glauco, Pedro e Adrielly, obrigado. Agradeço, por fim, ao Prof. Dr. Rodrigo de Freitas, por ter aceitado participar da banca, e ao Cleber, pela leitura atenta de meu texto. 4 Para Adrielly, minha futura esposa. 5 He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past. George Orwell Who controls the present now? RATM 6 RESUMO Este trabalho analisa duas produções cinematográficas: Mississippi em Chamas (1988), de Alan Parker, e Panteras Negras (1995), de Mario Van Peebles. O objetivo é avaliar a maneira como estes diretores trabalharam temas de grande relevância histórica e a forma como os telespectadores e críticos os recepcionaram. Estes filmes se ocupam, por exemplo, da segregação racial e da luta pelos direitos civis ocorridas nos Estados Unidos. Estes temas, como se sabe, foram alvos de grandes polêmicas, e parte delas foi suscitada pelos dois filmes aqui mencionados. Este estudo tem por âncora várias questões: em que medida estas obras podem ser entendidas como “narrativas históricas”? O papel do diretor pode ser equiparado ao do historiador? Como as “verdades” que estes filmes instituem são recepcionadas pelo telespectador, e quão variáveis podem ser os posicionamentos por parte da crítica? Para lidar com estas indagações, optou-se por investir na relação entre História e Cinema, o que incentiva a revisão de antigos e intermináveis debates, sobretudo aquele que envolve o par História/Ficção. Palavras-chave: Panteras Negras; Mississippi em Chamas; História/Ficção; História; Cinema 7 ABSTRACT This study analyzes two cinematographic productions: Alan Parker’s Mississippi Burning and Mario Van Peebles’ Panther. The aim is to evaluate how these directors work themes of great historic relevance and how the viewers and the critics received them. These Movies occupy themselves, for instance, of racial segregation and the fight for the civil rights occurred in the United States. These themes, how known, were target of big polemics, and part of them was created by both movies mentioned here. This study has many questions as anchors: how much these works can be understood by “historic narratives”? The director’s role can be compared to the historian’s? How the “truths” instituted by these movies are received by the viewer, and how variable can be the critical placements? To deal with these inquiries, it’s been chosen to invest in the relation between History and Cinema, what encourages the review of articles and everlasting discussions, specially the one that involves the pair History/Fiction. Keywords: Panther; Mississippi Burning; History/Fiction; History; Cinema 8 SUMÁRIO Introdução: Histórico do movimento negro e da luta pelos direitos civis ....................................... 10 Identidade, movimentos sociais e a produção cinematográfica...................................19 As representações sociais do Cinema......................................................................... 24 Divisão dos capítulos.................................................................................................. 26 Capítulo I: O Estado como protagonista: Mississippi em Chamas de Alan Parker ....... 28 1.1 – Estrutura e enredo ............................................................................................... 28 1.2 – Análise do enredo ............................................................................................... 39 1.3 – O papel do FBI na resolução do caso, a omissão dos negros e a integração da obra como memória popular ........................................................................................ 44 1.4 – As referências que garantem à obra as características de filme histórico e/ou fonte histórica ............................................................................................................... 52 1.5 – A relação entre jornalismo, o filme e a noção de verdade nos fatos narrados .... 54 1.6 – Personagens ......................................................................................................... 57 1.7 – Alguns aspectos da recepção .............................................................................. 64 Capítulo II: Negros radicais no cinema: Panteras Negras de Mario Van Peebles ........ 73 2.1 – Estrutura do enredo ............................................................................................. 75 2.2 – Recepção e crítica ............................................................................................... 99 2.3 – Análise do enredo ............................................................................................. 103 2.4 – Personagens ....................................................................................................... 112 2.5 – A memória ........................................................................................................ 120 Capítulo III: A recepção e o Cinema enquanto narrativas históricas .......................... 126 3.1 – A estética da recepção e sua utilização no cinema ........................................... 126 3.2 – O filme histórico e a relação entre diretor/historiador ...................................... 143 3.2.1 – Temas.............................................................................................................143 3.2.2 – O cinema enquanto narrativa histórica ..........................................................149 Considerações Finais ..................................................................................................... 154 Fontes e bibliografia ...................................................................................................... 158 9 10 INTRODUÇÃO Histórico do movimento negro e da luta pelos direitos civis A Constituição dos Estados Unidos da América de 1787 formalizava a criação de uma República Presidencialista e Federalista. Era a primeira experiência concreta do pensamento iluminista que iniciava o processo de expurgo do absolutismo da Europa. Seu formato permitia alterações e acréscimos (emendas) sem alterar sua essência e isso é algo digno de nota. No que tange à questão dos direitos civis, ela afirmava que “todos os homens são iguais”, contudo negros, mulheres e indígenas não participavam do processo político e tinham grandes restrições no que se refere à proteção do Estado, tendo em vista principalmente que o negro não era reconhecido como cidadão. Isso ocorreu porque muitos dos criadores dessa Carta Magna eram grandes proprietários de escravos, a começar pelo comandante do Exército Continental1 e primeiro presidente norte-americano George Washington, e pelos deputados James Madison e John Rutledege, que tinham forte interesse em manter suas “propriedades”. Para que isso ocorresse, os negros não poderiam ter a mesma proteção estatal usufruída pelos brancos. Com base nisso, foi positivado na seção 2 do art. 1 o regime da escravidão.
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