Can Australian Multiyear Droughts and Wet Spells Be Generated in the Absence of Oceanic Variability?
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Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation Impacts on Regional Chlorophyll Anomalies in the Indian Ocean Jock C
Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation impacts on regional chlorophyll anomalies in the Indian Ocean Jock C. Currie, Matthieu Lengaigne, Jérôme Vialard, David M. Kaplan, Olivier Aumont, S. W. A. Naqvi, Olivier Maury To cite this version: Jock C. Currie, Matthieu Lengaigne, Jérôme Vialard, David M. Kaplan, Olivier Aumont, et al.. Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation impacts on regional chlorophyll anomalies in the Indian Ocean. Biogeosciences, European Geosciences Union, 2013, 10 (10), pp.6677 - 6698. 10.5194/bg-10-6677-2013. hal-01495273 HAL Id: hal-01495273 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01495273 Submitted on 3 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Biogeosciences, 10, 6677–6698, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences.net/10/6677/2013/ doi:10.5194/bg-10-6677-2013 Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation impacts on regional chlorophyll anomalies in the Indian Ocean J. C. Currie1,2, M. Lengaigne3, J. Vialard3, D. M. Kaplan4, O. Aumont5, S. W. A. -
Disaster Risk Reduction in Australia
Disaster Risk Reduction in Australia Status Report 2020 Disaster Risk Reduction in Australia Status Report 2020 ADPC Editorial Team Aslam Perwaiz Janne Parviainen Pannawadee Somboon Ariela Mcdonald UNDRR Review Team Animesh Kumar Andrew Mcelroy Omar Amach Cover photo: anakkml/ Freepik.com Layout and design: Lakkhana Tasaka About this report The disaster risk reduction (DRR) status report provides a snapshot of the state of DRR in Australia under the four priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. It also highlights progress and challenges associated with ensuring coherence among the key global frameworks at the national level; and makes recommendations for strengthening overall disaster risk management (DRM) governance by government institutions and stakeholders at national and local levels. As this report is based on information available as of the end of the year 2019, an update on the COVID-19 impact, response and recovery using a risk-informed approach by countries is provided at the beginning of this report. This report has been prepared by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) on behalf of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) through country consultations and a desk review of key documents, including legal instruments and DRR policies, plans, strategies and frameworks, etc. UNDRR and ADPC acknowledges the government, international organizations and stakeholder representatives who contributed their valuable input and feedback on this report. This report was made possible by a generous contribution made by the Government of Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, as part of the Partnership Framework with UNDRR on ‘Supporting Implementation of the Sendai Framework.’ This report serves as a reference document for the implementation and monitoring of the Sendai Framework. -
A Tale of Two Oceans, and the Monsoons Tiny Seafloor Shells Could Offer Big Clues to the Forces That Generate Rainfall
A tale of two oceans, and the monsoons Tiny seafloor shells could offer big clues to the forces that generate rainfall By Fern Gibbons lion people from their homes. Over the But we can use the past. One way to un- past 200 years, several droughts have each ravel the complexities of the monsoon sys- very summer, the continent of Asia caused more than 5 million deaths. tem is to study how it has worked in the takes a big breath. This inhalation If we could forecast upcoming mon- past. To do this, we use some very small pullsE moisture-laden air from the Indian soon seasons, we could take steps to avoid shells, preserved in sediments at the bottom Ocean over India and Southeast Asia, caus- death and destruction. But the monsoons of the sea, to answer some very big ques- ing torrential rains known as the monsoons. have defied prediction so far, partly because tions about climate. For as long as there have been people in In- they are generated by complex interactions dia and Southeast Asia, lives have been set among land, air, and two oceans. Predicting A seesawing ocean by the rhythm of the monsoons. the monsoons will become even more diffi- During the summer, the huge landmass Some years, too much rain brings devas- cult as global warming creates a climate that of Asia heats up like a brick in the sun; hot tating floods and mudslides; in other years, we have not experienced in recorded history. air rises over the continent, and cool ocean too little rain causes droughts and famine. -
Pacific and Indian Ocean Climate Signals in a Tree-Ring Record of Java
