‘W ATER WATER EVERyWHERE’: Attempts at drought-proofing properties using surface water infrastructure in central western Queensland in the early 1880s Luke Godwin and Scott L’Oste-Brown Abstract times into the hundreds of thousands, were established in the There is a long and continuing history in Australia of private nineteenth century – well before any of this technology was enterprise and governments attempting to ‘drought-proof’ available – in areas to the west of the Great Dividing Range in the businesses and communities. In this paper we explore the arid zone. Moreover, even after various improved technologies strategies employed for this purpose in the late nineteenth and management strategies (notably the ability to draw on century on the massive Wellshot Station, jewel in the groundwater from the GAB) became available, these stations fell crown of the Australian wool industry, in central western away, never to achieve their earlier carrying capacity. While it Queensland. We describe some of the technology used and is true that Australia no longer ‘rides on the sheep’s back’, even its archaeological footprint. Questions reviewed include the before the major contraction of the industry associated with the purpose and operation of the water management facility, as demise of the Australian Wool Corporation and the wool reserve well as when it was built and who constructed it. We consider price scheme in the early 1990s, stocking rates have never again the overall efficacy of this, and subsequent technologies, in reached those achieved during the 1880s and 1890s. sustaining the huge sheep flocks depastured on this property. In this paper we explore this issue by focusing on the We demonstrate that the highest rates of stocking on the sheep industry of central western QLD, and on one property property were achieved during the period when surface water, in particular: Wellshot Station. Lying between Barcaldine and rather than groundwater, was harvested. We then turn our Longreach, some 600 km to the west of Rockhampton, Wellshot attention to the broader implications of this success, noting can stake a claim to having been one of the truly great sheep that the use of this technology on Wellshot, and throughout stations in Australian history1. In 1891 more sheep raised on the region, resulted in massive profits being made by the Wellshot’s own pastures were shorn in one season than anywhere pastoralists during the last few decades of the nineteenth else in Australia, either at that time or since. Indeed, measured in century. These pastoralists deployed these financial resources these terms, it is perhaps the largest sheep station that has ever for larger economic and industrial purposes, which in turn existed anywhere in the world. triggered unexpected responses that have had political It is interesting that, despite the reliance Australia placed ramifications through to the present day. on sheep husbandry and especially the production of wool, the technology associated with its earliest phases has attracted Introduction relatively little interest in the historical archaeological literature. The management of water, and more particularly securing Pearson (1984) described facilities associated with the washing adequate supplies of this resource in the world’s driest inhabited and scouring of wool in northwestern NSW. This was initially continent, remains a constant issue for Australian governments, seen as an essential aspect of the industry when the challenge of the public and industry. The increasing sense that this is a reducing the costs of transporting this commodity long distances finite and precious resource has seen major programs to cap for export was critical for the establishment of a viable industry. groundwater bores in the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) – once The mechanical wool scour in Blackall (home of Jacky Howe2, seen as an apparently inexhaustible resource – in Queensland the greatest shearer of them all, also in central western QLD) (QLD), New South Wales (NSW), South Australia (SA) and has attracted considerable research interest, as well as funding the Northern Territory (NT). Additionally, wholesale reviews for its conservation. of water entitlements and allocations in the context of water Connah (1977, 1988:95-101) described several wool-related management planning have been the subject of much recent historic sites in the New England Tablelands of NSW and discussion at both State and Federal levels. As part of this, water elsewhere, and briefly summarised some other data regarding licence buy-back programs (aimed at limiting the use of water aspects of the industry. Among other things, he described the from river systems to irrigate water-intensive crops associated with significant degradation of the environment through 1 This paper had its genesis in two separate pieces of work, neither focusing on the history of the wool industry. The first was a study of diminished natural flows) are a hotly debated issue. the archaeological footprint of South Sea Islander people in central This raises an interesting paradox. There is now an QLD, undertaken