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A New Paradigm for the Educational Advancement of Muslims

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A New Paradigm for the Educational Advancement of Muslims A New Paradigm for the Educational Advancement of Muslims By Syed Mehdi Ashraf Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts to the Islamic College of Advanced Studies Affiliated to Middlesex University Under the guidance of Professor Ali Paya September 2014 TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration Acknowledgements Abstract Chapter (1) Introduction 1.1 Muslims in the World 1.2 The Golden Age of Islam 1.3 Degeneration of Muslims 1.4 Primary Causes of Muslim Degeneration 1.5 Issues of the Contemporary Muslim World 1.6 Dissertation Methodology Chapter (2) Historical Background 2.1 Inception of Islam 2.2 Importance of Knowledge in Islam 2.3 Islamic Theology 2.4 Islamic Philosophy and Science 2.5 Decline of Philosophy in the Muslim World 2.6 Making of the European Renaissance 2.7 Revival and Reformation Attempts Chapter (3) Contemporary Issues 3.1 Islam – Rise & Fall 3.2 Muslim Population 3.3 Literalism among Muslims 3.4 Shi’ism 3.5 Modern Muslim Revivalists 3.6 Five Categories of Muslims in the Contemporary World 3.6.1 Extremists Muslims 3.6.2 Reformists Muslims 3.6.3 Mainstream Muslims 3.6.4 Socially and Financially Strong Muslims 3.6.5 Intellectual Muslims 3.7 Current State of Muslims Chapter (4) New Paradigm 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Three Successful World Communities 4.3 Factors Contributing to the Deficiencies in the Muslim Education 4.4 Model to Enhance the Education of Muslims 4.5 Brief Overview of Shi’a Community in South Florida 4.6 Public Forum at IJA Regarding Education 4.6.1 Reasons for Lower Educational Achievements by the IJA Students 4.6.2 Model to Improve the Standard of Education 4.6.3 Hard Work Performed in the Native Countries of Muslims 4.6.4 Dogmas, Orthodoxy and Rituals Practiced by Muslims 4.6.5 Response of Muslims to Hate Crime 4.6.6 Economic Growth of Muslims with Good Education 4.7 New Paradigm 4.7.1 The Role Model 4.7.2 Role of Ulema 4.7.3 Critical Thinking in Islamic Sunday Schools 4.7.4 Community Programs 4.8 Enhancement of the Model Chapter (5) Conclusions Appendix (A) Appendix (B) Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this dissertation has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever had to face. Coming from a Math and Engineering background, I had no prior experience of producing a dissertation in the field of Islamic Studies which is a sub-branch of the more general field of Humanities and Social Sciences. I am most indebted to Professor Ali Paya, who undertook to act as my supervisor despite his many other academic and professional commitments. His wisdom, knowledge and commitment to the highest standards inspired and motivated me. He was always available on the telephone and via emails whenever I needed his guidance and help. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Mortaza Razee, all my professors and the administrative staff at the Islamic College of Advanced Studies for their encouragement and help in pursuing my graduate program in Islamic Studies ABSTRACT Currently Muslims around the world are, in general, and in comparison to other, communities, nations and civilizations, lagging behind in education, economic prosperity and political development. As a community, Muslims are feared as a violent group, which disturbs the world peace. The primary cause of the backward state of Muslims is their deficiencies in advanced education. In the present Dissertation, the causes of the success of Muslims to create a Golden Age in the classic period (9-13 BCE) and then their degeneration are investigated. The legacy left by Muslims during and after the period of 900-1300 BCE made a huge impact on the European Renaissance which led to the scientific and industrial revolutions and eventually the contemporary modernization. Attempts have been made in the last two hundred years to revive Muslim civilization by Muslims thinkers/reformers/revolutionaries like Abduh, Afghani, Iqbal, Syed Ahmed, Shariathi and Khomeini. However, Muslim civilization is battered to such an extent by their political and religious leaders, dogmas and ritualism, and the Western colonialism, imperialism and totalitarianism for more than 500 years that if they start a fast paced reformation, it is anticipated that they would take several centuries to regain their lost glory. The current crisis of Muslim civilization is, in view of the present researcher, to a large extent due to the lack of education, corrupt and incompetent leaders, misguided ideologies such as nationalism and racism, and global dispersal of Muslims which prevents unity among them. This dissertation investigates and suggests a model based upon critical rationalism to advance the educational standards of Muslims from the root level in small communities in their adopted Western countries, where Muslims are more privileged and have greater opportunities than their native countries. The same model can then be swelled and projected in Muslim world, globally. CHAPTER (1): INTRODUCTION 1.1 MUSLIMS IN THE WORLD In the most general terms, Muslim World (Ummah) means the collection of people who adhere to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (S) as a group. Currently Muslim population has exceeded 1.6 billion and Muslims constitute approximately 23 percent of the world population. Muslims are the most widely spread religious group in the world [1]. 