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. (2008) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/joc.1679 Pacific and Indian Ocean climate signals in a tree-ring record of Java monsoon drought Rosanne D’Arrigo,a* Rob Allan,b Rob Wilson,c Jonathan Palmer,d John Sakulich,g Jason E. Smerdon,a Satria Bijaksanae and La Ode Ngkoimanif a Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA b Hadley Centre for Climate Change, UK Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom, UK c University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK d Gondwana Tree-Ring Laboratory, PO Box 14, Little River, Canterbury 7546, New Zealand e Bandung Technical University, Bandung, Indonesia f Jurusan Fisika FMIPA, Universitas Haluoleo, Sulawesi, Indonesia g University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee ABSTRACT: Extreme climate conditions have dramatic socio-economic impacts on human populations across the tropics. In Indonesia, severe drought and floods have been associated with El Nino-Southern˜ Oscillation (ENSO) events that originate in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Recently, an Indian Ocean dipole mode (IOD) in sea surface temperature (SST) has been proposed as another potential cause of drought and flood extremes in western Indonesia and elsewhere around the Indian Ocean rim. The nature of such variability and its degree of independence from the ENSO system are topics of recent debate, but understanding is hampered by the scarcity of long instrumental records for the tropics. Here, we describe a tree-ring reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for Java, Indonesia, that preserves a history of ENSO and IOD-related extremes over the past 217 years. -
Identification of Hotspots of Rainfall Variation Sensitive to Indian Ocean
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-217 Preprint. Discussion started: 4 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Identification of Hotspots of Rainfall Variation 2 Sensitive to Indian Ocean Dipole Mode through 3 Intentional Statistical Simulations 4 5 Jong-Suk Kim1, Phetlamphanh Xaiyaseng1, Lihua Xiong1, Sun-Kwon Yoon2,*, Taesam Lee3,* 6 1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan 7 University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] 8 (P.X.); [email protected] (L.X.) 9 2 Department of Safety and Disaster Prevention Research, Seoul Institute of Technology, Seoul 10 03909, Republic of Korea 11 3 Department of Civil Engineering, ERI, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 12 Jinju, Gyeongnam, South Korea, 660-701 13 * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (T.L.) 14 15 Abstract. This study analyzed the sensitivity of rainfall patterns over the Indochina 16 Peninsula (ICP) to sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean based on statistical 17 simulations of observational data. Quantitative changes in rainfall patterns over the ICP 18 were examined for both wet and dry seasons to identify hotspots sensitive to ocean 19 warming in the Indo-Pacific sector. Rainfall variability across the ICP was confirmed 20 amplified by combined and/or independent effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation 21 and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During the years of El Niño and a positive phase of 22 the IOD, rainfall is less than usual in Thailand, Cambodia, southern Laos, and Vietnam. -
PISA 2015: Financial Literacy in Australia
PISA 2015: Financial literacy in Australia Sue Thomson Lisa De Bortoli Australian Council for Educational Research First published 2017 by Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd 19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, Victoria, 3124, Australia www.acer.org www.acer.org/ozpisa/reports/ Text © Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd 2017 Design and typography © ACER Creative Services 2017 This book is copyright. All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, and any exceptions permitted under the current statutory licence scheme administered by Copyright Agency (www.copyright.com.au), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, broadcast or communication in any form or by any means, optical, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. Cover design, text design and typesetting by ACER Creative Services Edited by Kylie Cockle National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Thomson, Sue, 1958- author. Title: PISA 2015 : financial literacy in Australia / Sue Thomson (author); Lisa De Bortoli (author). ISBN: 9781742864785 (ebook) Subjects: Programme for International Student Assessment. Educational evaluation--Australia--Statistics. Students, Foreign--Rating of--Australia--Statistics. Young adults--Education--Australia--Statistics. Financial literacy--Australia--Statistics. Other Creators/Contributors: De Bortoli, -
Indian Ocean Dipole: Processes and Impacts