while we were employed in the Department of Environment and Heritage prior to 1997. The second was a cultural unparalleled capacity to measure the availability of water, plan heritage assessment of the proposed realignment of the Ilfracombe- for its use and construct huge systems to capture, store and then Isisford Road planned by the Department of Main Roads. It was during the latter work that we undertook the detailed recording redistribute it. Interestingly, however, the greatest sheep stations of the Wellshot Shotover and associated features reported herein. in Australian history, whose flocks in their heyday numbered at It was combining the results of these two separate programs that sparked our interest and prompted us to explore the issues examined in this paper. Central Queensland Cultural Heritage Management, 16 Moren St, 2 The record generally accepted for blade shearing is held by Jackie North Rockhampton QLD 4701, Australia AND Howe. In 1892 he shore 321 sheep in 7 hours 40 minutes at Alice Department of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, School of Downs, near Blackall. Shearing machines were first used in Australia Arts and Social Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4870, in NSW in 1887. Today, a shearer normally shears around 160 to Australia [email protected] [email protected] 170 sheep a day. Number 74, June 2012 55 ‘Water water everywhere’: Attempts at drought-proofing properties using surface water infrastructure Figure 2 General location and extent of Wellshot Station showing the location of the major named waterways. stocking rates were never repeated during the subsequent history of the station. Environmental Background The GAB extends across a huge area of eastern, northern and central Australia. Its recharge zone lies on the Dawson River in the Fitzroy Catchment of central QLD. It ranges across central western QLD, north to lower Cape York, west to Mt Isa and into the southern half of the NT, the northern Lake Eyre Basin, northern SA and across northwestern NSW (Figure 1). Thousands of megalitres of groundwater are pumped from it Figure 1 Location of Wellshot Station in relation to the Great Artesian every day to provide water for the sheep and cattle stations that Basin and the Mitchell Grass Downs biogeographic zone within central western Queensland. constitute the major economic activities across this vast region. Indeed, in many areas it seems it is only the availability of GAB great shearing shed at Gostwyck dating from the early 1850s, water that makes these industries economically viable. where hundreds of men laboured to remove and bale the fine Wellshot is situated near Ilfracombe, on the eastern side of the wools of the region, as well as aspects of the early sheep industry Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD). This biogeographic zone covers on Saumarez Station. He also investigated water management an area of 257,353 km2 of central western and northwestern technology in the same region, though this, while impressively QLD and continues across the Barkly Tablelands of the NT. involving the construction of a small race running several Major Thomas Mitchell (1848) was the first to describe the kilometres from a natural lagoon, was to provide power to drive MGD during his explorations along the Barcoo and Alice Rivers a flour mill. Godwin (1986) documented races extending for in 1846. He was impressed by the obvious pastoral potential up to 10 km in the same region, but these were associated with of the region, referring to its ‘almost boundless plains … this gold mining using the sluicing technique. Others have examined Eldorado of Australia … forming the finest region I had seen’. aspects of the wool industry focusing on industrial-scale wool His lieutenant, Edmund Kennedy (1852:242), agreed with him, scours and the distribution of shearing sheds in southwestern noting ‘This is undoubtedly the finest country I have seen in NSW and Victoria (Cannon 1992; Cummins 1989). Australia, the splendid reaches of water in every bend of the river, The development of the bore systems that drew on the and the exquisitely green plains’. groundwaters of the GAB before letting them flow uncapped Stanton and Morgan (1977, as cited in Border and Rowland along open bore drains, has also been described (e.g. Hoch 1990). 1990:4), in somewhat less flamboyant terms, described the But, as we will show, the exploitation of the GAB as a source MGD as: of agricultural water, although first used in central western QLD in 1887, was not adopted on Wellshot until several years A region composed of undulating erosional plains … Soils are later, post-dating the massive expansion of sheep flocks in the heavy clays, predominantly grey or brown with a self-mulching region generally, and certainly on Wellshot. It, and its sister surface … or brown and red with surface stones derived from properties, proved highly profitable using a variety of property relict silcrete capping … The vegetation is dominated by arid and stock management techniques that were predicated on the tussock grassland (Astrebla spp.) with trees generally absent.