1.2 THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM The Islamic Golden Age was a major part of the medieval period between the 7th and the 13th centuries. The medieval age is the era between the 5th and the 15th centuries. “While in the East, al-Rashid and al-Mamun were delving into Greek and Persian philosophy, their contemporaries in the West, Charlemagne and his lords were reportedly dabbling in the art of writing their names [2]. ” Islamic faith encompassed both religious and social aspect of life. Prophet Muhammad (S) brought a revolution with his meagre means which changed the course of the world. Muslim empire evolved under the Ummayad and the Rashidun and grew rapidly. Starting from the school of Imam Jafar as-Sadiq to the Bait al Hikmah (House of Wisdom), Muslims made advances in philosophy, science and math by leaps and bounds. The Imam had his own school of medicine, was a founder of gnostic; saved Islam from impoverishment; started a movement of renaissance in Muslim world; stated that the earth rotates around its own axis; defined the composition of human body; mentioned about life in other worlds, discovered hydrogen and declared that diseases are transferred by rays. He formulated several theories for issues like origin of universe, opacity and transparency of materials, light, matter and anti-matter, perpetual motion and germs. He disproved Aristotle’s theory of four elements [3]. 1.3 DEGENERATION OF MUSLIMS After the 13th century, even though Muslims ruled in Ottoman, Arabia, Persia and India, Muslim civilization reached a stagnation after the “Mongolian Sack of Baghdad”. The educational level of Muslims deteriorated. Scientific inventions and discoveries were rare, which weakened the economical and artillery system. Muslims got entangled in illogical beliefs and regressing thoughts and forgot their own scientific ways of thinking and became slaves of the technologically advanced West. There were few exceptions like Shams al-Din bin Ahmed al-Khafri al-Kashi, who was a religious scholar and astronomer at the beginning of the Safavid dynasty. He made huge advances in astronomy which later influenced Copernicus [4]. Philosophy also reemerged during the Safavid period in the 17th century which formed the Persian cultural renaissance but did not impact science. It was a great intellectual period of transcendent theosophy of Mulla Sadra which later influenced the contemporary scholars like Ayatollah TabaTaba’i, Ayatollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Murtaza Motahhari, Ayatollah Baqir al-Sadr, Dr. Ali Shariati and Dr. Sayyed Hossein Nasr. Paul Monroe, a professor of Columbia University was a member of Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after First World War. He learnt from losses Turkey suffered due to lack of education. He stressed upon the importance of education in a nation building and socio-economic development and recommended progressive curriculum – with training for adults and teachers at the root level to the American government [5]. According to historian Donald Quataert, general Muslim literacy rates were only 2 to 3 percent in the early nineteenth century, and perhaps 15 percent at its end. The vast majority of Muslim women remained illiterate well into the twentieth century. Prior to 1840, an average of only eleven books a year were published in the imperial capital of Istanbul [6]. Muslims are not in the race of advancement and progress. Dynamic Islam has been brought to stagnation because of the dogmatic mindset of the Ulema [7]. Among Shi’as, orthodox ritualism also plays an important role. In general after the fall of the Abbasids in the 13th century Muslim consolidation was disintegrated. Between 1901 and 2013, the Nobel Prize has been awarded 561 times to 876 people and only 10 Muslims have been able to achieve the distinction. In spite Muslim population being 23 percent of the world population, Muslims won only 1.14 percent of the Noble Prizes [8]. Only two Muslims have been able to win a Nobel Prize in sciences. Even though Jews comprise of less 0.2 percent of the world population, they have won more than 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes. 1.4 PRIMARY CAUSES OF MUSLIM DENEGENARATION Several reasons are attributed to the degeneration of the Islamic civilizations but the forensics performed to evaluate the causes of this decay lead to three primary sources: drift of Muslims from the Islamic principles; the rise of the West and sectarianism [9].
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