Indian Ocean Dipole: Processes and impacts P N VINAYACHANDRAN1,∗, P A FRANCIS2 and S A RAO3 1Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India 2Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad 500 055, India 3Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India ∗e-mail: [email protected] Equatorial Indian Ocean is warmer in the east, has a deeper thermocline and mixed layer, and supports a more convective atmosphere than in the west. During certain years, the eastern Indian Ocean becomes unusually cold, anomalous winds blow from east to west along the equator and southeastward off the coast of Sumatra, thermocline and mixed layer lift up and the atmospheric convection gets suppressed. At the same time, western Indian Ocean becomes warmer and enhances atmospheric convection. This coupled ocean-atmospheric phenomenon in which convection, winds, sea surface temperature (SST) and thermocline take part actively is known as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Propagation of baroclinic Kelvin and Rossby waves excited by anomalous winds, play an important role in the development of SST anomalies associated with the IOD. Since mean thermocline in the Indian Ocean is deep compared to the Pacific, it was believed for a long time that the Indian Ocean is passive and merely responds to the atmospheric forcing. Discovery of the IOD and studies that followed demonstrate that the Indian Ocean can sustain its own intrinsic coupled ocean-atmosphere processes. About 50% percent of the IOD events in the past 100 years have co-occurred with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the other half independently. -
Cover Page Chapters VA V2 Small3
Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef A Vulnerability Assessment Edited by Johanna E Johnson and Paul A Marshall Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef Please cite this publication as: A Vulnerability Assessment Johnson JE and Marshall PA (editors) (2007) Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Oce, Australia Please cite individual chapters as (eg): Lough J (2007) Chapter 2 Climate and Climate Change on the Great Barrier Reef. In Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef, eds. Johnson JE and Marshall PA. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Oce, Australia Edited by Johanna E Johnson and Paul A Marshall The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reect those of the GBRMPA or other participating organisations. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from the Australian Greenhouse Oce, in the Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Published by: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia and the Australian Greenhouse Oce, in the Department of the Environment and Water Resources Copyright: © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Individual chapters -
Historical Reconstruction Unveils the Risk of Mass Mortality and Ecosystem Collapse During Pancontinental Megadrought
Historical reconstruction unveils the risk of mass mortality and ecosystem collapse during pancontinental megadrought Robert C. Godfreea,1, Nunzio Knerra, Denise Godfreeb, John Busbya, Bruce Robertsona, and Francisco Encinas-Visoa aCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; and bPrivate address, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved June 14, 2019 (received for review February 4, 2019) An important new hypothesis in landscape ecology is that the African savannah (9–11), but may impact predators more than extreme, decade-scale megadroughts can be potent drivers of basal species (12) or affect both (13). There is also some evidence rapid, macroscale ecosystem degradation and collapse. If true, an that mass mortality events (MMEs) can play a pivotal demo- increase in such events under climate change could have devas- graphic role during extreme drought, and that these may be re- tating consequences for global biodiversity. However, because sponsible for persistent changes in community structure and even few megadroughts have occurred in the modern ecological era, transitions between alternate ecosystem states. However, given the taxonomic breadth, trophic depth, and geographic pattern of that CSMs occur very rarely (1, 5), the magnitude of such impacts, these impacts remain unknown. Here we use ecohistorical tech- the mechanisms through which they manifest across trophic levels, niques to quantify the impact of a record, pancontinental and the implications for biogeography at regional to biome scales megadrought period (1891 to 1903 CE) on the Australian biota. We remain poorly understood. show that during this event mortality and severe stress was recorded One approach is to use historical sources to reconstruct the > in 45 bird, mammal, fish, reptile, and plant families in arid, semi- impacts of major droughts that occurred in the past. -
Perception Towards Forestation As a Strategy to Mitigate Climate Change in Somalia
This SocArXiv preprint has been submitted for peer-review Perception towards forestation as a strategy to mitigate climate change in Somalia Osman M. Jama 1,2, Abdishakur W. Diriye 1,2, Abdulhakim M. Abdi 3 1 School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China- 2 Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Economics and Management Science, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu, Somalia. 3 Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Abstract Climate change mitigation strategies need both source reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and a significant enhancement of the land sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) through photosynthesis. In recent years, there has been growing attention to forests as an effective way to mitigate climate change as they capture and store large quantities of CO2 as phytomass and in the soil. Numerous forestation programs have been rolled out internationally and governments, mostly in the developing world, have been fostering tree planting initiatives. However, there is a paucity of studies that assess local perceptions to these initiatives and there are virtually no studies that do so in countries recovering from long-term conflict such as Somalia. Here, we analyze the factors that motivate or hinder the perception of young people in Somalia about forestation as a means to mitigate climate change. This demographic was targeted because 75% of the population of Somalia is between the ages of 18 and 35. Our results show that biocentric value orientation, which emphasizes environmental preservation and ecosystem maintenance, has significant positive influence on attitudes towards forestation whereas anthropocentric value orientation, which treats forests as an instrumental value to humans, did not show a significant influence. -
Political Staff Structures in Australia
Patterns of institutional development: political staff structures in Australia Dr Maria Maley Australian National University [email protected] International Conference on Public Policy, Milan 1-4 July 2015 Abstract: Political staff have become a topic of increasing international and comparative interest, focusing on the different ways of structuring partisan policy advice and the institutionalisation of partisan involvement in governing. While there is a general trend towards increasing numbers of political staff around members of the executive, the phenomenon has a different character when embedded in different political systems. Australia experienced a path of institutional development which diverged from the UK, NZ and Ireland in the 1980s. The ‘puzzle’ of why certain structures or institutions take shape in some systems and not others can be explored by analysing the different institutional trajectories for political staff. The paper contributes to comparative work by analysing the creation of the institution of political staff in Australia in 1984. It attempts to explain why certain institutional choices were made in Australia during this time by tracing historical developments. It also explores the consequences of those choices. The consequences lead to particular challenges and dynamics in political-bureaucratic relationships. 1 Patterns of institutional development: political staff structures in Australia Political staff have become a topic of increasing international and comparative interest, focusing on the different ways of structuring partisan policy advice and the institutionalisation of partisan involvement in governing. A body of research in Australia can now be compared with growing research on political staff arrangements in a number of different countries, chiefly European nations (Schreuers et al 2010; Brans et al 2006; Pelgrims and Brans 2006; Di Mascio and Natalini 2013; Hustedt and Houlberg Salomonsen 2014; Eichbaum and Shaw 2010; OECD 2007). -
The Justification for Inclusive Education in Australia
ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE The justification for inclusive education in Australia AUTHORS Boyle, C; Anderson, J JOURNAL Prospects DEPOSITED IN ORE 10 July 2020 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/121889 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Prospects https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09494-x OPEN FILE The justifcation for inclusive education in Australia Christopher Boyle1 · Joanna Anderson2 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract This article discusses the justifcation for inclusive education in Australia, whilst being cognizant of the wider international landscape. Separate educational provision is increasing in many countries, including Australia. Inclusive education has plateaued to a degree with demand increasing for non-inclusive settings. There are three main compo- nents to the argument for and against inclusive education and these are the educational, social, and the economic justifcation. There is clear evidence that inclusive education in Australia can be justifed across these areas. There is a dearth of evidence that inclusive education is less than benefcial for all students in mainstream schools. In fact, studies show that there is an economic advantage to being fully inclusive, but this should not be seen as an opportunity for cost saving in the education sector but rather as proper deploy- ment of resources to ensure efective education for all students no matter what their back- ground.